Highlights
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Liver gas gangrene is a rare condition with a highly mortality rate.
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Development of liver gas gangrene is associated with host conditions such as malignancy and immunosuppression.
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We report a case of liver gas gangrene after biliary surgery which is one of the risks of the liver parenchymal infection.
Keywords: Fatal liver abscess, Liver gas gangrene, Post biliary reconstruction
Abstract
Introduction
Liver gas gangrene is a rare condition with a highly mortality rate. It is mostly associated with host factors, such as malignancy and immunosuppression.
Presentation of case
A 57-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with abnormalities of her serum hepato-biliary enzymes. She had a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cerebral infarction, and chronic renal failure. She was diagnosed with bile duct cancer of the liver hilum and a left hepatectomy was carried out, with extrahepatic bile duct resection. Initially her post-operative state was uneventful. However, she suddenly developed melena with anemia on post-operative day (POD) 18. A Computed tomography (CT) examination on POD 19 revealed a massive build up of gas and portal gas formation in the anterior segment of the liver. Although we immediately provided the drainage and a probe laparotomy, she died on POD 20 due to shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Discussion
Liver gas gangrene is rare and has a high mortality rate. This case seems to have arisen from an immunosuppressive state after major surgery with biliary reconstruction for bile duct cancer and subsequent gastrointestinal bleeding, leading to gas gangrene of the liver.
1. Introduction
Massive liver gas gangrene is a rare but devastating complication. Mostly Clostridium perfringen infection has been described in the literature [1], recent reports however have shown other gut-derived bacteria [2]. Development of this complication is associated with host conditions such as malignancy and immunosuppression. We report a case of liver gas gangrene after biliary surgery and discuss about the etiology with other cases reported in Japan. This work has been reported in line with the SCARE criteria [3].
2. Presentation of case
A 57-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with abnormalities of her serum hepato-biliary enzymes. She had a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cerebral infarction, and chronic kidney disease and was taking medicines for that condition. Although her glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was less than 40 ml, she didn’t require hemodialysis. Morphological studies and a biopsy specimen revealed bile duct cancer, located between the left intra-hepatic duct and right extra-hepatic duct (Fig. 1). We performed a left hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection. The anterior and posterior branches of the bile duct were reconstructed separately. Her post-operative course was normal until port-operative day (POD) 18, except for a small amount of bile leakage from the resected surface. She could walk to the cafeteria and take some coffee. On POD 18, she suddenly developed melena with anemia. An emergency endoscopic examination of the upper gastro-intestinal (GI) tract was unremarkable. A computed tomography (CT) examination showed a tiny gas formation in the liver but no massive bleeding in the GI tract. She had complained abdominal discomfort then. A CT examination on POD 19 revealed a massive build up of gas and portal gas in the anterior segment of the liver (Fig. 2). Simultaneously, her conscious level worsened and mechanical ventilation was required. Serum hepato-biliary enzymes were elevated and severe acidosis was shown in her blood samples (Table 2). We performed percutaneous drainage for the gas forming area immediately and started intensive care for her shock condition. Then, a probe laparotomy was planned for her GI bleeding after negative findings on interventional angiography and colonoscopy. The colonoscopy findings revealed massive intestinal bleeding from the oral side of the Bauhin (ileocecal) valve. Intraoperative findings showed the disrupted surface of the anterior segment of liver and partial necrosis of the small intestine (Fig. 3). Surgical debridement of the liver surface with saline lavage, gauze packing on the debridement part, and partial resection of the small intestine were performed. After surgery, shock and a disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) state continued and she died on POD 20. The autopsy findings revealed the sponge-like appearance of the anterior segment of liver (Fig. 4). Necrotic membrane with bleeding was seen in the mucosal layer of the resected intestine. Arterial thrombosis was not seen in superior mesenteric artery, common hepatic artery, or peripheral vessels of small intestine. Enterococcus species and Klebsiella pneumoniae were detected in the blood and drainage samples. Serum endotoxin was negative.
Fig. 1.
Cholangiography by ERCP showing biliary stenosis in the liver hilum.
Fig. 2.
Enhanced CT scan showing gas accumulation in the anterior segment of the liver. Portal gas is also detected.
Table 2.
Laboratory Findings on POD 19.
| Blood Counts | Blood Chemistry | Coagulation & Arterial Blood Gas |
|---|---|---|
| Hb 8.0 g/dl | AST 938 IU/l | PT 16.1 s |
| WBC 25300/μl | ALT 319 IU/l | APTT 32.6 s |
| Platelet 21.1 × 104 | γ-GTP 87 IU/l | PT-INR 1.4 |
| T.Bil. 5.0 mg/dl | ||
| BUN 44.9 mg/dl | pH 7.056 | |
| Crea 1.1 mg/dl | pCO2 19.8 mmHg | |
| Alb 2.3 g/dl | pO2 505.3 mmHg | |
| CRP 13.1 mg/dl | HCO3 5.4 mmol/l | |
| BE −22.6 mmol/l | ||
| (Under FiO2 1.0 ventilation) |
Fig. 3.
Intra-operative-findings shows an ischemic area of small intestine. Resected specimen was diagnosed as a necrosis of small intestine by pathological confirmation.
Fig. 4.
Autopsy findings showed sponge-like appearance of anterior segment of liver.
3. Discussion
Since the first description of gas gangrene of an organ by Fraenkel in 1889, few cases of acute organ failure following acute Clostridium perfringens infection have been described in the literature [4]. Up to the middle of the last century, generalized gas gangrene was most often a consequence of soil-contaminated war wounds and was mostly lethal [5]. Today, gas gangrene has been classified into three types: post-traumatic, post-operative and spontaneous [4]. This last type is often observed on a background of malignant or immunosuppressive primary disease. Clostridium perfringens infection has mostly been described in the literature, however recent reports have vshown other gut-derived bacteria, such as E. coli, Enterococcus and Klebsiella species [6]. Because gas gangrene caused by clostridia and several other species occurs in anaerobic condition, gas gangrene of blood enriched organs such as liver seems to be extremely rare.
Nine publications were reported by Ichushiweb in Japan from 1979 [2], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]. Table 1 shows the patient’s characteristics and a short summary of liver gas gangrene, including our case. The outcomes of the reported cases were dismal and showed rapid progression. Nine cases (90%) were fatal, four (40%) within 6 h of arrival at the hospital or diagnosis. Clostridium perfrigens was detected in blood samples from these 4 cases. Seventy percent of the patients had a history of malignant disease and, in 2 of 7 cases with hepatocellular carcinoma, the liver gas gangrene developed after embolic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Interestingly, 70% of the cases had the previous surgical treatment for primary malignant disease and liver gas gangrene had occurred within 70 (6–70) days after treatment, except for 2 poorly described cases (Table 1). In two cases, the gangrene was followed by necrotizing cholecystitis. Therefore, a treatment history of malignant disease, an ischemic condition of the liver and inflammation of other neighboring organs may be the crucial risk factors of liver gas gangrene.
Table 1.
Japanese reported cases of liver gas gangrene.
| Year | Authour | Age | Primary disease | Past History | Previous treatment for primary disease | Time to LGG development from 1st. Surgery | Surgical Treatment for LGG | Blood cultures | Outcome | Time to Death after diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | Konishi | 52 | Gastric Cancer/Necrotizing cholecystitis | None | Surgery (Appleby ope.) | 53 days | Surgical drainage | E. coli | Death | 8 days |
| 1992 | Yoshida | 67 | Duodenal Cancer | None | Surgery (biliary recontruction(+)) | 70 days | Conservative | C. perfringens, E. coli | Death | 3 days |
| 2000 | Aoki | 83 | Liver gas gangrene | Acute Pancreatitis | None | – | Conservative | C. perfringens | Death | 5 h |
| 2004 | Ohtani | 73 | Necrotizing cholecystitis | Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertention | PTGBD | Simultaneously | Percutaneous Drainage | C. perfringens | Death | 6 h |
| 2011 | Kishi | 70 | Gallbladder Cancer | Hypertention | Surgery (biliary recontruction(+)) | Not described | Conservative | C. perfringens | Death | 3 days |
| 2013 | Nakano | 60 | Pancreas Cancer | COPD | Surgery (biliary recontruction(+)) | 6 days | Surgical drainage | Enterobacter cloacae | Alive | – |
| 2013 | Watanabe | 60s | Hepatocellular Carcinoma | Multiple Myeloma, Bladder cancer | Transarterial intervention | 7 days | Conservative | C. perfringens | Death | 3 h |
| 2015 | Echigoya | 84 | Liver gas gangrene | Not described | None | – | Surgical drainage | C. perfringens | Death | 5 h |
| 2016 | Kondo | 60s | Hepatocellular Carcinoma | Not described | Transarterial intervention | Not described | Conservative | C. perfringens | Death | Not described |
| Percutaneous ablation | ||||||||||
| 2016 | Miyata | 57 | Bile duct cancer | Hypertention, Diabetes Mellitus, Cerebral Infarction | Surgery (biliary recontruction(+)) | 19 days | Surgical drainage | Enterococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae | Death | 3 days |
Another risk is biliary reconstruction. In the literature, some descriptions of a higher incidence of liver abscess after biliary-enteric anastomosis [12], or endoscopic interventions such as papillotomy and stent implantation, have been reported because bacterial invasion of the bile duct may occurr after loss of protection by the papillae [4]. A high frequency of surgical site infections (SSIs) after hepato-pancreatic-biliary (HBP) surgery, including biliary reconstruction, was also reported in a trial of antimicrobial therapy [13]. Because 40% of Japanese cases had HBP surgery with biliary reconstruction, prophylactic antibiotics could be considered to avoid this critical condition, if the patient has other systemic risks.
In this case, the primary malignant disease and biliary reconstruction by a Roux-Y hepatico-jejunostomy appears to have been the cause of gas gangrene of the liver. Cardio-vascular risks such as a history of cerebral infarction, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, might be additional factors. The origin was probably invasion by gut-derived bacteria. Besides the bacterial invasion, an immunosuppressive condition followed by major surgery, and ischemic GI bleeding may also have had some influence.
4. Conclusion
We report a fatal case of liver gas gangrene. The immunosuppressive condition of the patient and biliary reconstruction seems to have led to progression to gas gangrene of the liver.
Conflict of interest statement
None.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Ethical approval
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images.
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images.
Author contributions
Dr. Yui Miyata is the first author and drafted manuscript. Dr. Hiroyuki Kashiwagi is the corresponding author, drafted and finalized the manuscript. Dr. Madoka Kudo and Dr. Shinichi Teshima are pathologist and confirmed pathological findings including at autopsy. Dr. Koizumi made critical diagnosis in this study. Other doctors, Jun Kawachi, Naoko Isogai, Katsunori Miyake, Rai Shimoyama, Ryota Fukai and Hidemitsu Ogino have cooperated in this manuscript.
Disclosure statement
We, the authors, disclose that we have not received any payment or services from a third party that are related to this research.
Guarantor
Hiroyuki Kashiwagi.
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