Abstract
Objective
To determine risk factors for early postoperative complications after D3 dissection for stage II/III colon cancer.
Background
Identification of risk factors for postoperative complications is essential in patients surgically treated for colon cancer. The Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) conducted a randomized controlled trial, JCOG0404, to confirm the non‐inferiority of laparoscopic surgery (LAP) to open surgery (OP) with D3 dissection for stage II/III colon cancer. This supplementary analysis was made to assess risk factors for surgery requiring D3 dissection using data from JCOG0404.
Methods
Proportion of postoperative complications of any grade (CTCAE ver. 3.0) until first discharge and risk factors for the most frequent complications were analyzed by univariable and multivariable analysis.
Results
Among 1057 randomized patients treated between October 2004 and March 2009, 520 patients with OP and 525 patients with LAP were analyzed. Overall postoperative complications of all grades occurred in 190 patients (18.2%). Multivariable analysis showed that the risk factors for overall early postoperative complications were OP itself (odds ratio [OR] 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38‐2.91, P = 0.0003) and operation time of >240 minutes (OR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.24‐3.02, P = 0.0036). The most frequent adverse event was wound complication (50/1045, 4.8%). In the univariable analysis, reconstruction, greater blood loss, OP, and higher body mass index were significantly associated with wound complication.
Conclusion
Open surgery and longer operation time of >240 minutes were significant risk factors for postoperative complications. LAP surgery and shorter operation time could contribute to fewer postoperative complications in patients undergoing colectomy with D3 dissection. (Japan Clinical Oncology Group study JCOG 0404: NCT00147134/UMIN‐CTR: C000000105.)
Keywords: colon cancer, D3, multivariate analysis, postoperative complication, risk factor
1. INTRODUCTION
Preoperative identification and evaluation of risk factors for postoperative complications of colon cancer patients who undergo surgery would assist with informed consent for treatment, consideration of treatment options, and identification of high‐risk cases for special and possibly multidisciplinary attention. However, few reports have evaluated such risk factors of colon cancer surgery requiring D3 lymph node dissection, and those that have were small‐scale and retrospective studies. Additionally, risk factors such as age and long operation time did not always conform to each result.1, 2
JCOG0404 was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted by the Colorectal Cancer Study Group of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) to confirm the non‐inferiority of laparoscopic surgery (LAP) in comparison with open surgery (OP) for patients with stage II/III colon cancer in terms of overall survival (OS) according to current practices. The surgical treatment of these two groups in the present study required D3 dissection equivalent to complete mesocolic excision with central vascular ligation.3 Additionally, JCOG0404 enrolled more than 1000 patients, making it one of the largest RCT for patients with colon cancer requiring D3 dissection in Japan.
We aimed to identify the risk factors for postoperative early complications in patients with stage II and III colon cancer by exploratory analyses using the data from JCOG0404. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to evaluate risk factors for early postoperative complications after surgery requiring D3 dissection from prospectively collected data.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Summary of JCOG0404
Eligibility criteria of JCOG0404 included histologically proven colon cancer with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, or adenosquamous carcinoma; tumor located in the cecum or ascending, sigmoid, or rectosigmoid colon; T3 or deeper lesion without involvement of other organs, N0‐2 and M0; tumor size ≤8 cm; and age 20‐75 years. Only accredited surgeons carried out surgery as an operator or instructor. Surgery required D3 lymph node dissection (details described below). Primary endpoint was OS. Non‐inferiority of LAP with D3 dissection to OP for OS was not confirmed for stage II/III colon cancer.
JCOG0404 is registered with UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, number C000000105, and ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00147134. Details of JCOG0404 were reported elsewhere.4, 5
2.2. Operative methods of D3 dissection
For right‐sided tumors, the vascular pedicles were divided at their origin, and the draining lymph nodes along the superior mesenteric vein were removed. For left‐sided tumors, removal of lymph nodes at the root of the inferior mesenteric artery was carried out along with high ligation or with preservation of the left colic artery and ligation of the root of the superior rectal artery.
2.3. Endpoints and statistical considerations
Adverse events were evaluated according to CTCAE 3.0. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were respectively defined as death from any cause and any adverse event of grade 1 or higher including anastomotic leakage, paralytic ileus, bowel obstruction, urinary tract infection, and wound complication occurring within 30 days after surgery. Background characteristics of the patients with postoperative complications were compared with those without postoperative complications. From the clinical point of view, the following eight variables were selected for univariable analysis: (i) surgical procedure (ileocolic resection or right colectomy vs sigmoid colectomy vs anterior resection vs others); (ii) reconstruction (hand sewing vs functional end‐to‐end anastomosis vs stapled anastomosis vs others); (iii) operation time (<240 minutes vs ≥240 minutes); (iv) blood loss (<300 mL vs ≥300 mL); (v) combined resection (absent vs present); (vi) gender (female vs male); (vii) treatment arm (OP vs LAP); and (viii) body mass index (BMI) (≤20 vs 20 < BMI ≤ 25 vs >25 kg/m2). Univariable analysis was carried out by Fisher's exact test to compare treatment arms in terms of operative morbidity and mortality. To investigate risk factors for postoperative morbidity, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done and the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) for postoperative morbidity were estimated. For wound complications and leakage, only univariable logistic regression analysis was carried out as a result of insufficient events to perform multivariable analysis. The population included in this analysis was defined as those patients who received the assigned surgery; hence, patients who did not receive the assigned surgery were excluded from this analysis. A two‐sided P‐value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were carried out using SAS ver. 9.2 or higher.
3. RESULTS
Between October 2004 and March 2009, 1057 patients from 30 Japanese centers were randomized to the OP group (528 patients) and LAP group (529 patients). Treatment assignment was balanced with respect to baseline characteristics. In the 528 patients assigned to OP, eight patients underwent LAP. In contrast, among the 529 patients assigned to LAP, four patients underwent OP. Finally, 520 patients underwent OP and 525 patients underwent LAP, and the results were compared and analyzed (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Total of 1057 patients from 30 Japanese centers were randomized to the open surgery (OP) group (528 patients) or to the laparoscopic surgery (LAP) group (529 patients). Treatment assignment was balanced with respect to baseline characteristics. In the 528 patients assigned to OP, 8 patients underwent LAP. In contrast, among the 529 patients assigned to LAP, 4 patients underwent OP. Finally, 520 patients underwent OP and 525 patients underwent LAP, and the results were compared and analyzed
Table 1 shows operative morbidity and mortality of all patients in the OP and LAP groups. Overall postoperative complications of all grades occurred in 190 patients (18.2%). Perioperative mortality was observed in one (0.2%) patient in the OP group because of myocardial infarction. Conversion to OP was necessary in 29 (5.5%) of the 525 LAP group patients. The most common reason for conversion was an indicated conversion: tumor invasion to adjacent structures (9 [31%] patients), peritoneal dissemination (4 [14%] patients), synchronous ascending colon cancer found during surgery (1 [3%] patient), and synchronous hepatic metastasis found during LAP that was removed by conversion to OP (1 [3%] patient). The other reasons for conversion were reported elsewhere.5
Table 1.
Operative morbidity and mortality of all patients in the OP and LAP groups
| Grade | OP, n = 520 | LAP, n = 525 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any overall complication (except for high fever) | G0 | 405 (77.9%) | 450 (85.7%) | 0.0013 |
| G1‐ | 115 (22.1%) | 75 (14.3%) | ||
| Upper respiratory infection | G0 | 519 (99.8%) | 524 (99.8%) | 1.00 |
| G1‐ | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.2%) | ||
| Urinary tract infection | G0 | 517 (99.4%) | 523 (99.6%) | 0.69 |
| G1‐ | 3 (0.6%) | 2 (0.4%) | ||
| Anastomotic leakage | G0 | 502 (96.5%) | 506 (96.4%) | 1.00 |
| G1‐ | 18 (3.5%) | 19 (3.6%) | ||
| Bowel obstruction | G0 | 515 (99.0%) | 521 (99.2%) | 0.50 |
| G1‐ | 5 (1.0%) | 4 (0.8%) | ||
| Wound complication | G0 | 481 (92.5%) | 514 (97.9%) | <0.001 |
| G1‐ | 39 (7.5%) | 11 (2.1%) | ||
| Mortality | Absent | 519 (99.8%) | 525 (100%) | 0.50 |
| Present | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) |
LAP, laparoscopic surgery; OP, open surgery.
Table 2 shows the results of the univariable and multivariable analyses of the risk factors for overall complications. Among the eight variables (procedure, reconstruction, operation time, blood loss, combined resection, gender, BMI, and surgical group), operation time of over 240 minutes, blood loss of more than 300 mL, male gender, and OP itself were significantly associated with postoperative complications in the univariable analyses. Multivariable analyses excluding one missing patient showed that the risk factors for all grades of early postoperative complications were operation time of over 240 minutes (OR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.24‐3.02, P = 0.0036) and OP group (OR 2.01, 95% CI: 1.38‐2.91, P = 0.0003).
Table 2.
Risk factors for overall complications
| Risk factor | Complication (−) | Complication (+) | Univariable analysis | P value | Multivariable analysis | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |||||
| Surgical procedure | ||||||
| ICR or right colectomy | 248 | 50 (16.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Sigmoid colectomy | 372 | 68 (15.5%) | 0.91 (0.61‐1.35) | 0.63 | 0.63 (0.31‐1.30) | 0.21 |
| Anterior resection | 221 | 70 (24.1%) | 1.57 (1.05‐2.36) | 0.029 | 0.83 (0.37‐1.87) | 0.65 |
| Others | 14 | 2 (12.5%) | 0.71 (0.16‐3.22) | 0.66 | 0.44 (0.08‐2.34) | 0.34 |
| Reconstruction (1 pt. missing) | ||||||
| Hand‐sewing | 73 | 9 (11.0%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| FETE | 250 | 47 (15.8%) | 1.53 (0.71‐3.26) | 0.28 | 1.39 (0.62‐3.11) | 0.43 |
| Stapled anastomosis | 512 | 127 (19.9%) | 2.01 (0.98‐4.13) | 0.057 | 2.08 (0.89‐4.86) | 0.091 |
| Other | 19 | 7 (26.9%) | 2.99 (0.99‐9.06) | 0.053 | 3.93 (1.25‐12.33) | 0.019 |
| Operation time (min) | ||||||
| <240 | 694 | 137 (16.5%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥240 | 161 | 53 (24.8%) | 1.67 (1.16‐2.39) | 0.005 | 1.94 (1.24‐3.02) | 0.004 |
| Blood loss (mL) | ||||||
| <300 | 813 | 164 (16.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥300 | 42 | 26 (38.2%) | 3.07 (1.83‐5.15) | <0.0001 | 1.76 (0.99‐3.13) | 0.055 |
| Combined resection | ||||||
| Absent | 803 | 174 (17.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Present | 52 | 16 (23.5%) | 1.42 (0.79‐2.55) | 0.24 | 1.19 (0.64‐2.23) | 0.58 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 387 | 71 (15.5%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Male | 468 | 119 (20.3%) | 1.39 (1.00‐1.92) | 0.048 | 1.16 (0.82‐1.64) | 0.41 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| BMI ≤ 20 | 150 | 24 (13.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 20 < BMI ≤ 25 | 503 | 113 (18.3%) | 1.40 (0.87‐2.26) | 0.16 | 1.26 (0.77‐2.07) | 0.36 |
| BMI > 25 | 202 | 53 (20.8%) | 1.64 (0.97‐2.78) | 0.066 | 1.37 (0.79‐2.39) | 0.26 |
| Treatment arm | ||||||
| LAP | 450 | 75 (14.3%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| OP | 405 | 115 (22.1%) | 1.70 (1.24‐2.35) | 0.001 | 2.01 (1.38‐2.91) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FETE, functional end‐to‐end anastomosis; ICR, ileocecal resection; LAP, laparoscopic surgery; OP, open surgery.
Wound complication was the most frequent postoperative complication among all grades (50/1045, 4.8%). There was one and no Grade 3 complications of intraperitoneal abscess in the OP and LAP groups, respectively. Univariable analysis showed that reconstruction (others: triangle anastomosis in 25 patients and stoma creation in 1 patient), greater blood loss, OP itself, and higher BMI were significantly associated with wound‐related complications (Table 3).
Table 3.
Risk factors for wound complications
| Risk factor | Complication (−) | Complication (+) | Univariable analysis | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | ||||
| Surgical procedure | ||||
| ICR or right colectomy | 285 | 13 (4.4%) | 1 | |
| Sigmoid colectomy | 420 | 20 (4.5%) | 1.04 (0.51‐2.13) | 0.91 |
| Anterior resection | 275 | 16 (5.5%) | 1.28 (0.60‐2.70) | 0.52 |
| Other | 15 | 1 (6.3%) | 1.46 (0.18‐11.93) | 0.72 |
| Reconstruction (1 pt. missing) | ||||
| Hand‐sewing | 79 | 3 (3.7%) | 1 | |
| FETE | 284 | 13 (4.4%) | 1.21 (0.34‐4.34) | 0.77 |
| Stapled anastomosis | 610 | 29 (4.5%) | 1.25 (0.37‐4.21) | 0.72 |
| Other | 21 | 5 (19.2%) | 6.27 (1.39‐28.78) | 0.017 |
| Operation time (min) | ||||
| <240 | 788 | 43 (5.2%) | 1 | |
| ≥240 | 207 | 7 (3.3%) | 0.62 (0.28‐1.40) | 0.25 |
| Blood loss (mL) | ||||
| <300 | 935 | 42 (4.3%) | 1 | |
| ≥300 | 60 | 8 (11.8%) | 2.97 (1.33‐6.61) | 0.008 |
| Combined resection | ||||
| Absent | 931 | 46 (4.7%) | 1 | |
| Present | 64 | 4 (5.9%) | 1.27 (0.44‐3.63) | 0.66 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 436 | 22 (4.8%) | 1 | |
| Male | 559 | 28 (4.8%) | 0.99 (0.56‐1.76) | 0.98 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| BMI ≤ 20 | 172 | 2 (1.1%) | 1 | |
| 20 < BMI ≤ 25 | 580 | 36 (5.8%) | 5.34 (1.27‐22.39) | 0.022 |
| BMI > 25 | 243 | 12 (4.7%) | 4.25 (0.94‐19.22) | 0.060 |
| Treatment arm | ||||
| LAP | 514 | 11 (2.1%) | 1 | |
| OP | 481 | 39 (7.5%) | 3.79 (1.92‐7.46) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FETE, functional end‐to‐end anastomosis; ICR, ileocecal resection; LAP, laparoscopic surgery; OP, open surgery.
Anastomotic leakage occurred in 37 patients (3.5%). There was no difference in its occurrence between the OP group (18; 3.5%) and the LAP group (19; 3.6%). Univariable analysis showed that gender, operation time, and type of procedure were significantly associated with anastomotic leakage (Table 4).
Table 4.
Risk factors for leakage
| Risk factor | Complication (‐) | Complication (+) | Univariable analysis | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | ||||
| Surgical procedure | ||||
| ICR or right colectomy | 297 | 1 (0.3%) | 1 | |
| Sigmoid colectomy | 425 | 15 (3.4%) | 10.48 (1.38‐84.79) | 0.023 |
| Anterior resection | 270 | 21 (7.2%) | 23.10 (3.09‐172.89) | 0.002 |
| Other | 16 | 0 (0%) | NA | NA |
| Reconstruction (1 pt. missing) | ||||
| Hand‐sewing | 81 | 1 (1.2%) | 1 | |
| FETE | 295 | 2 (0.7%) | 0.55 (0.05‐6.13) | 0.63 |
| Stapled anastomosis | 605 | 34 (5.3%) | 4.55 (0.61‐33.71) | 0.14 |
| Other | 26 | 0 (0%) | NA | NA |
| Operation time (min) | ||||
| <240 | 809 | 22 (2.6%) | 1 | |
| ≥240 | 199 | 15 (7.0%) | 2.77 (1.41‐5.44) | 0.003 |
| Blood loss (mL) | ||||
| <300 | 945 | 32 (3.3%) | 1 | |
| ≥300 | 63 | 5 (7.4%) | 2.34 (0.88‐6.22) | 0.087 |
| Combined resection | ||||
| Absent | 943 | 34 (3.5%) | 1 | |
| Present | 65 | 3 (4.4%) | 1.28 (0.38‐4.28) | 0.69 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 450 | 8 (1.7%) | 1 | |
| Male | 558 | 29 (4.9%) | 2.92 (1.32‐6.46) | 0.008 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| BMI ≤ 20 | 168 | 6 (3.4%) | 1 | |
| 20 < BMI ≤ 25 | 597 | 19 (3.1%) | 0.89 (0.35‐2.27) | 0.81 |
| BMI > 25 | 243 | 12 (4.7%) | 1.38 (0.51‐3.76) | 0.53 |
| Treatment arm | ||||
| LAP | 506 | 19 (3.6%) | 1 | |
| OP | 502 | 18 (3.6%) | 0.96 (0.50‐1.84) | 0.89 |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FETE, functional end‐to‐end anastomosis; ICR, ileocecal resection; LAP, laparoscopic surgery; NA, not available; OP, open surgery.
4. DISCUSSION
Our analysis showed that the OP procedure and operation time of over 240 minutes were significant risk factors for overall postoperative complications of all grades. LAP would appear to be more suitable than OP from the point of view of early postoperative complications for stage II/III colon cancer patients undergoing D3 dissection.
In previous reports of large‐scale RCT for colon cancer that compared OP with LAP, Lacy et al6 reported that there were more complications in OP than in LAP, as in the present study, whereas other reports7, 8, 9 showed that there were no differences between the two. The conversion rate from LAP to OP surgery in the present study was lower than that in previous RCT. The conversion rate was 5.5% (29/525), whereas it was 21% (90/435) in the COST trial,7 29% (143/488) in the CLASICC trial,8 and 19% (102/534) in the COLOR trial.9 Generally, a lower conversion rate means fewer adverse events because the reasons for conversion were based on intraoperative complications, progression of tumors including invasion of adjacent structures, and technical difficulty as a result of huge tumor size and to control bleeding. We speculated that the data from the present study and from the study of Lacy et al showing conversion rates of approximately 10% or less might lead to better short‐term outcomes in LAP than in OP. Therefore, we might obtain better short‐term outcomes if we can choose the appropriate indication for LAP and improve or use additional techniques to avoid conversion.
So far, several reports have shown the risk factors for overall complications to be male gender,10 cancer stage,10 BMI,10 visceral fat area,11 age,12 OP12, 13 and blood loss.13 The OP procedure was also shown to be a risk factor in our analysis in comparison with LAP. However, male gender, BMI, and blood loss were not risk factors for overall postoperative complications in our analysis. The present study is the first, to our knowledge, to show that in addition to the OP procedure, operation time of over 240 minutes was a risk factor for overall postoperative complications. We speculated that longer operation time might be broadly affected by tumor factors, including larger size and invasion to adjacent structures, and patient factors, including BMI and vascular comorbidities, despite not identifying each significant factor for complications individually, which could lead to a higher possibility of postoperative complications. This is why the present study did not need to take into consideration the surgical learning curve as a potential risk factor because the JCOG0404 study chairman certifies surgeons at each participating institution according to the following criteria. For OP, surgeons must have experience of 30 or more OP colectomies; for LAP, surgeons must have experience of 30 or more cases each of OP and LAP colectomies; and surgeons in the LAP arm must be certified according to the Endoscopic Surgery Skill System by the Japan Society for Endoscopic Surgery.
Ishihara et al10 reported that stage as a tumor factor and hypertension as a patient factor were significantly associated with an increased incidence of noninfectious complications. They also showed that operation time had a significant relation in patients with BMI >25 kg/m2, cancers in the rectum, and cerebrovascular disease, but operation time was not related with stage. We did not include age as a risk factor because all patients were between 20 and 75 years old. The studies of Kim and Kim14 and Ragg et al,15 respectively, showed that age greater than 90 years old and age greater than 75 years old to be one risk factor for overall postoperative complications.
An important point of difference between the present study and the previous RCT6, 9, 16, 17 is that surgical treatment of the two groups in the present study required D3 dissection for stage II/III colon cancer equivalent to complete mesocolic excision with central vascular ligation.3 To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to evaluate risk factors for postoperative complications after surgery requiring D3 dissection from prospectively collected data. Japan has had a long history of using D3 dissection according to the General Rules for Clinical and Pathological Studies on Cancer of the Colon, Rectum and Anus (first edition, 1977).18 D3 dissection was carried out to unify the surgical maneuver in the JCOG0404 trial. For quality control, the trial ensured that the surgeries were carried out by accredited surgeons, and a central review of each surgery was done on the basis of photographs obtained during the procedure. For the JCOG0404 trial, Nakajima et al reported that for right‐sided tumors, the proportion of D3 dissections was 98.5% (131/133) in OP and 100% (136/136) in LAP, and for left‐sided tumors, the proportion was 97.9% (322/329) in OP and 98.2% (320/326) in LAP, as evaluated by central review.19 Because quality of surgery is one of the important factors of surgery‐related adverse events, in terms of the proportion of D3 dissections carried out by accredited surgeons, the quality of surgery in the present study was high. Thus, we consider the risk factors derived in the present study to be reliable and reproducible.
There are limitations in the present study. The inclusion criteria of JCOG0404 did not include disease in the transverse or descending colon, which would have required high‐level laparoscopic skills. The incidences of wound complications and anastomotic leakage were insufficient for multivariable analysis. However, 37 patients (3.5%) developed anastomotic leakage in our study. With anastomotic leakage being one of the most critical complications, these are not satisfactory data. Thus, further investigation is necessary to identify the risk factors for anastomotic leakage.
In conclusion, our analysis from prospectively collected data of D3 dissection for stage II/III colon cancer indicated that the risk factors for overall postoperative complications were the OP procedure and operation time of over 240 minutes. LAP and shorter operation time may contribute to a decrease in postoperative complications for patients undergoing colectomy with D3 dissection.
DISCLOSURE
Conflicts of Interest: Authors declare no conflicts of interest for this article.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported in part by the National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund (23‐A‐16, 23‐A‐19, 26‐A‐4 and 29‐A‐3), Grant‐in‐Aid for Cancer Research (14S‐3, 14S‐4, 17S‐3, I7S‐5, 20S‐3 and 20S‐6), and Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant for Clinical Cancer Research (Hl5‐018, H18‐013, H21‐017 and H24‐005) from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan.
Nishizawa Y, Akagi T, Inomata M, et al. Risk factors for early postoperative complications after D3 dissection for stage II or III colon cancer: Supplementary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial in Japan (JCOG0404). Ann Gastroenterol Surg. 2019;3:310–317. 10.1002/ags3.12246
REFERENCES
- 1. Alves A, Panis Y, Mathieu P, Mantion G, Kwiatkowski F, Slim K, et al. Postoperative mortality and morbidity in French patients undergoing colorectal surgery: results of a prospective multicenter study. Arch Surg. 2005;140:278–83. discussion 284. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2. Leung E, Ferjani AM, Stellard N, Wong LS. Predicting post‐operative mortality in patients undergoing colorectal surgery using P‐POSSUM and CR‐POSSUM scores: a prospective study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009;24:1459–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3. Kitano S, Inomata M, Sato A, Yoshimura K, Moriya Y, Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study . Randomized controlled trial to evaluate laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG 0404. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2005;35:475–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4. Kitano S, Inomata M, Mizusawa J, Katayama H, Watanabe M, Yamamoto S, et al. Survival outcomes following laparoscopic versus open D3 dissection for stage II or III colon cancer (JCOG0404): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2:261–317. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Yamamoto S, Inomata M, Katayama H, Mizusawa J, Etoh T, Konishi F, et al. Short‐term surgical outcomes from a randomized controlled trial to evaluate laparoscopic and open D3 dissection for stage II/III colon cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG 0404. Ann Surg. 2014;260:23–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Lacy AM, García‐Valdecasas JC, Delgado S, Castells A, Taurá P, Piqué JM, et al. Laparoscopy‐assisted colectomy versus open colectomy for treatment of non‐metastatic colon cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:2224–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7. Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Study Group , Nelson H, Sargent DJ, Wieand HS, Fleshman J, Anvari M, et al. A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 2050–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8. Guillou PJ, Quirke P, Thorpe H, Walker J, Jayne DG, Smith AM, et al. Short‐term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic‐assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:1718–26. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9. Veldkamp R, Kuhry E, Hop WC, Jeekel J, Kazemier G, Bonjer HJ, et al. Laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: short‐term outcomes of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:477–84. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10. Ishihara S, Matsuda K, Tanaka T, Tanaka J, Kiyomatsu T, Kawai K, et al. Patient factors predisposing to complications following laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancers. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2015;25:168–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11. Watanabe J, Tatsumi K, Ota M, Suwa Y, Suzuki S, Watanabe A, et al. The impact of visceral obesity on surgical outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29:343–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12. Grosso G, Biondi A, Marventano S, Mistretta A, Calabrese G, Basile F. Major postoperative complications and survival for colon cancer elderly patients. BMC Surg. 2012;12(Suppl 1):S20. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13. Poon JT, Law WL, Chow LC, Fan JK, Lo SH. Outcome of laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer in patients with high operative risk. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18:1884–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14. Kim YW, Kim IY. Factors associated with postoperative complications and 1‐year mortality after surgery for colorectal cancer in octogenarians and nonagenarians. Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:689–97. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15. Ragg JL, Watters DA, Guest GD. Preoperative risk stratification for mortality and major morbidity in major colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52:1296–303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16. Hewett PJ, Allardyce RA, Bagshaw PF, Frampton CM, Frizelle FA, Rieger NA, et al. Short‐term outcomes of the Australasian randomized clinical study comparing laparoscopic and conventional open surgical treatments for colon cancer: the ALCCaS trial. Ann Surg. 2008;248:728–38. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17. Neudecker J, Klein F, Bittner R, Carus T, Stroux A, Schwenk W, et al. Short‐term outcomes from a prospective randomized trial comparing laparoscopic and open surgery for colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2009;96:1458–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18. Akagi T, Inomata M, Kitano S, Hida K, Sakai Y, Hasegawa S, et al. Multicenter study of short‐ and long‐term outcomes of laparoscopic palliative resection for incurable, symptomatic stage IV colorectal cancer in Japan. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17:776–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19. Nakajima K, Inomata M, Akagi T, Etoh T, Sugihara K, Watanabe M, et al. Quality control by photo documentation for evaluation of laparoscopic and open colectomy with D3 resection for stage II/III colorectal cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG 0404. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2014;44:799–806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]