Abstract
Background
In the purpose of identifying reliable biomarkers for evaluating prognosis, monitoring recurrence and exploring new therapeutic targets, it is quite necessary to screen for the genetic changes and potential molecular mechanisms of the occurrence and development of gastric cancer (GC) from the aspects of race and region.
Methods
Target datasets were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with “gastric cancer” as the key word, and corresponding data was downloaded. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by using limma R package, and the Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway for DEGs were analyzed in Enirchr database. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and molecular module were also constructed through STRING database and Cytoscape software. Survival analyses were completed for DEGs in GEO and Kaplan-Meier plotter database via cross validation. Finally, the correlation between gene expression and the infiltration cell levels in tumor microenvironment (TME) was explored based on the tumor immune estimation resource (TIMER) database.
Results
Five GC-related microarray datasets were selected and used for differential analysis, and 222 DEGs were identified. GO analyses of DEGs were mainly involved in cell metabolism and the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM). The top enriched pathways of DEGs were protein digestion and absorption, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion (FA), PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Survival analyses of DEGs revealed that the expression levels of CTSK and COL4A2 were significantly associated with poor prognosis of GC patients in Asian. Specifically, the high expression of CTSK had a closely related to the infiltration level of inflammatory cell in TME.
Conclusions
CTSK and COL4A2 could play a critical role in the pathogenesis of GC and act as the promising prognostic biomarkers. CTSK could induce the formation of immunosuppressive TME and promote the immune escape of GC cells.
Keywords: Stomach neoplasms, biomarkers, integrated bioinformatics, microarray analysis
Introduction
Nowadays, it is widely considered that gastric cancer (GC) is an inflammation-driven disease, Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr (EB) virus infections are thought to be the important risk factors of GC. Chronic inflammation in gastric mucosa leading to changes in microenvironment followed by molecular alterations, causes neoplasia gradually, but the specific mechanisms are still uncertain (1). The proposition of molecular subtypes of GC not only analyzes the molecular changes of GC and its corresponding biological behavior characteristics from genetic level, but also provides a favorable guidance for the selection of anti-tumor drugs (2-4). Other genes used for grouping GC have been focused by several studies in order to guide GC treatment and evaluate prognosis as well, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and tumor protein 53 (TP53) (5,6). But beyond that, ethnic differences in response to anti-tumor therapies in GC patients are always concerned. For instance, patients from Asia have a better prognosis and response to treatments than Caucasian (7,8); survival differences are independent of clinical and pathological factors among different races and ethnicities patients (9); and significant differences found in the frequencies of somatic mutation from diverse geographic populations (10). Accordingly, GC is highly heterogeneous, and its biological behavior has wide genetic and epigenetic differences between different individuals or between different lesions of the same individual, which might further result in different prognosis and treatment outcome. Therefore, it is quite necessary to explore the genetic changes and potential molecular mechanisms of the occurrence and development of GC from the aspects of race and region. On one hand, it can help us to find more specific biomarkers for diagnosis and assessing prognosis. On the other hand, it has a very significant guiding role for us to better design individualized regimens, especially targeting therapies (11).
To find reliable biomarkers, it is a feasible method to obtain gene expression profiles of GC from public functional genomics databases like GEO (12) and TCGA, and then perform bioinformatics analysis. In this study, we selected GC expression profiles of Asian population in GEO database, screened out hub genes for GC patients through microarray analysis. For one, the work helps us to understand the genetic changes clearly in GC groups in Asia. For another, during the analysis, we mainly discuss whether COL4A2 and CTSK can be used as effective biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis assessment, recurrence monitoring, and therapeutic target in patients with GC in Asia. And the work offers a new direction for the diagnosis and treatment of GC.
Methods
Microarray data
Datasets were retrieved from GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) with “gastric cancer” as the key word. The filters of organism and study type were limited as “Homo sapiens” and “Expression profiling by array”, respectively. Then the gene expression matrix and the corresponding platform TXT files of target datasets were downloaded. R software (R 3.6.1, https://cran.r-project.org/) and related packages (http://www.bioconductor.org/) were used for data processing. The datasets utilized to differential analysis must be satisfied the following conditions: (I) all of the sequencing samples were from the patients with GC in China; (II) the datasets for differential gene analysis contained controls for cancer and cancer-adjacent tissues; (III) the sample size of each dataset was at least 20; (IV) the information of the platform annotation was available. The datasets used for prognosis analysis must be contained detailed survival data.
Screening for DEGs
A volcano map was plotted to assess the differential expression of all genes by the ggplot2 package (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/index.html). The limma package was used for screening the DEGs in candidate dataset (13). As a DEG, it is necessary to satisfy both statistical P value <0.05 and |log fold change (FC)| >1. The co-expressed genes of DEGs were visualized by UpSetR package (14).
Construction of PPI network and molecular modules analysis
The PPI network of DEGs was constructed in the STRING database (https://string-db.org/) through the following setting: meaning of network edges was set as “confidence”, minimum required interaction score was selected as “medium confidence (0.400)” and finally display simplification was to hide disconnected nodes in the network (15). The PPI-data was downloaded and then identified hub genes and molecular modules by using the cytoHubba and MCODE plug-in Cytoscape software (version 3.7.1, https://cytoscape.org/), respectively. In MCODE, filters were based on the default parameters as “Degree Cutoff =2,” “Node Score Cutoff =0.2,” “K-Core =2” and “Max.Depth =100” (16).
GO and KEGG pathway analyses
Functional annotation and pathway analyses for DEGs were done in the Enrichr database (http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr/), which is a comprehensive database for GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis (17). And the results of which were visualized by using GOplot package and Cytoscape software, respectively. Adjusted P value <0.05 was as a selecting criterion.
Prognosis analyses
Firstly, survival analysis was conducted for DEGs using the Kaplan Meier analysis in the one of the datasets from GEO database so as to identify hub genes associated with prognosis of GC. Secondly, the racial survival differences of hub genes were evaluated again in the Kaplan-Meier plotter database (http://kmplot.com/analysis/), which included gene chip and RNA-seq data-sources from GEO database and TCGA (18). Thirdly, the hub genes were re-analyzed the prognostic value in multiple datasets from different cohort in GEO database. The results were visualized by forestplot (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/forestplot) and survival package (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/survival/) in R.
TIMER database analysis
The correlations between the hub genes expression and the infiltration levels of inflammatory cells, including B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, were analyzed based on TIMER database (19). Moreover, we also explored the relationship of hub genes expression and molecular markers that had been reported in published studies (20,21), including markers of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and exhausted T cells. Correlation strength was classified according to the absolute value of partial correlation coefficient as follow: 0.00–0.19 “very weak”, 0.20–0.39 “weak”, 0.40–0.59 “moderate”, 0.60–0.79 “strong”, 0.80–1.0 “very strong” (22). The gene expression level was displayed with log2 RSEM.
Results
Microarray data
The GSE118916 (23), GSE19826 (24), GSE65801 (25), GSE79973 (26,27), and GSE54129 dataset were used for differential analysis, including 90 normal gastric tissue samples and 180 GC samples of China. The GSE57302 (28), GSE26253 (29,30), GSE28541 (29) and GSE62254 (6,29) dataset were used for prognosis analysis. The information of ten datasets was shown in Table 1. The five datasets for differential gene analysis were normalized, which of the results were revealed in Figure 1.
Table 1. The information of ten microarray datasets from GEO.
| Series | Country | Sample (tumor) | Sample (normal) | Platform | Version |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GSE118916 | China | 15 | 15 | GPL15207 | Affymetrix Human Gene Expression Array |
| GSE19826 | China | 12 | 12 | GPL570 | Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array |
| GSE65801 | China | 32 | 32 | GPL14550 | Agilent-028004 SurePrint G3 Human GE 8x60K Microarray |
| GSE79973 | China | 10 | 10 | GPL570 | Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array |
| GSE54129 | China | 111 | 21 | GPL570 | Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array |
| GSE57302 | China | 131 | 0 | GPL4091 | Agilent-014693 Human Genome CGH Microarray 244A |
| GSE26253 | South Korea | 432 | 0 | GPL8432 | Illumina HumanRef-8 WG-DASL v3.0 |
| GSE28541 | USA (MDACC Cohort) | 40 | 0 | GPL13376 | Illumina HumanWG-6 v2.0 expression BeadChip |
| GSE62254 | USA (ACRG Cohort) | 300 | 0 | GPL570 | Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array |
MDACC, MD Anderson Cancer Center; ACRG, Asian Cancer Research Group; GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus.
Figure 1.
Normalization of gene expression. (A,B) Normalization of the GSE118916 data set; (C,D) normalization of the GSE19826 data set; (E,F) normalization of the GSE65801 data set; (G,H) normalization of the GSE79973 data set; (I,J) normalization of the GSE54129 data set. Red represents gastric cancer tissues and blue represents normal tissues.
Identification of DEGs
The DEGs from five dataset was shown in Figure 2A,B,C,D,E. Two hundred twenty-two co-expressed genes were obtained by integrating bioinformatics analysis of all DEGs, covering 82 up-regulated expression genes and 140 down-regulated expression genes. The number of all and co-expressed DEGs were shown in Figure 2F. The co-expressed genes were provided in Table S1. The cluster heat map of all genes from five datasets was shown in Figure S1.
Figure 2.
Differentially expressed genes between the two groups of samples in each data set. (A) GSE118916, (B) GSE19826, (C) GSE65801, (D) GSE79973, (E) GSE54129. The red dots represent the up-regulated genes based on an adjusted P<0.05 and logFC >1 (if logFC >4 then the gene symbol is labeled); the green dots represent the down-regulated genes based on an adjusted P<0.05 and |logFC| >1 (if |logFC| >6 then the gene symbol is labeled); the black spots represent genes with no significant difference in expression.
Table S1. The co-expressed DEGs.
| Gene name | GSE118916 | GSE19826 | GSE54129 | GSE65801 | GSE79973 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| logFC | P value | logFC | P value | logFC | P value | logFC | P value | logFC | P value | |||||
| FNDC1 | 3.34 | 0.00 | 3.04 | 0.00 | 2.87 | 0.00 | 4.11 | 0.00 | 4.22 | 0.00 | ||||
| THBS4 | 3.23 | 0.00 | 2.18 | 0.00 | 3.22 | 0.00 | 3.18 | 0.00 | 2.32 | 0.01 | ||||
| FAP | 2.79 | 0.00 | 3.77 | 0.00 | 3.28 | 0.00 | 3.40 | 0.00 | 3.99 | 0.00 | ||||
| C3 | 2.75 | 0.00 | 1.55 | 0.00 | 3.28 | 0.00 | 1.76 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 0.05 | ||||
| RARRES1 | 2.65 | 0.00 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 2.73 | 0.00 | 3.24 | 0.00 | 2.07 | 0.00 | ||||
| COL8A1 | 2.56 | 0.00 | 2.93 | 0.00 | 4.77 | 0.00 | 2.80 | 0.00 | 3.52 | 0.00 | ||||
| THBS2 | 2.56 | 0.00 | 2.73 | 0.00 | 3.79 | 0.00 | 3.25 | 0.00 | 3.61 | 0.00 | ||||
| CTHRC1 | 2.55 | 0.00 | 2.04 | 0.00 | 3.52 | 0.00 | 2.73 | 0.00 | 2.87 | 0.00 | ||||
| IGF2BP3 | 2.54 | 0.00 | 2.30 | 0.00 | 2.07 | 0.00 | 2.29 | 0.00 | 3.29 | 0.00 | ||||
| SFRP4 | 2.49 | 0.00 | 2.47 | 0.00 | 4.25 | 0.00 | 4.10 | 0.00 | 3.49 | 0.00 | ||||
| THY1 | 2.49 | 0.00 | 1.89 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 2.60 | 0.00 | 2.56 | 0.00 | ||||
| SPP1 | 2.48 | 0.00 | 2.39 | 0.00 | 4.06 | 0.00 | 3.56 | 0.00 | 3.39 | 0.00 | ||||
| COL1A2 | 2.48 | 0.00 | 1.28 | 0.00 | 2.20 | 0.00 | 2.14 | 0.00 | 1.48 | 0.00 | ||||
| COL6A3 | 2.46 | 0.00 | 1.87 | 0.00 | 2.60 | 0.00 | 2.32 | 0.00 | 2.06 | 0.00 | ||||
| SULF1 | 2.44 | 0.00 | 2.50 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 3.10 | 0.00 | 3.43 | 0.00 | ||||
| RAB31 | 2.33 | 0.00 | 1.32 | 0.00 | 1.81 | 0.00 | 1.18 | 0.00 | 1.51 | 0.00 | ||||
| TIMP1 | 2.31 | 0.00 | 1.82 | 0.00 | 2.06 | 0.00 | 2.46 | 0.00 | 2.09 | 0.00 | ||||
| SPOCK1 | 2.30 | 0.00 | 1.55 | 0.00 | 3.11 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 0.00 | 2.45 | 0.00 | ||||
| DPYSL3 | 2.29 | 0.00 | 1.21 | 0.01 | 2.60 | 0.00 | 1.26 | 0.01 | 1.96 | 0.00 | ||||
| SFRP2 | 2.26 | 0.01 | 1.85 | 0.00 | 5.88 | 0.00 | 2.96 | 0.00 | 1.69 | 0.02 | ||||
| CLDN1 | 2.20 | 0.00 | 2.19 | 0.00 | 1.77 | 0.00 | 3.87 | 0.00 | 2.66 | 0.00 | ||||
| SPARC | 2.16 | 0.00 | 1.65 | 0.00 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 1.46 | 0.00 | 2.06 | 0.00 | ||||
| INHBA | 2.13 | 0.00 | 4.16 | 0.00 | 4.68 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0.00 | 4.56 | 0.00 | ||||
| FN1 | 2.12 | 0.00 | 1.72 | 0.00 | 3.07 | 0.00 | 2.29 | 0.00 | 2.18 | 0.00 | ||||
| CRISPLD1 | 2.11 | 0.00 | 1.43 | 0.01 | 3.27 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 0.00 | 2.57 | 0.00 | ||||
| AHNAK2 | 2.07 | 0.00 | 1.30 | 0.02 | 2.88 | 0.00 | 1.24 | 0.02 | 1.58 | 0.01 | ||||
| PLA2G7 | 2.07 | 0.00 | 1.34 | 0.01 | 2.11 | 0.00 | 2.19 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.00 | ||||
| COL12A1 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 1.30 | 0.00 | 1.86 | 0.00 | 1.95 | 0.00 | 2.56 | 0.00 | ||||
| NNMT | 2.01 | 0.00 | 1.07 | 0.00 | 3.28 | 0.00 | 1.75 | 0.00 | 1.72 | 0.00 | ||||
| COL10A1 | 2.01 | 0.00 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 0.00 | 2.73 | 0.00 | 4.46 | 0.00 | ||||
| SERPINH1 | 1.99 | 0.00 | 2.79 | 0.00 | 1.77 | 0.00 | 1.91 | 0.00 | 2.34 | 0.00 | ||||
| VCAN | 1.98 | 0.00 | 1.27 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 0.00 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 1.38 | 0.00 | ||||
| OLFML2B | 1.98 | 0.00 | 1.38 | 0.00 | 2.50 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 1.89 | 0.00 | ||||
| SERPINE2 | 1.94 | 0.00 | 1.39 | 0.00 | 1.14 | 0.00 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 1.38 | 0.00 | ||||
| ITGBL1 | 1.94 | 0.00 | 1.13 | 0.01 | 3.44 | 0.00 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 1.37 | 0.02 | ||||
| ASPN | 1.89 | 0.00 | 1.85 | 0.00 | 1.98 | 0.00 | 2.19 | 0.00 | 2.63 | 0.00 | ||||
| GPNMB | 1.89 | 0.00 | 1.31 | 0.00 | 2.84 | 0.00 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.01 | ||||
| NRK | 1.85 | 0.00 | 2.27 | 0.00 | 1.93 | 0.00 | 2.31 | 0.00 | 2.21 | 0.00 | ||||
| APOC1 | 1.85 | 0.00 | 2.50 | 0.00 | 1.15 | 0.00 | 2.31 | 0.00 | 2.51 | 0.00 | ||||
| NOX4 | 1.83 | 0.00 | 1.61 | 0.03 | 1.94 | 0.00 | 2.80 | 0.00 | 3.52 | 0.00 | ||||
| PMEPA1 | 1.81 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 1.82 | 0.00 | 1.94 | 0.00 | ||||
| COL3A1 | 1.81 | 0.00 | 1.16 | 0.00 | 1.41 | 0.00 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 1.15 | 0.00 | ||||
| CCDC80 | 1.81 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 0.01 | 3.32 | 0.00 | 1.39 | 0.00 | 1.11 | 0.05 | ||||
| PLAU | 1.80 | 0.00 | 1.19 | 0.00 | 1.19 | 0.00 | 1.76 | 0.00 | 1.46 | 0.00 | ||||
| COMP | 1.80 | 0.00 | 1.74 | 0.00 | 1.56 | 0.00 | 3.41 | 0.00 | 3.10 | 0.00 | ||||
| HEYL | 1.75 | 0.00 | 1.54 | 0.00 | 2.11 | 0.00 | 1.90 | 0.00 | 1.11 | 0.00 | ||||
| IGFBP4 | 1.75 | 0.00 | 1.58 | 0.00 | 3.39 | 0.00 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| LGALS1 | 1.72 | 0.00 | 1.09 | 0.00 | 1.55 | 0.00 | 1.10 | 0.00 | 1.26 | 0.00 | ||||
| MMP7 | 1.70 | 0.02 | 1.72 | 0.02 | 1.65 | 0.00 | 2.83 | 0.00 | 2.04 | 0.01 | ||||
| PDGFRB | 1.69 | 0.00 | 1.09 | 0.00 | 1.98 | 0.00 | 1.77 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 0.00 | ||||
| ISM1 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 1.59 | 0.00 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 2.21 | 0.00 | 1.39 | 0.05 | ||||
| LY6E | 1.64 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 0.02 | 3.09 | 0.00 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 2.16 | 0.00 | ||||
| EDNRA | 1.64 | 0.00 | 1.27 | 0.00 | 1.84 | 0.00 | 1.54 | 0.00 | 1.21 | 0.00 | ||||
| SRPX2 | 1.61 | 0.00 | 1.95 | 0.00 | 1.49 | 0.00 | 2.28 | 0.00 | 1.99 | 0.00 | ||||
| COL5A1 | 1.61 | 0.00 | 1.77 | 0.00 | 1.56 | 0.00 | 1.51 | 0.00 | 1.44 | 0.00 | ||||
| COL5A2 | 1.61 | 0.00 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 1.55 | 0.00 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 1.95 | 0.00 | ||||
| ANTXR1 | 1.59 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 1.04 | 0.00 | 1.42 | 0.00 | 1.57 | 0.00 | ||||
| ISLR | 1.57 | 0.00 | 1.24 | 0.00 | 2.87 | 0.00 | 1.27 | 0.00 | 1.31 | 0.00 | ||||
| CDH11 | 1.56 | 0.00 | 1.44 | 0.00 | 2.32 | 0.00 | 1.73 | 0.00 | 1.81 | 0.00 | ||||
| BICC1 | 1.55 | 0.00 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 1.31 | 0.00 | 1.09 | 0.00 | 1.41 | 0.00 | ||||
| COL4A2 | 1.54 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 1.85 | 0.00 | 1.19 | 0.00 | 1.39 | 0.00 | ||||
| NTM | 1.51 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 0.00 | 1.19 | 0.00 | 1.80 | 0.00 | 2.56 | 0.00 | ||||
| AEBP1 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 1.89 | 0.00 | ||||
| BGN | 1.44 | 0.00 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 3.65 | 0.00 | 2.70 | 0.00 | 2.62 | 0.00 | ||||
| PRRX1 | 1.39 | 0.00 | 1.87 | 0.00 | 3.31 | 0.00 | 2.66 | 0.00 | 2.11 | 0.00 | ||||
| SULF2 | 1.38 | 0.00 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 1.28 | 0.00 | 1.72 | 0.00 | 1.41 | 0.00 | ||||
| FJX1 | 1.33 | 0.00 | 1.31 | 0.01 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 1.75 | 0.00 | 1.10 | 0.00 | ||||
| TNFSF4 | 1.30 | 0.00 | 1.14 | 0.00 | 1.52 | 0.00 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 1.68 | 0.00 | ||||
| CDH3 | 1.29 | 0.00 | 2.72 | 0.00 | 1.17 | 0.00 | 1.97 | 0.00 | 3.23 | 0.00 | ||||
| CPXM1 | 1.26 | 0.00 | 2.51 | 0.00 | 1.79 | 0.00 | 2.20 | 0.00 | 2.29 | 0.00 | ||||
| CTSK | 1.26 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 2.27 | 0.00 | 1.23 | 0.00 | 1.09 | 0.00 | ||||
| MMP11 | 1.22 | 0.00 | 1.56 | 0.00 | 1.18 | 0.00 | 2.32 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 0.00 | ||||
| FKBP10 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 1.90 | 0.01 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 1.83 | 0.00 | 2.60 | 0.00 | ||||
| MFAP2 | 1.18 | 0.00 | 2.28 | 0.00 | 2.60 | 0.00 | 2.54 | 0.00 | 2.18 | 0.00 | ||||
| TMEM158 | 1.18 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 1.90 | 0.00 | 2.18 | 0.00 | 1.46 | 0.00 | ||||
| PCSK5 | 1.16 | 0.00 | 1.26 | 0.00 | 1.07 | 0.00 | 1.29 | 0.00 | 1.14 | 0.01 | ||||
| FBN1 | 1.16 | 0.00 | 1.58 | 0.00 | 1.94 | 0.00 | 1.23 | 0.00 | 1.77 | 0.00 | ||||
| NID2 | 1.10 | 0.00 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 1.85 | 0.00 | 1.95 | 0.00 | 2.28 | 0.00 | ||||
| CST1 | 1.10 | 0.01 | 3.93 | 0.00 | 3.04 | 0.00 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 3.56 | 0.00 | ||||
| GREM1 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 0.02 | 4.17 | 0.00 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 1.51 | 0.00 | ||||
| LEF1 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 1.58 | 0.00 | 1.88 | 0.00 | 1.19 | 0.00 | ||||
| NT5DC2* | 1.02 | 0.00 | 1.14 | 0.01 | 1.88 | 0.00 | 1.30 | 0.00 | 1.91 | 0.00 | ||||
| SCUBE2 | 1.02 | 0.02 | 1.31 | 0.04 | 1.04 | 0.00 | 1.45 | 0.00 | 1.69 | 0.01 | ||||
| FUT9 | 1.12 | 0.00 | 4.13 | 0.01 | 4.48 | 0.00 | 4.36 | 0.00 | 4.96 | 0.01 | ||||
| SCGN | 1.12 | 0.00 | 1.83 | 0.01 | 1.90 | 0.00 | 2.65 | 0.00 | 1.88 | 0.01 | ||||
| OASL | 1.14 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 2.07 | 0.00 | 1.14 | 0.01 | 2.12 | 0.00 | ||||
| PRDM16 | 1.17 | 0.00 | 1.30 | 0.02 | 2.92 | 0.00 | 1.93 | 0.00 | 1.32 | 0.00 | ||||
| TNFRSF17 | 1.17 | 0.02 | 1.62 | 0.03 | 2.53 | 0.00 | 1.78 | 0.01 | 2.93 | 0.00 | ||||
| PSAPL1 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 2.81 | 0.00 | 3.12 | 0.00 | 5.83 | 0.00 | 4.93 | 0.00 | ||||
| RNASE4 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 1.53 | 0.00 | 2.14 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 0.00 | 1.50 | 0.00 | ||||
| TFCP2L1 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 1.09 | 0.03 | 1.79 | 0.00 | 1.69 | 0.02 | 1.44 | 0.01 | ||||
| ITPKA | 1.22 | 0.00 | 1.23 | 0.03 | 2.74 | 0.00 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 1.87 | 0.00 | ||||
| ADAM28 | 1.26 | 0.00 | 1.76 | 0.00 | 1.87 | 0.00 | 1.27 | 0.00 | 2.31 | 0.00 | ||||
| DHRS7 | 1.28 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 1.04 | 0.00 | 1.35 | 0.00 | ||||
| SLC41A2 | 1.30 | 0.00 | 1.29 | 0.00 | 2.26 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 1.55 | 0.00 | ||||
| MRAP2 | 1.31 | 0.00 | 1.72 | 0.02 | 2.37 | 0.00 | 1.35 | 0.00 | 1.58 | 0.00 | ||||
| MAGI3 | 1.32 | 0.00 | 1.04 | 0.00 | 2.07 | 0.00 | 1.14 | 0.00 | 1.31 | 0.00 | ||||
| CAPN13 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 3.08 | 0.01 | 1.57 | 0.00 | 3.28 | 0.00 | 3.80 | 0.00 | ||||
| FAM3B | 1.34 | 0.00 | 2.64 | 0.01 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 2.70 | 0.00 | 3.08 | 0.00 | ||||
| PAIP2B | 1.35 | 0.00 | 2.14 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 2.43 | 0.00 | 1.95 | 0.00 | ||||
| CYP3A5 | 1.37 | 0.00 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 2.98 | 0.00 | 1.69 | 0.02 | 2.09 | 0.00 | ||||
| MAL | 1.41 | 0.00 | 2.09 | 0.00 | 3.22 | 0.00 | 3.01 | 0.00 | 4.10 | 0.00 | ||||
| NEUROD1 | 1.42 | 0.00 | 1.34 | 0.03 | 2.70 | 0.00 | 2.57 | 0.00 | 1.47 | 0.01 | ||||
| XK | 1.42 | 0.00 | 1.21 | 0.02 | 2.54 | 0.00 | 2.09 | 0.00 | 2.11 | 0.00 | ||||
| SLC26A9 | 1.44 | 0.00 | 2.82 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 4.08 | 0.00 | ||||
| PTPRZ1 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 2.09 | 0.00 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 1.72 | 0.00 | 2.91 | 0.01 | ||||
| CCL28 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 0.01 | 2.51 | 0.00 | 1.23 | 0.01 | 2.00 | 0.01 | ||||
| MAP7D2 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 2.27 | 0.02 | 3.52 | 0.00 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 3.53 | 0.00 | ||||
| NTN4 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 1.13 | 0.00 | 1.51 | 0.00 | 1.30 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | ||||
| SMPD3 | 1.51 | 0.00 | 1.23 | 0.00 | 2.53 | 0.00 | 1.41 | 0.01 | 1.48 | 0.00 | ||||
| GRAMD1C | 1.51 | 0.00 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 2.55 | 0.00 | 1.15 | 0.00 | 1.17 | 0.00 | ||||
| PDZD3 | 1.52 | 0.00 | 1.78 | 0.01 | 1.15 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.05 | 2.09 | 0.01 | ||||
| RNASE1 | 1.55 | 0.00 | 1.61 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 0.00 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 2.51 | 0.00 | ||||
| AMPD1 | 1.55 | 0.00 | 1.72 | 0.00 | 2.87 | 0.00 | 2.44 | 0.00 | 2.68 | 0.00 | ||||
| LIFR | 1.57 | 0.00 | 2.27 | 0.00 | 1.16 | 0.00 | 1.73 | 0.00 | 2.43 | 0.00 | ||||
| KCNJ15 | 1.59 | 0.00 | 2.77 | 0.00 | 1.33 | 0.00 | 2.65 | 0.00 | 3.46 | 0.00 | ||||
| ANG | 1.59 | 0.00 | 1.29 | 0.00 | 2.50 | 0.00 | 1.27 | 0.00 | 2.06 | 0.00 | ||||
| SELENBP1 | 1.60 | 0.00 | 1.09 | 0.01 | 1.80 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 0.00 | 1.75 | 0.00 | ||||
| SCIN | 1.62 | 0.00 | 1.28 | 0.01 | 4.08 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 2.26 | 0.00 | ||||
| GAS2 | 1.63 | 0.00 | 1.27 | 0.04 | 1.95 | 0.00 | 1.28 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 0.04 | ||||
| GPT2 | 1.66 | 0.00 | 1.42 | 0.00 | 1.12 | 0.00 | 2.21 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 0.02 | ||||
| UPK1B | 1.66 | 0.00 | 2.65 | 0.01 | 4.87 | 0.00 | 1.35 | 0.01 | 3.50 | 0.00 | ||||
| UBL3 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 1.28 | 0.00 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 0.00 | 1.76 | 0.00 | ||||
| GCNT2 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 1.49 | 0.01 | 1.86 | 0.00 | 1.16 | 0.00 | 1.89 | 0.00 | ||||
| TMEM116 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 1.29 | 0.00 | 1.36 | 0.00 | ||||
| PDGFD | 1.72 | 0.00 | 1.70 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 0.00 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 1.69 | 0.00 | ||||
| METTL7A | 1.72 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 1.37 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 0.00 | 1.90 | 0.00 | ||||
| SERPINA4 | 1.74 | 0.00 | 1.48 | 0.04 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 2.69 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.02 | ||||
| RFX6 | 1.75 | 0.00 | 2.24 | 0.02 | 3.15 | 0.00 | 2.54 | 0.00 | 3.03 | 0.00 | ||||
| C1orf210 | 1.75 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 1.93 | 0.00 | 1.29 | 0.01 | 1.25 | 0.00 | ||||
| B3GNT6 | 1.77 | 0.00 | 2.47 | 0.00 | 1.80 | 0.00 | 3.16 | 0.00 | 2.99 | 0.00 | ||||
| BEX5 | 1.77 | 0.00 | 1.97 | 0.00 | 1.94 | 0.00 | 1.60 | 0.00 | 1.12 | 0.04 | ||||
| DGKD | 1.78 | 0.00 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 1.71 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 1.56 | 0.00 | ||||
| LDHD | 1.81 | 0.00 | 1.87 | 0.00 | 1.85 | 0.00 | 2.20 | 0.00 | 2.16 | 0.00 | ||||
| ZNF57 | 1.81 | 0.00 | 1.27 | 0.00 | 1.56 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 0.00 | ||||
| COBLL1 | 1.83 | 0.00 | 1.31 | 0.00 | 1.24 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.02 | 0.00 | ||||
| CNTN3 | 1.87 | 0.00 | 2.71 | 0.00 | 2.07 | 0.00 | 1.78 | 0.00 | 2.78 | 0.00 | ||||
| LRRC66 | 1.87 | 0.00 | 1.28 | 0.01 | 3.69 | 0.00 | 1.09 | 0.01 | 2.38 | 0.00 | ||||
| PTPRN2 | 1.94 | 0.00 | 1.10 | 0.00 | 1.80 | 0.00 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 1.37 | 0.01 | ||||
| FER1L4 | 1.94 | 0.00 | 1.11 | 0.01 | 2.61 | 0.00 | 1.61 | 0.00 | 1.87 | 0.00 | ||||
| IGFBP2 | 1.98 | 0.00 | 1.66 | 0.00 | 1.11 | 0.00 | 1.51 | 0.00 | 1.98 | 0.01 | ||||
| NRG4 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 2.13 | 0.01 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 2.20 | 0.00 | 2.41 | 0.00 | ||||
| SCNN1B | 2.00 | 0.00 | 1.87 | 0.01 | 2.21 | 0.00 | 3.04 | 0.00 | 3.16 | 0.00 | ||||
| ANKRD22 | 2.02 | 0.00 | 1.26 | 0.00 | 2.20 | 0.00 | 1.92 | 0.01 | 1.45 | 0.00 | ||||
| PPP1R36 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 1.02 | 0.00 | 1.93 | 0.00 | 1.56 | 0.00 | 1.69 | 0.00 | ||||
| RAB27B | 2.04 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 2.86 | 0.00 | 1.68 | 0.00 | 2.05 | 0.00 | ||||
| CYP2C18 | 2.08 | 0.00 | 2.10 | 0.00 | 3.64 | 0.00 | 2.56 | 0.00 | 2.82 | 0.00 | ||||
| LRRC31 | 2.12 | 0.00 | 1.29 | 0.04 | 1.45 | 0.00 | 2.20 | 0.00 | 2.60 | 0.00 | ||||
| RDH12 | 2.13 | 0.00 | 2.69 | 0.00 | 2.52 | 0.00 | 3.87 | 0.00 | 3.62 | 0.00 | ||||
| ALDH1A1 | 2.16 | 0.00 | 2.09 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 1.75 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| AKR1C1 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 1.28 | 0.01 | 2.45 | 0.00 | 1.59 | 0.00 | 2.73 | 0.00 | ||||
| PLLP | 2.22 | 0.00 | 1.28 | 0.00 | 2.59 | 0.00 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 2.47 | 0.00 | ||||
| PXMP2 | 2.26 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 0.00 | 1.72 | 0.00 | 1.88 | 0.00 | 1.51 | 0.00 | ||||
| CWH43 | 2.30 | 0.00 | 2.67 | 0.00 | 3.65 | 0.00 | 4.37 | 0.00 | 5.28 | 0.00 | ||||
| SULT1B1 | 2.31 | 0.00 | 1.59 | 0.00 | 2.13 | 0.00 | 2.23 | 0.00 | 2.75 | 0.00 | ||||
| TMPRSS2 | 2.34 | 0.00 | 1.99 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 0.00 | 1.98 | 0.00 | 2.03 | 0.00 | ||||
| CLDN18 | 2.38 | 0.00 | 2.38 | 0.01 | 2.56 | 0.00 | 3.62 | 0.00 | 3.24 | 0.02 | ||||
| GUCA2B | 2.40 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 1.11 | 0.00 | 1.63 | 0.00 | 2.95 | 0.00 | ||||
| FMO5 | 2.45 | 0.00 | 1.33 | 0.00 | 2.56 | 0.00 | 2.26 | 0.00 | 1.54 | 0.00 | ||||
| UGT2B15 | 2.46 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 0.02 | 3.52 | 0.00 | 3.42 | 0.00 | 2.69 | 0.00 | ||||
| C16orf89 | 2.49 | 0.00 | 2.82 | 0.00 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 2.80 | 0.00 | 3.35 | 0.01 | ||||
| ODAM | 2.52 | 0.00 | 1.93 | 0.01 | 1.11 | 0.00 | 2.08 | 0.00 | 1.50 | 0.03 | ||||
| PKIB | 2.58 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 0.01 | 3.24 | 0.00 | 2.01 | 0.00 | 2.93 | 0.00 | ||||
| FBP2 | 2.58 | 0.00 | 3.55 | 0.00 | 2.68 | 0.00 | 5.21 | 0.00 | 4.01 | 0.00 | ||||
| LTF | 2.59 | 0.00 | 3.03 | 0.05 | 2.01 | 0.00 | 2.84 | 0.00 | 4.78 | 0.00 | ||||
| PBLD | 2.64 | 0.00 | 1.44 | 0.00 | 2.95 | 0.00 | 1.27 | 0.00 | 2.66 | 0.00 | ||||
| EPN3 | 2.66 | 0.00 | 2.11 | 0.00 | 1.23 | 0.00 | 2.88 | 0.00 | 1.82 | 0.00 | ||||
| CTSE | 2.67 | 0.00 | 2.23 | 0.01 | 3.02 | 0.00 | 2.87 | 0.00 | 2.80 | 0.02 | ||||
| TRIM50 | 2.72 | 0.00 | 3.68 | 0.00 | 1.46 | 0.00 | 5.35 | 0.00 | 5.44 | 0.00 | ||||
| IRX3 | 2.84 | 0.00 | 2.61 | 0.02 | 1.80 | 0.00 | 2.85 | 0.00 | 2.34 | 0.01 | ||||
| CAPN8 | 2.88 | 0.00 | 1.59 | 0.01 | 3.69 | 0.00 | 2.11 | 0.01 | 2.71 | 0.00 | ||||
| GPRC5C | 2.88 | 0.00 | 1.43 | 0.00 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 1.86 | 0.00 | 1.67 | 0.00 | ||||
| RASSF6 | 2.94 | 0.00 | 1.85 | 0.00 | 3.26 | 0.00 | 1.46 | 0.00 | 2.02 | 0.00 | ||||
| HPGD | 2.94 | 0.00 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 3.53 | 0.00 | 2.75 | 0.00 | 3.48 | 0.00 | ||||
| CA2 | 2.96 | 0.00 | 2.10 | 0.00 | 3.21 | 0.00 | 3.64 | 0.00 | 3.04 | 0.00 | ||||
| PDIA2 | 2.98 | 0.00 | 3.17 | 0.00 | 1.71 | 0.00 | 4.45 | 0.00 | 2.70 | 0.01 | ||||
| KLK11 | 2.99 | 0.00 | 2.78 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 0.00 | 2.70 | 0.00 | 1.84 | 0.01 | ||||
| FBXL13 | 3.01 | 0.00 | 2.32 | 0.00 | 1.87 | 0.00 | 2.04 | 0.00 | 2.38 | 0.00 | ||||
| LYPD6B | 3.03 | 0.00 | 1.71 | 0.01 | 3.07 | 0.00 | 3.22 | 0.00 | 3.15 | 0.00 | ||||
| LIPF | 3.08 | 0.00 | 5.33 | 0.00 | 2.94 | 0.00 | 10.30 | 0.00 | 6.61 | 0.00 | ||||
| ARL14 | 3.08 | 0.00 | 1.68 | 0.01 | 2.98 | 0.00 | 2.43 | 0.01 | 2.65 | 0.02 | ||||
| ALDH3A1 | 3.16 | 0.00 | 2.76 | 0.00 | 2.62 | 0.00 | 2.81 | 0.00 | 3.92 | 0.00 | ||||
| DUOX2 | 3.16 | 0.00 | 2.33 | 0.01 | 2.05 | 0.00 | 2.80 | 0.00 | 2.31 | 0.01 | ||||
| REG1A | 3.18 | 0.00 | 2.99 | 0.01 | 2.66 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 2.42 | 0.04 | ||||
| TFF1 | 3.24 | 0.00 | 2.01 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 4.18 | 0.00 | 4.23 | 0.01 | ||||
| CAPN9 | 3.25 | 0.00 | 2.93 | 0.00 | 4.14 | 0.00 | 4.09 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 0.00 | ||||
| TFF2 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 3.88 | 0.00 | 5.09 | 0.00 | 4.31 | 0.01 | ||||
| VSIG2 | 3.34 | 0.00 | 2.72 | 0.00 | 3.93 | 0.00 | 3.64 | 0.00 | 3.58 | 0.00 | ||||
| TMEM171 | 3.36 | 0.00 | 1.73 | 0.00 | 1.71 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 0.00 | 1.59 | 0.00 | ||||
| SULT1C2 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 1.51 | 0.02 | 3.40 | 0.00 | 2.77 | 0.00 | 2.75 | 0.00 | ||||
| AKR7A3 | 3.39 | 0.00 | 2.34 | 0.00 | 1.90 | 0.00 | 2.33 | 0.00 | 2.12 | 0.00 | ||||
| MUC6 | 3.42 | 0.00 | 2.44 | 0.01 | 1.99 | 0.00 | 5.84 | 0.00 | 1.91 | 0.05 | ||||
| ESRRG | 3.45 | 0.00 | 4.03 | 0.01 | 1.84 | 0.00 | 2.29 | 0.00 | 5.28 | 0.00 | ||||
| AQP4 | 3.46 | 0.00 | 5.49 | 0.00 | 1.23 | 0.00 | 5.55 | 0.00 | 7.84 | 0.00 | ||||
| AADAC | 3.46 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 0.01 | 3.27 | 0.00 | 2.70 | 0.00 | 2.86 | 0.00 | ||||
| DNER | 3.58 | 0.00 | 2.63 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 0.00 | 4.09 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 0.00 | ||||
| PGC | 3.60 | 0.00 | 4.72 | 0.00 | 3.18 | 0.00 | 7.01 | 0.00 | 4.35 | 0.00 | ||||
| SCGB2A1 | 3.62 | 0.00 | 2.70 | 0.00 | 5.28 | 0.00 | 3.99 | 0.00 | 3.89 | 0.01 | ||||
| CCKBR | 3.67 | 0.00 | 3.30 | 0.00 | 1.24 | 0.00 | 6.56 | 0.00 | 4.20 | 0.00 | ||||
| CLIC6 | 3.71 | 0.00 | 3.15 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 0.01 | 3.23 | 0.00 | 4.22 | 0.00 | ||||
| ALDOB | 3.74 | 0.00 | 2.50 | 0.02 | 1.53 | 0.00 | 2.80 | 0.00 | 3.69 | 0.00 | ||||
| ADH7 | 3.74 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 3.21 | 0.00 | 3.62 | 0.00 | 4.27 | 0.00 | ||||
| PIK3C2G | 3.76 | 0.00 | 2.11 | 0.03 | 2.61 | 0.00 | 3.81 | 0.00 | 3.71 | 0.00 | ||||
| PSCA | 3.82 | 0.00 | 3.01 | 0.00 | 3.09 | 0.00 | 5.71 | 0.00 | 3.64 | 0.01 | ||||
| SLC26A7 | 3.86 | 0.00 | 2.52 | 0.02 | 2.22 | 0.00 | 3.02 | 0.00 | 3.61 | 0.00 | ||||
| CXCL17 | 3.87 | 0.00 | 3.38 | 0.00 | 2.91 | 0.00 | 5.19 | 0.00 | 4.58 | 0.00 | ||||
| SSTR1 | 4.10 | 0.00 | 2.48 | 0.00 | 4.02 | 0.00 | 3.57 | 0.00 | 3.59 | 0.00 | ||||
| TMED6 | 4.11 | 0.00 | 3.11 | 0.00 | 2.73 | 0.00 | 4.01 | 0.00 | 3.23 | 0.00 | ||||
| CA9 | 4.17 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 2.92 | 0.00 | 4.96 | 0.00 | 3.76 | 0.00 | ||||
| AKR1B10 | 4.26 | 0.00 | 2.35 | 0.00 | 4.09 | 0.00 | 4.12 | 0.00 | 4.55 | 0.00 | ||||
| KCNJ16 | 4.35 | 0.00 | 3.51 | 0.01 | 3.38 | 0.00 | 5.66 | 0.00 | 6.35 | 0.00 | ||||
| VSIG1 | 4.41 | 0.00 | 3.61 | 0.00 | 4.69 | 0.00 | 4.61 | 0.00 | 4.88 | 0.00 | ||||
| CPA2 | 4.48 | 0.00 | 3.55 | 0.00 | 1.92 | 0.00 | 4.96 | 0.00 | 3.94 | 0.00 | ||||
| ANXA10 | 4.54 | 0.00 | 2.94 | 0.01 | 3.63 | 0.00 | 4.57 | 0.00 | 3.44 | 0.04 | ||||
| GKN1 | 4.86 | 0.00 | 5.29 | 0.00 | 5.97 | 0.00 | 9.31 | 0.00 | 8.99 | 0.00 | ||||
| SST | 5.02 | 0.00 | 4.04 | 0.00 | 5.27 | 0.00 | 5.17 | 0.00 | 3.19 | 0.02 | ||||
| KCNE2 | 5.07 | 0.00 | 5.54 | 0.00 | 3.03 | 0.00 | 7.47 | 0.00 | 5.63 | 0.00 | ||||
| ATP4A | 5.17 | 0.00 | 6.09 | 0.00 | 3.31 | 0.00 | 9.58 | 0.00 | 8.02 | 0.00 | ||||
| CHGA | 5.27 | 0.00 | 3.47 | 0.00 | 1.19 | 0.00 | 5.77 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| GKN2 | 5.28 | 0.00 | 5.15 | 0.01 | 5.88 | 0.00 | 9.52 | 0.00 | 9.18 | 0.00 | ||||
| ATP4B | 5.44 | 0.00 | 5.54 | 0.00 | 4.08 | 0.00 | 8.92 | 0.00 | 7.96 | 0.00 | ||||
| KRT20 | 5.48 | 0.00 | 2.32 | 0.03 | 4.87 | 0.00 | 3.97 | 0.00 | 4.90 | 0.00 | ||||
*, The genes above were up-regulated and the belows were down-regulated. The logFC values of down-regulated genes were absolute.
Figure S1.
The cluster heat map of five datasets.
PPI network and molecular module
The PPI network of 222 integrated DEGs was built through STRING database and the result was shown in Figures 3A,S2. The top 20 hub genes were FN1, COL3A1, COL1A2, COL5A2, BGN, FBN1, THBS2, TIMP1, SPARC, COL6A3, COL5A1, SPP1, CDH11, COL12A1, VCAN, PDGFRB, COL4A2, ASPN, SERPINH1, COL10A1 and the matching information from GSE118916 was listed in Table 2. Six molecular modules were identified by using MCODE, the most important of which contained 32 genes, as visualized in Figure 3B.
Figure 3.
The PPI network and the most important molecular module of DEGs. (A) PPI network of DEGs constructed in STRING database; (B) the most important molecular module of DEGs. Circles represent genes, lines represent interactions between gene-encoded proteins and line width represents evidence of interactions between proteins.
Figure S2.
The PPI network of DEGs. Red solid circles represent up-regulated DEGs, and purples represent down-regulated DEGs. DEGs, differentially expressed genes.
Table 2. The top 20 hub genes of integrated DEGs.
| Gene symbol | LogFC (GSE118916) | P value (GSE118916) | Gene name |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASPN | 1.89 | ** | Asporin |
| BGN | 1.44 | ** | Biglycan |
| CDH11 | 1.56 | ** | Cadherin 11 |
| COL10A1 | 2.01 | ** | Collagen type X alpha 1 chainX |
| COL12A1 | 2.03 | ** | Collagen type XII alpha 1 chain |
| COL1A2 | 2.48 | ** | Collagen type I alpha 2 chain |
| COL3A1 | 1.81 | ** | Collagen type III alpha 1 chain |
| COL4A2 | 1.54 | ** | Collagen type IV alpha 2 chain |
| COL5A1 | 1.61 | ** | Collagen type V alpha 1 chain |
| COL5A2 | 1.61 | ** | Collagen type V alpha 2 chain |
| COL6A3 | 2.46 | ** | Collagen type VI alpha 3 chain |
| FBN1 | 1.16 | ** | Fibrillin 1 |
| FN1 | 2.12 | ** | Fibronectin 1 |
| PDGFRB | 1.69 | ** | Platelet derived growth factor receptor beta |
| SERPINH1 | 1.99 | ** | Serpin family H member 1 |
| SPARC | 2.16 | ** | Secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich |
| SPP1 | 2.48 | ** | Secreted phosphoprotein 1 |
| THBS2 | 2.56 | ** | Thrombospondin 2 |
| TIMP1 | 2.31 | ** | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 |
| VCAN | 1.98 | ** | Versican |
**, P value <0.01. DEGs, differentially expressed genes.
Functional enrichment analyses of DEGs
The total results of GO functional analyses for DEGs were shown in Table S2. It was evidence that the top 20 hub genes were mainly involved in the biological process (BP) of cell metabolism and the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Simultaneously, the molecular functions of hub genes were enriched in various binding of BP, as shown in Figure 4. Beyond that, the KEGG pathway enrichment of DEGs were mainly focus on protein digestion and absorption, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion (FA) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, as shown in Figure 5 and Table S3.
Table S2. The results of GO and KEGG of DEGs.
| Category | ID | Term | Genes | Adj-P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BP | GO:0030198 | Extracellular matrix organization | SPARC; MMP7; COL12A1; FN1; BGN; NID2; COMP; GREM1; MMP11; COL3A1; VCAN; COL1A2; COL4A2; COL5A1; CTSK; COL5A2; MFAP2; SERPINH1; SPP1; COL8A1; COL10A1; COL6A3; TIMP1; FBN1 | 0.000 |
| BP | GO:0030199 | Collagen fibril organization | GREM1; COL3A1; COL1A2; COL5A1; COL12A1; COL5A2; SERPINH1 | 0.000 |
| BP | GO:0001501 | Skeletal system development | COMP; VCAN; COL1A2; IGFBP4; COL12A1; CDH11; COL10A1; AEBP1; SULF1; PCSK5; FBN1; SULF2 | 0.000 |
| BP | GO:0071822 | Protein complex subunit organization | GREM1; COL3A1; COL1A2; COL5A1; COL12A1; COL5A2; SERPINH1 | 0.001 |
| BP | GO:0006508 | Proteolysis | CPA2; MMP7; TMPRSS2; AEBP1; PCSK5; PGC; CAPN13; CAPN8; CAPN9; FAP; PLAU; CTSK; CPXM1; CTSE | 0.005 |
| BP | GO:0022617 | Extracellular matrix disassembly | MMP11; MMP7; CTSK; SPP1; FN1; TIMP1; FBN1 | 0.024 |
| BP | GO:0035987 | Endodermal cell differentiation | COL4A2; COL12A1; FN1; COL8A1; INHBA | 0.022 |
| BP | GO:0010951 | Negative regulation of endopeptidase activity | CST1; SERPINE2; SERPINH1; SPOCK1; TIMP1; SERPINA4; LTF | 0.026 |
| BP | GO:0001706 | Endoderm formation | COL4A2; COL12A1; FN1; COL8A1; INHBA | 0.030 |
| BP | GO:0048592 | Eye morphogenesis | COL5A1; COL5A2; MFAP2; FBN1 | 0.032 |
| BP | GO:0010107 | Potassium ion import | ATP4B; ATP4A; KCNE2; KCNJ15; KCNJ16 | 0.032 |
| BP | GO:0042127 | Regulation of cell proliferation | PDGFRB; GKN1; REG1A; LEF1; FN1; GKN2; LIFR; INHBA; SSTR1; GREM1; SFRP4; SFRP2; SCIN; CCKBR; GPNMB; SST; PDGFD; TNFSF4; GCNT2; NOX4; TIMP1 | 0.036 |
| CC | GO:0005788 | Endoplasmic reticulum lumen | IGFBP4; COL12A1; FN1; C3; COL3A1; VCAN; LGALS1; COL1A2; COL4A2; COL5A1; PDGFD; COL5A2; SERPINH1; SPP1; COL8A1; COL10A1; COL6A3; TIMP1; FBN1 | 0.000 |
| MF | GO:0005178 | Integrin binding | COL3A1; SFRP2; GPNMB; COL5A1; FAP; FN1; THY1; THBS4; FBN1 | 0.001 |
| MF | GO:0005518 | Collagen binding | COMP; SPARC; CTSK; SERPINH1; FN1; ANTXR1; NID2 | 0.001 |
| MF | GO:0048407 | Platelet-derived growth factor binding | PDGFRB; COL3A1; COL1A2; COL5A1 | 0.002 |
| MF | GO:0002020 | Protease binding | COMP; PDZD3; CST1; COL3A1; COL1A2; FAP; FN1; TIMP1 | 0.016 |
| MF | GO:0004033 | Aldo-keto reductase activity | ALDH3A1; AKR7A3; AKR1B10; AKR1C1 | 0.014 |
| MF | GO:0008106 | Alcohol dehydrogenase activity | ALDH3A1; AKR1B10; RDH12; AKR1C1 | 0.012 |
| MF | GO:0005509 | Calcium ion binding | COMP; SCGN; SPARC; CDH3; SCIN; DNER; CDH11; SPOCK1; DUOX2; ASPN; THBS4; FBN1 | 0.014 |
| MF | GO:0004866 | Endopeptidase inhibitor activity | CST1; SERPINE2; SERPINH1; SPOCK1; TIMP1; SERPINA4; LTF | 0.037 |
| KEGG | hsa04971 | Gastric acid secretion | ATP4B; ATP4A; KCNE2; CCKBR; CA2; SST; KCNJ15; KCNJ16; SLC26A7 | 0.000 |
| KEGG | hsa04974 | Protein digestion and absorption | CPA2; COL3A1; COL1A2; COL4A2; COL5A1; COL12A1; COL5A2; COL10A1; COL6A3 | 0.000 |
| KEGG | hsa04512 | ECM-receptor interaction | COMP; COL1A2; COL4A2; SPP1; FN1; COL6A3; THBS2; THBS4 | 0.000 |
| KEGG | hsa04510 | Focal adhesion | COMP; PDGFRB; COL1A2; COL4A2; PDGFD; FN1; SPP1; COL6A3; THBS2; THBS4 | 0.006 |
| KEGG | hsa00830 | Retinol metabolism | RDH12; UGT2B15; ALDH1A1; ADH7; CYP3A5; CYP2C18 | 0.006 |
| KEGG | hsa00980 | Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 | ALDH3A1; AKR7A3; AKR1C1; UGT2B15; ADH7; CYP3A5 | 0.009 |
Figure 4.
Distribution of the top 20 hub genes in gastric cancer for different GO-enriched functions.
Figure 5.
Network map of enriched KEGG pathways. Red represents the pathways; green represents the hub genes.
Table S3. The results of KEGG pathway of the hub genes.
| ID | Term | Adj_P | Genes |
|---|---|---|---|
| hsa04974 | Protein digestion and absorption | 0.000 | COL3A1, COL1A2, COL5A1, COL4A2, COL12A1, COL5A2, COL6A3, COL10A1 |
| hsa04512 | ECM-receptor interaction | 0.000 | COL1A2, COL4A2, FN1, SPP1, COL6A3, THBS2 |
| hsa04510 | Focal adhesion | 0.000 | PDGFRB, COL1A2, COL4A2, FN1, SPP1, COL6A3, THBS2 |
| hsa05165 | Human papillomavirus infection | 0.000 | PDGFRB, COL1A2, COL4A2, FN1, SPP1, COL6A3, THBS2 |
| hsa04151 | PI3K-Akt signaling pathway | 0.000 | PDGFRB, COL1A2, COL4A2, FN1, SPP1, COL6A3, THBS2 |
| hsa05146 | Amoebiasis | 0.000 | COL3A1, COL1A2, COL4A2, FN1 |
| hsa04933 | AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications | 0.000 | COL3A1, COL1A2, COL4A2, FN1 |
| hsa04926 | Relaxin signaling pathway | 0.011 | COL3A1, COL1A2, COL4A2 |
Prognosis analysis of DEGs
It turned out that six genes were associated with prognosis of GC patients from GSE57302, and of which FBN1 (P=0.009), RARRES1 (P=0.001), GPT2 (P=0.041) were related to good prognosis in GC patients, while COL4A2 (P<0.001), CTSK (P=0.018), GCNT2 (P=0.002) were related to poor prognosis (Figure 6). To further examine the prognostic potential of CTSK, COL4A2 and GCNT2 in different races of GC, we assessed the correlation of the OS and these genes expression between Asian and White patients in the Kaplan-Meier plotter databases, and found that over-expressions of CTSK and COL4A2 reflected a worse OS in total patients (P<0.05). Specifically, it was worth mentioning that the CTSK expression level was correlated with worse OS in Asian GC patients (HR =6.53, P=0.01), but was not associated with OS of White patients (HR =1.60, P=0.069) (Figure 7). Then we continued to re-analyze the survival differences of CTSK and COL4A2 in the GSE26253, GSE28541 and GSE62254 dataset and the eventual outcomes also showed that the high-expression of CTSK and COL4A2 had a significant association with poor prognosis in the cohort of Asian GC patients (Figure 8).
Figure 6.
Kaplan-Meier analysis results of hub genes.
Figure 7.
Forest map showing the results of survival analyses for CTSK GCNT2 and COL4A2 among White and Asian gastric cancer patients.
Figure 8.
The survival analysis of CTSK and COL4A2 in the GSE26253, GSE28541 and GSE62254 dataset. OS, overall survival.
The relationship between CTSK, COL4A2 and GCNT2 expression level and inflammatory cell infiltration
We analyzed whether the expression of CTSK, COL4A2 and GCNT2 were correlated with inflammatory cell infiltration levels in GC. The results showed that the level of CTSK expression had significant correlations with tumor purity, macrophage, neutrophil and dendritic cell (Figure 9). We also investigated the relationships between CTSK expression and biomarkers of different immune cells, included TAMs, M2 macrophages, MDSCs, NK cells, DCs, Tregs and exhausted T cells. We found that CCL2, IL10 of TAMs, CD163, VSIG4, MS4A4A of M2 phenotype, CD33, ITGAM, CD14, CSF1R of MDSCs, NRP1, IL3RA, ITGAX of DCs, TGFB1 of Tregs, and TIM3 of T cell exhaustion were significantly correlated with CTSK expression in GC (P<0.0001; Table 3).
Figure 9.
Correlation of CTSK COL4A2 GCNT2 expression with immune infiltration level in STAD. (A) CTSK expression is significantly negatively related to tumor purity and has significant positive correlations with infiltrating levels of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in STAD; (B) COL4A2 expression has no significant correlations with tumor purity and infiltrating levels of B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells except macrophages in STAD; (C) GCNT2 expression has no significant correlations with tumor purity and infiltrating levels of B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic in STAD. STAD, Stomach adenocarcinoma.
Table 3. CTSK expression correlated with the gene markers of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in STAD.
| Description | Gene markers | None | Purity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cor | P | Cor | P | |||
| TAMs | CCL2 | 0.540 | *** | 0.502 | *** | |
| CD68 | 0.371 | *** | 0.326 | *** | ||
| IL10 | 0.506 | *** | 0.473 | *** | ||
| M2 | CD163 | 0.488 | *** | 0.455 | *** | |
| VSIG4 | 0.560 | *** | 0.534 | *** | ||
| MS4A4A | 0.567 | *** | 0.540 | *** | ||
| MDSCs | FCGR3A | 0.516 | *** | 0.497 | *** | |
| CD33 | 0.549 | *** | 0.512 | *** | ||
| CD11B(ITGAM) | 0.535 | *** | 0.517 | *** | ||
| CD80 | 0.370 | *** | 0.338 | *** | ||
| CD14 | 0.582 | *** | 0.543 | *** | ||
| CD115(CSF1R) | 0.555 | *** | 0.526 | *** | ||
| CD64(FCGR1A) | 0.544 | *** | 0.512 | *** | ||
| Natural killer cell | CD16(FCGR3A) | 0.516 | *** | 0.497 | *** | |
| CD56(NCAM1) | 0.355 | *** | 0.350 | *** | ||
| Dendritic cells | CD11C(ITGAX) | 0.526 | *** | 0.485 | *** | |
| CD141(THBD) | 0.412 | *** | 0.390 | *** | ||
| CD123(IL3RA) | 0.554 | *** | 0.519 | *** | ||
| CD304(NRP1) | 0.562 | *** | 0.546 | *** | ||
| CD74 | 0.302 | *** | 0.244 | *** | ||
| HLA-DQA1 | 0.413 | *** | 0.362 | *** | ||
| Tregs | CKIT | 0.347 | *** | 0.302 | *** | |
| CCR8 | 0.413 | *** | 0.396 | *** | ||
| STAT5B | 0.362 | *** | 0.365 | *** | ||
| TGFB1 | 0.559 | *** | 0.535 | *** | ||
| CD4 | 0.501 | *** | 0.459 | *** | ||
| CD25(IL2RA) | 0.401 | *** | 0.358 | *** | ||
| T cell exhaustion | PD1(PDCD1) | 0.199 | *** | 0.153 | * | |
| CTLA4 | 0.196 | *** | 0.140 | * | ||
| LAG3 | 0.202 | *** | 0.159 | * | ||
| TIM3(HAVCR2) | 0.549 | *** | 0.519 | *** | ||
| GZMB | 0.224 | *** | 0.158 | * | ||
| CD274 | 0.179 | ** | 0.144 | * | ||
Cor, Correlation coefficient; *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001.
Discussion
The occurrence of tumors shows significant racial differences (31). Changes in genetic level and ethnic heterogeneities have always been the focus of tumor researches. To improve early diagnostic rate, and screen for therapeutic targets on ethnic characteristics for GC, it is urgently necessary to identify sensitive and specific prognostic biomarkers.
In our study, with the differential analysis of five datasets comprising the GSE118916, GSE19826, GSE65801 GSE79973 and GSE54129 by using limma package in R software, and 222 co-expressed DEGs were found. Then, a functional analysis, a PPI network and the most important molecular module of DEGs were performed through online databases and Cytoscape software. A prognostic analysis of DEGs was conducted by using survival package in R software, which of the results showed that CTSK (Cathepsin K, CatK), GCNT2 [Glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase2] and COL4A2 (Collagen type IV alpha 2 chain) were related to poor prognosis, while FBN1 (Fibrillin 1), RARRES1 (Retinoic acid receptor responder 1), GTP2 (Glutamic pyruvate transaminase 2) were associated with desirable prognosis in GC patients in Chinese population. Furthermore, we found that the high-expression levels of CTSK and COL4A2 are significantly correlated with poor prognosis of GC in Asian through cross-validation between databases.
CTSK, belonging to the cathepsin L-like cluster of C1A family, has been confirmed to play a key role in ECM-remodeling, regulation of cytokine level and tumor growth factor, process of lymph node and bone metastasis in a variety of cancers such as breast and prostate cancer (32-35). In gastric and oral squamous cell carcinoma, researchers also report that up-regulation of CTSK associates with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis (36,37). In terms of therapeutic significance, CTSK may be a therapeutic target for patients with prostate cancer at risk of bone metastases (33). Alongside these function, we also found that CTSK has significant correlations not only with macrophages, neutrophils and DCs in TME, but also with numerous gene marker sets of various inflammatory cells in GC, for instance CCL2, IL10, VSIG4, MS4A4A, CD33, ITGAM, CD14, CSF1R, NRP1, IL3RA, ITGAX, TGFB1, CD4, and TIM3. Although T cells recruited to TME have potential to kill tumor cells, more often, they are powerless, fading and exhausting due to high expression of genes like TIM3 (38). TAMs, particularly M2 phenotype, play a vital role in promoting tumorigenesis through inducing neovascularization, regulating inflammatory responses and the reconstruction of ECM. Overexpression of VSIG4 and MS4A4A can promote the M1-phenotype macrophages to transform into M2, and negatively regulate macrophage activation (39,40). High levels of CD33, ITGAM, CD14, CSF1R, NRP1, IL3RA, ITGAX and TGFB1 have been confirmed to be associated with the aggregation of MDSCs and DC cells in TME. MDSCs family and DC cells also accelerate the formation of an immunosuppressive TME via coordinating the response of immune inflammatory cell (41-43). Several studies revealed that CTSK has a higher stromal expression in tumour-associated fibroblasts and macrophages of invasive tumors compared to non-invasive carcinomas (44,45). In addition, according to a recent study, CTSK can accelerate metastasis in colorectal cancer via mediating TLR4-dependent M2 macrophage polarization with the help of gut microbiota (46).
GO analyses reflected that the BPs of DEGs are mainly enriched in ECM organization, protein complex subunit organization, endodermal cell differentiation, cellular response to cytokine stimulus, cellular protein modification process and platelet degranulation in our study. Additionally, the MFs are found to be in various biological binding like platelet-derived growth factor binding, integrin binding, collagen binding et al. The KEGG pathway enrichment revealed that the DEGs mainly act on the protein bio-utilization, ECM-receptor interaction, FA and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. The ECM is an important part of cell micro-environment, whose structural function is essential to keep the normal activity of cell (47). However, recent studies have identified that the composition and mechanical properties of ECM take a significant part in the BPs associated with tumor development, such as escaping from apoptosis and regulating of cell growth, promoting tumor angiogenesis, gaining invasion and metastatic ability (48-51). Type IV collagen, one of the six subunits of which is encoded by COL4A2, is the most important component of the network structure of ECM and provides a tensile strength for underlying tissues, bounding diverse macromolecules and binding multiple cellular receptors. Similarly, evidences that COL4A2 might promote cell-adhesion, activate migration, and stimulate proliferation of different cell types has been reported, which are related to tumorigenesis (52-54). Actually, mutations in COL4A2 lead to its ectopic expression and eventually result in the occurrence of disease in the body. Even so, current researches on COL4A2 mutations mainly focus on the field of cerebrovascular diseases, but the details are still not quite clear as well as involving in the development of tumors (55). These, together with our results, suggest that CTSK and COL4A2 are indeed involved in matrix remodeling and enhance the invasion of tumor cells to a certain extent.
Based on the available evidences, we can attempt to explain the underlying molecular mechanisms of CTSK and COL4A2 involved in tumorigenesis. To become cancerous, cell has to break down the original connection between cell and cell, remodel cell-matrix adhesion site, develop along a pathway with the participation of enzymes secreted by ECM and finally undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) (56,57). Aberrant EMT activation reduces the epithelial features of gastric epithelial cells and makes them obtain more characteristics of mesenchymal cells that tend to be dedifferentiated and more cancerous, and obtain capability to invade (58,59). Pathways like PI3K/AKT and TGF-β signaling pathway are also activated during the process of EMT, which further contributes to induce angiogenesis and inflammatory cell recruitment in TME (60,61). More simply, we can divide these complex processes into two steps: the first is remodeling of ECM that caused by the abnormal expression of hub genes such as COL4A2, CTSK et al. and the second is activation of EMT-cascade reactions that promote gastric epithelial cells towards mesenchymal cells, and acquire the capability of carcinogenesis. Meanwhile, in our findings, over-expression of CTSK can induce more immunocytes with inhibitive function such as M2 macrophages into TME and provide a suitable environment for cancerous cells growth, and allow cancer cells to escape the immune response in the end. Unfortunately, the formation of immunosuppressive microenvironment can further precipitate EMT process and tumor progression partly, and eventually lead to a poor prognosis of tumor patients. In summary, the most important role of CTSK and COL4A2 in cancers seems to be their contributions to the degradation of ECM-related proteins and the regulation of cytokines in TME.
However, many questions remain unanswered. Is CTSK involved in the regulation of tumor immunity as we have described? Is CTSK involved in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment continuous or intermittent? And what point in time does CTSK play a role in immunoregulation of normal gastric cells become cancerous? And what is the true relationship between CTSK, COL4A2 and EMT? Thus, further researches on these problems are needed by means of more experiments.
Conclusions
In conclusion, we identified two key genes (COL4A2 and CTSK) that could play a vital role in the pathogenesis of GC in Asian and act as the promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in patients with GC probably via integrated bioinformatics analysis. CTSK could induce the formation of immunosuppressive TME and promote the immune escape of GC cells.
Acknowledgments
Funding: None.
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo.2020.03.01). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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