Introduction
Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) due to vitamin-B1 (i.e. thiamine) deficiency is an emergency that might easily be overlooked. The most common underlying cause is vitamin-B1 deficiency in the setting of alcohol abuse/addiction. However, there are also many relevant other risk constellations in non-alcoholic patients including inadequate dietary intake (e.g. voluntary starvation, anorexia nervosa, poverty), reduced gastrointestinal absorption (e.g. malignant tumors, after gastric surgery), hyperemesis (e.g. during pregnancy or chemotherapy), decreased hepatic storage or even graft-versus-host disease [1–5]. While the treatment is cheap and readily available in the clinical setting, the failure to recognize a thiamine deficiency can have a detrimental effect on the clinical outcome and the patients’ quality of life [1]. Therefore, knowledge of the clinical and imaging presentation of Wernicke encephalopathy is crucial for clinical practice.
The classical symptoms are central oculomotor disturbances, gait ataxia as well as disorientation and anterograde amnesia. However, the clinical presentation varies and the classical triad of symptoms is rarely present [1]. The typical imaging findings are T2 and T2-Fluid Attenuation Inversion Recovery (FLAIR)-hyperintense lesions of the mammillary bodies, dorsomedial thalami and periaqueductal gray matter [1, 2, 6].
Case description
Here we present the case of a 40-year-old female alcohol-dependent patient who was assigned from the intensive care unit of an external hospital with the suspected diagnosis of a delir due to long-lasting alcohol consumption (“up to 2 bottles of rum, additionally a few shots of tequila and a couple of beers daily”).
On admission the neurological examination revealed severe disorientation regarding her own age, current location and date. Furthermore, the patient was completely amnestic with a score of 0/3 for verbal recall accompanied by pronounced confabulation and suggestibility. She had jerky eye movements with gaze-evoked nystagmus in all directions and severe gait ataxia with repeated falls.
Because of the patients’ past medical history with ongoing alcohol consumption for many years and the clinical presentation of a malnourished pre-aged female, intravenous vitamin-B1 replacement (500 mg/die) was started immediately with WE as the working diagnosis. Laboratory tests were unremarkable except for a slight to moderate elevation of ferritin (397 ng/ml; normal value 15–150 ng/ml), CRP (1.5 mg/dl; normal value ≤ 1.5 mg/dl), LDH (417U/I; normal value ≤ 249U/I), yGT (119U/I; normal value ≤ 39U/I) and liver enzymes (GOT 105U/I; normal value ≤ 34U/I, GPT 58U/I; normal value ≤ 34U/I). Toxicological screening, cerebrospinal fluid testing and a CT-scan were unremarkable. Unfortunately, vitamin levels were acquired after the first intravenous administration of thiamine.
The MRI-scan revealed a striking pattern with very circumscribed T2-/FLAIR-hyperintensities restricted to the putamen and caput of the caudate nuclei bilaterally (Fig. 1). While we observed the previously described T2-/FLAIR-hyperintensities, no corresponding signal alterations were found in the diffusion-weighted imaging sequences (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient maps (ADC). Contrast-enhanced sequences were not acquired in our patient. There was fast and significant improvement of the severe amnesia as well as the accompanying symptoms after starting vitamin-B1 replacement. A follow-up MRI scan was recommended but could not be carried out due to missing consent from our patient.
Fig. 1.
Axial T2-FLAIR shows bilateral hyperintensities in the putamen and caput nuclei caudati (a), but sparing (b the dorsomedial thalami, periventricular areas around the 3rd ventricle and mesencephalic aqueduct, mammillary bodies)
Discussion
Until now, the observed MRI-pattern with exclusive symmetric basal ganglia involvement was only described in children and seemed to discriminate pediatric from adult WE [7]. In a case report, two adult patients with malnutrition in the absence of alcohol dependency also showed basal ganglia involvement, in addition to the affection of the typical regions [6, 8]. The characteristic clinical picture and fast response to vitamin-B1 replacement along with the history of the patient confirmed the diagnosis of WE. Particularly, since relevant differential diagnoses with a similar MRI-pattern such as hyper–/hypoglycemia, hypoxia, extrapontine myelinolysis or flavivirus-associated encephalitis could be ruled out [9]. Interestingly, in contrast to the MRI-pattern of bilateral basal ganglia hyperintensities, while completely sparing other brain regions usually affected in WE, the clinical symptoms were not only typical for WE, but they also did not include any extrapyramidal signs.
Conclusion
WE is a clinical diagnosis and already the suspicion should prompt immediate vitamin-B1 replacement. Our case does not only underpin this important practice in suspected WE, but also illustrates the great diversity of MRI-findings.
Acknowledgments
Open Access funding provided by Projekt DEAL.
Author contributions
OE: drafting/revising the manuscript, planning of clinical diagnostics/diagnostic plan, interpretation of results, making diagnosis and starting treatment. FS: revision of manuscript, interpretation of results, diagnosis confirmation, review of MRI. MC: revision of manuscript, patient treatment, psychiatric assessment. MH: review of MRI, revision of manuscript. JC: neurological re-examination of the patient, revision of manuscript.
Funding
No targeted funding.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. OE has received honoraria for consulting within the past three years from Novartis Pharma. FS reports no disclosures. MC reports no disclosures. MH reports no disclosures. JC reports no disclosures.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants besides routine clinical diagnostics by any of the authors.
Informed consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Footnotes
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