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. 2022 Apr 4;20(4):e07289. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7289

Avian influenza overview December 2021 – March 2022

European Food Safety Authority✉; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Cornelia Adlhoch, Alice Fusaro, José L Gonzales, Thijs Kuiken, Stefano Marangon, Éric Niqueux, Christoph Staubach, Calogero Terregino, Inma Aznar, Irene Muñoz Guajardo, Francesca Baldinelli
PMCID: PMC8978176  PMID: 35386927

Abstract

Between 9 December 2021 and 15 March 2022, 2,653 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus detections were reported in 33 EU/EEA countries and the UK in poultry (1,030), in wild (1,489) and in captive birds (133). The outbreaks in poultry were mainly reported by France (609), where two spatiotemporal clusters have been identified since October 2021, followed by Italy (131), Hungary (73) and Poland (53); those reporting countries accounted together for 12.8 of the 17.5 million birds that were culled in the HPAI affected poultry establishments in this reporting period. The majority of the detections in wild birds were reported by Germany (767), the Netherlands (293), the UK (118) and Denmark (74). HPAI A(H5) was detected in a wide range of host species in wild birds, indicating an increasing and changing risk for virus incursion into poultry farms. The observed persistence and continuous circulation of HPAI viruses in migratory and resident wild birds will continue to pose a risk for the poultry industry in Europe for the coming months. This requires the definition and the rapid implementation of suitable and sustainable HPAI mitigation strategies such as appropriate biosecurity measures, surveillance plans and early detection measures in the different poultry production systems. The results of the genetic analysis indicate that the viruses currently circulating in Europe belong to clade 2.3.4.4b. Some of these viruses were also detected in wild mammal species in the Netherlands, Slovenia, Finland and Ireland showing genetic markers of adaptation to replication in mammals. Since the last report, the UK reported one human infection with A(H5N1), China 17 human infections with A(H5N6), and China and Cambodia 15 infections with A(H9N2) virus. The risk of infection for the general population in the EU/EEA is assessed as low, and for occupationally exposed people, low to medium.

Keywords: avian influenza, captive birds, HPAI/LPAI, humans, monitoring, poultry, wild birds

Suggested citation: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), EURL (European Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza) , Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Marangon S, Niqueux É, Staubach C, Terregino C, Aznar I, Muñoz Guajardo I and Baldinelli F, 2022. Scientific report:Avian influenza overview December 2021 – March 2022. EFSA Journal 2022;20(4):7289, 64 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7289

Requestor: European Commission

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2022‐00051

Approved: 30 March 2022

This article was originally published on the EFSA website www.efsa.europa.eu on 31 March 2022 as part of EFSA's urgent publication procedures.

Note: Data complementing the Avian influenza overview December 2021 – March 2022 can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6400451

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