Abstract
Introduction
COVID‐19‐related anxiety and preventative actions like the widespread shutdown of beauty‐related services emerged as a stressful condition for BDD patients seeking expert opinions.
Material and methods
We conducted a cross‐sectional investigation to assess anxiety symptoms (by CDAS) and BDD (via BDD‐YBOCS questionnaire) in patients referred to the esthetic clinic.
Results
A total of 120 individuals (106 females and 14 males; mean age: 45.53 ± 11.84) were evaluated. 13.3% of subjects were diagnosed with BDD; 79.2%, 17.5%, and 3.3% of them perceived none or mild, moderate, and severe symptoms of anxiety, respectively.
Conclusion
Anxiety was not connected with BDD in our investigation. Further evaluation of other psychiatric disorders associated with anxiety and BDD was recommended.
Keywords: anxiety, body dysmorphic disorder, coronavirus 2019, COVID‐19, psychology
1. INTRODUCTION
Considering the contagious design of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID‐19)‐related complications, many governments authorized rules as preventative measures. Preventive actions such as the widespread extensive shutdown of businesses and services led to the cancelation of elective and beauty‐related procedures. 1 COVID‐19‐related conditions emerge different psychosocial effects on the general population in the post‐pandemic era. Almost 30% of individuals had experienced symptoms of anxiety in this pandemic. 2
COVID‐19 pandemic created a particular situation in which people had to communicate with each other via online meetings. These events prompt a new condition that novel disorders like Snapchat or Zoom dysmorphia could aggravate or trigger body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). 3 , 4
Patients with complaints related to BDD experienced symptoms of anxiety and depression. In this pandemic, anxiety connected with the COVID‐19 era and the closure of dermatologic clinics might incommode BDD patients seeking expert opinions. 5 In this study, we investigated the level of anxiety and BDD in individuals searching for esthetic procedures.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
We designed a cross‐sectional study to evaluate symptoms of anxiety and BDD in patients referred to our clinic for esthetic procedures. The study was conducted using the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) and Body Dysmorphic Disorder Modification of the Y‐BOCS (BDD‐YBOCS) [adult version] questionnaire for the assessment of anxiety and BDD, respectively, which was validated in Persian. 6 The breakpoint of the BDD‐YBOCS scale is at least 20 score for the diagnosis of BDD. Patients referred to our clinic for esthetic actions filled the questionnaires from October 12, 2020, to December 6, 2020. Descriptive statistics were considered for the overall sample, and the analysis was performed with the SPSS software version 25.
3. RESULTS
A total of 120 eligible subjects were assessed in this study (106 females and 14 males, mean age: 45.53 ± 11.84). In our studied population, 13.3% of individuals were diagnosed with BDD. The baseline demographic data regarding the presence of symptoms of BDD are presented in Table 1. In this pandemic, 79.2%, 17.5%, and 3.3% of individuals perceived none or mild, moderate, and severe symptoms of anxiety, respectively.
TABLE 1.
Association of body dysmorphic disorder with demographic data
| Non‐BDD (n = 104) | BDD (n = 16) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | 11 (10.6%) | 3 (18.8%) | 0.343 |
| Female | 93 (89.4%) | 13 (81.3%) | |
| Age years, Mean ± SD | 46.29 ± 11.81 | 40.62 ± 11.21 | 0.044 |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 46 (44.2%) | 7 (43.8%) | 0.971 |
| Married | 58 (55.8%) | 9 (56.3%) | |
| Educational level | |||
| Diploma or lower | 8 (7.7%) | 4 (25%) | 0.005 |
| B.Sc./B.A. | 41 (39.4%) | 10 (62.5%) | |
| MSc, MD | 55 (52.9%) | 2 (12.5%) | |
| Anxiety symptoms based on CDAS | |||
| Non or mild | 83 (79.8%) | 12 (75%) | 0.659 |
| Moderate to severe | 21 (20.2%) | 4 (25%) | |
Abbreviations: B.A., Bachelor of Arts; B.Sc., Bachelor of Science; BDD, body dysmorphic disorder; CDAS, Corona Disease Anxiety Scale; MD, medical doctor; MSc, Master of Science; n, number.
Younger individuals had symptoms of BDD significantly more than elderly patients. In the COIVD‐19 era, anxiety symptoms were correlated with the level of education in our population (Table 2). Also, younger patients experienced higher levels of anxiety in the COVID‐119 pandemic. Furthermore, BDD was not associated with a level of COVID‐19 pandemic‐related anxiety.
TABLE 2.
Correlation of level of anxiety with the demographic data
| Non or mild anxiety (n = 95) | Moderate‐to‐severe anxiety (n = 25) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | 12 (12.6%) | 2 (8%) | 0.521 |
| Female | 83 (87.4%) | 23 (92%) | |
| Age years, Mean ± SD | 46.68 ± 12 | 41.16 ± 10.29 | 0.034 |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 42 (44.2%) | 11 (44%) | 0.985 |
| Married | 53 (55.8%) | 14 (56%) | |
| Educational level | |||
| Diploma or lower | 11 (11.6%) | 1 (4%) | 0.046 |
| B.Sc./B.A. | 35 (36.8%) | 16 (64%) | |
| MSc, MD | 49 (51.6%) | 8 (32%) | |
Abbreviations: B.A., Bachelor of Arts; B.Sc., Bachelor of Science; BDD, body dysmorphic disorder; CDAS, Corona Disease Anxiety Scale; MD, medical doctor; MSc, Master of Science; n, number.
4. DISCUSSION
COVID‐19 pandemic causes a substantial modification in daily social life, and many people worldwide have confronted different difficulties. Quarantine‐related lifestyle changes led to different unfavorable conditions such as psychosocial distress, depression, and stress. 2 , 7 COVID‐19 pandemic‐related studies reported higher levels of anxiety similar to the previous investigations in earlier pandemics, such as the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related to coronavirus in 2003. In an analysis of the Chinese population, 53.8% of individuals reported moderate‐to‐severe psychosocial impact associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic. 8
Higher levels of anxiety and posttraumatic stress were correlated with the presence of positive COVID‐19 family member in a household. 9 A recent study described an increased severity of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and BDD in the COVID‐19 pandemic in comparison with November 2019. 8 However, it is unclear how the COVID‐19 pandemic clearly affects specific psychological diseases like BDD. 5
COVID‐19 pandemic emerged as a unique situation where people could work and interact through virtual platforms (video‐conference) entirely from home. 3 Isolation at home might aggravate the attention on specific body parts, causing exacerbation of BDD. 8 On the contrary, Trott et al. reported that BDD was not associated with lockdown due to COVID‐19 restrictions. Furthermore, the incidence of BDD did not change pre‐COVVID‐19 era and after the first COVID‐19 lockdown. 10 In this study, we did not evaluate the level of anxiety and number of BDD patients before the COVID‐19; furthermore, a comparison of these conditions was not possible.
Widespread closure of medical cosmetic procedures caused a deprivation of esthetic consults and visits for regular cosmetic procedure users. 1 Theoretically, up to 10% of BDD patients search for esthetic procedures, whereas 2% of individuals with eating disorders seek cosmetic procedures. 5 Physicians usually underestimate the diagnosis of BDD in patients seeking cosmetic procedures leading to numerous unnecessary treatment modalities for changing patients’ appearance and dissatisfaction. 11 Potentially, halt of esthetic procedures could aggravate concern of BDD patients regarding thinking of imperfection physical beauty and appearance. 5
In another study, 15.2% of individuals reported symptoms of anxiety and body dissatisfaction, which were indicative of BDD during the COVID‐19 pandemic. 12 BDD was associated with willingness to have plastic surgery despite understanding its related risk during the pandemic; Further, 36.6% of BDD patients were inclined to undergo plastic surgery compared to 6.6% of individuals without BDD. 13
In our investigation, the prevalence of BDD was 13.3% in the COVID‐19 era. Furthermore, the presence of BDD in individuals was not correlated with the level of anxiety related to COVID‐19. However, 20.8% of participants reported moderate‐to‐severe anxiety levels associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic. The prevalence of BDD have been investigated in Iranian studies, and its prevalence was 4.5%, 33.3%, and 56% among college students, patients referring to dermatology clinic, and rhinoplastic surgery applicants, respectively. 14 , 15 The main limitation of this study was the limited sample size and the questionnaire‐based and cross‐sectional design of the study. Despite using the CDAS questionnaire, anxiety among BDD patients could affect the evaluation of COVID‐19‐related anxiety in the study. These data correspond with our results, and we recommend evaluating the association of BDD with other psychiatric disorders such as eating disorders and depression.
5. CONCLUSION
In the COVID‐19 era, about 20% and 13% of individuals reported moderate‐to‐severe anxiety and symptoms of BDD, respectively, similar to previous studies in the pre‐COVID‐19 pandemic. However, in this study, anxiety was not associated with BDD. For further investigations, we recommend assessing the association of other psychiatric disorders with anxiety and BDD.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
ETHICAL APPROVAL
The ethics committee of Skin Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science confirmed this cross‐sectional study.
Pourani MR, Ghalamkarpour F. Perceived impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety among population seeking cosmetic procedures. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21:1352–1355. doi: 10.1111/jocd.14833
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.