Visible and Quantifiable Improvement in Skin Roughness and Texture Using a High Power Non-ablative 1540-nm Fractional Erbium: Glass Laser

Abstract

Background

Non-ablative fractional laser treatments for improving skin tone and rejuvenation have become increasingly popular due to short downtime and fewer side effects compared to ablative treatments.

Objective

We sought to determine the efficacy of a non-ablative 1540-nm fractional erbium: glass laser in improving skin roughness and skin texture.

Methods

The forehead, cheek, and nasal areas of 15 patients were treated for five monthly sessions using a 7x7 pixel tip (1.21cm² affective area, approximately 300 microns diameter per pixel), fluence of 2,500 to 3,000 mJ/pulse (40–62 mJ/Pixel), and three stacked pulses were emitted at a rate of 1Hz for three passes per treatment session. Measurements of skin roughness, skin roughness area, and maximum skin depth were collected using a 3D imaging system. Improvement in skin parameters was calculated by comparing the measurements prior to treatment and 12 weeks after completion.

Results

All 15 patients showed significant improvement in all three measured parameters (p<0.001) with no significant side effects.

Limitations

The limitations of this study include the small number of patients and the narrow range of skin tone (Fitzpatrick Skin Types II–IV).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that monthly treatments with a non-ablative 1540-nm fractional Erbium:glass laser appear to be safe and effective for skin texture and roughness.

One of the major hallmarks of skin aging is a reduction in collagen integrity and a decrease in new collagen formation.1 Lasers have been introduced into aesthetic dermatology procedures for the purpose of skin resurfacing or remodeling and are largely divided into fractional or non-fractional and ablative or non-ablative. The original ablative non-fractional lasers vaporize the dermis and induce collagen formation but have severe side effects, including scarring and significant recovery periods.2 The incorporation of fractional lasers led to the development of the non-ablative fractional laser (NAFL), which entered the market in 20052, and the ablative fractional laser (AFXL), introduced in 2007.2 Collagen and elastin remodeling, both components of the extracellular matrix, can be induced by both NAFLs and AFXLs.3 While AFXLs heat and physically wound the skin, thereby ablating the epidermis, NAFLs apply focused thermal damage, keeping the epidermis intact.4 Therefore, the NAFLs are less painful and result in shorter recovery times. Mid-infrared wavelength NAFLs generate vertical columns of microscopic thermal damage while leaving the intervening skin untouched. Clinical and histologic studies have shown that NAFLs significantly induce new collagen formation, leading to long-lasting improvements in skin tightness and appearance.5–10

NAFLs have been used to treat various skin ailments including periorbital wrinkling,11 striae,12,13 acne scars,14–18 inflammatory acne,19 and skin resurfacing.20 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of NAFLs to treat pigmented lesions, periorbital rhytides, skin resurfacing, melasma and soft tissue coagulation, acne and surgical scars, and actinic keratosis.21 NAFLs are gaining popularity since they are relatively gentle, have few side effects, a short downtime, and are effective on more skin types.2

This retrospective study analyzed the effect of the non-ablative 1540-nm fractional Erbium:glass laser on skin tone and texture by measuring skin roughness and maximum depth depression.

METHODS

Patients. This was a retrospective evaluation of 15 patients. Patients (10 female, 5 male) were 34 to 49 years old (average=42.7 years) and had Fitzpatrick Skin Types II–IV. We excluded patients as following: (a) previously undergone a surgical facelift; (b) previously treated with ablative laser up to one year prior to treatment; (c) previously treated with any laser device up to three months prior to treatment; and (d) applied any topical treatment up to 14 days prior to treatment. Additional exclusion criteria were according to the recommendation of the manufacturer, such as pregnancy, history of facial skin cancer, and others.

Treatment. Treatments were conducted at the Elite Laser Clinic in Madrid, Spain, by a single physician. Patients were treated with a high power, high fluence 1540-nm fractional Erbium:glass laser (ClearSkin Pro, Alma Lasers LTD) every four weeks for a total of five sessions. Column size of the treated skin is estimated to be up to 1000 microns deep and 400 microns wide (unpublished data). Treatment area, including the cheek, forehead, and nasal area, was disinfected prior to each treatment and treated with topical anesthesia (lidocaine 6% + tetracaine 6%) for 45 minutes. Protective eyewear was utilized during treatments. Laser was applied using a 7*7 pixel tip (1.21cm² affective area, 300 microns diameter per pixel), fluence of 2500-3000 mJ/pulse (40-62 mJ/Pixel), and three stacked pulses were emitted at a rate of 1Hz for three passes per treatment session. The above laser protocol has been shown to be effective in reducing rhytids' appearance with no adverse effects.20

Outcome quantification. Quantification of skin texture was done using ANTERA 3D® imaging system and software (Miravex, Ireland) which relies on multidirectional illumination obtained by LEDs of different wavelengths from different directions. It allows visual ratings of mean pore volume, mean pore area, and max depth, especially for the small and medium filters22 and has been verified as accurate for wrinkle and roughness measurements23,24 and measuring the volume of pore and acne scars.25 In this study, average roughness volume, roughness affected area, and maximum depth depression measurements were obtained. Average roughness volume is the average dimension (three dimensional) of the micro-relief23 skin depression measured in mm3. Roughness affected area is the roughness portion of the measured skin area (two dimensional, measured in mm²). Maximum depth depression is the maximal depth measured within the area measured in mm. Improvement was calculated as the percent change between the images taken prior to treatments and 12 weeks after the final treatment. Paired student t-test was used to test the significance of measurement improvement.

RESULTS

Fifteen patients, ten females and five males, ages 36–49, mean age 42.7±5, were included in this study (Table 1). All patients were categorized as Fitzpatrick Skin Type II (n=2), III (n=8), or IV (n=2). All 15 patients showed improvement in the three measured parameters: average roughness volume (mm3), roughness affected area (mm²), and maximum depth depression (mm). 49.5 percent reduction in the roughness volume; from 4.7±0.9 mm3 to 2.6±0.6mm3, (p<0.001, Figure 1). Fourty-six percent reduction in the roughness affected area; from 146.5±23.5mm² to 86.8±17.5 mm², (p<0.001, Figure 2). 24.6 percent reduction in the maximum depth depression; from 0.09±0.01mm to 0.06±0.007mm, (p<0.001, Figure 3). Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc statistical software (version 19.4.1), by 2-tailed paired t-test tests, a p-value of <0.05 or less was considered statistically significant. Results are presented as Average±SEM. Downtime was 24 to 48 hours for all patients in all five treatments and no serious side effects were noted.

TABLE 1.

Study participants demographics (n=15)

DEMOGRAPHIC	N
Age		Median (min,max)
Under 35	1	42.7 (34,49)
35–40	4
41–45	4
46–50	6
Sex		%
Female	10	66.67
Male	5	33.33
Fitzpatrick Skin Type		%
II	2	13.33
III	11	73.33
IV	2	13.33
Pre-treatment skin conditions
Average Roughness Volume (mm3)		4.72
Roughness Affected Area (mm2)		146.5
Maximum Depth Depression (mm)		0.0934

FIGURE 1.

Reduction in the roughness volume before and three months after treatment conclusion (all patients).

FIGURE 2.

Roughness affected area before and three months after treatment conclusion (all patients).

FIGURE 3.

Maximum depth depression before and three months after treatment conclusion (all patients).

DISCUSSION

Laser treatments to improve skin tone and quality have become increasingly popular. Fractionated lasers are categorized as either ablative (AFXL) or non-ablative (NAFL), both of which induce neocollagenesis.3 AFXL laser treatment shows significant improvements in treating photoaging, wrinkles, and scarring.26 However, ablative skin resurfacing is associated with prolonged recovery times (up to 3 months), potential scarring and dyspigmentation, pain, and discomfort.2,26 On the other hand, NAFLs have fewer side effects and a shorter downtime, usually hours to days.2,4 The treatment described herein has a downtime of 24 to 48 hours, compared to the 3 to 7 days following AFXL treatment.2 However, since NAFLs are much gentler than AFXLs, results may be milder and require several treatments for optimal outcomes. Here, we show that the 1540-nm fractional Erbium:glass NAFL efficiently improves skin texture in both male and female patients following five monthly treatments, and lasts up to three months post procedure.

AFXL lasers exert significant thermal damage to the epidermis, leading to ablation and wounding. NAFL treats the skin in small segments, creating microscopic treatment zones (MTZ) or microscopic ablation zones (MAZ)4 which can be seen in Figure 4. The immediate effect is of MTZ reaching up to 1000μm deep (Figure 4A) in which a wound-healing response is initiated, resulting in neocollagenesis and reorganization of elastin fibers. Epidermis will crust and heal within up to 72 hours (Figure 4B) and be completely unnoticeable within seven days post treatment, presenting a completely intact epidermis (Figure 4C). While both AFXL and NAFL treatments induce collagen and elastin turnover, one ablative treatment will produce similar collagen related histological results as will 3 to 5 non-ablative treatments. However, the significantly fewer side effects, shorter down-time, and lower associated pain of NAFL will often make it the preferred choice.

FIGURE 4.

In-vivo histology (unpublished data) taken from a porcine model treated with a 1540nm Er:Glass laser at 3000mJ/Pulse and three stacked pulses (A) immediately after treatment, (B) three days and (C) seven days after treatment.

Laser treatment outcomes were measured using an imaging module, which has been verified for accuracy in quantifying pore volume25 and skin roughness.23,24 Treatment efficacy was calculated by comparing skin roughness and depth depression before the treatments and 12 weeks after the final treatment. Using the measurements of the imaging system, as compared to photo evaluations, eliminates human error and provides quantitative parameters for analyses (Figure 5). Indeed, treatment with a 1540-nm fractional Erbium:glass laser significantly improved roughness area and volume by approximately 50 percent and depth depression by 25 percent. Treatment was equally efficacious in both genders.

FIGURE 5.

A 41-year-old, skin type III female patient before (A and C) and three months after (B and D) the fifth treatment using standard photography and quantitative assessment of skin texture. Improvement is noted in depth and volume of skin depressions (intensity of blue dye) and in its percent of area covered indicating wrinkles became sallow and decreased in its coverage.

CONCLUSION

The data provided shows that the 1540-nm fractional Erbium:glass laser non-ablative fractional laser is safe and efficient in improving skin tone. Longer follow-ups are required to assess the treatment’s long-term benefits.