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. 2023 Feb 21;12(5):916. doi: 10.3390/foods12050916

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The immunological response to a strenuous bout of physical exercise. In the upper panel, the different processes (five waves) induced by muscle injury during and after physical exercise are described. The lower panel describes immune cell recruitment after muscle cell injury. Acronyms: Complement C4, C4; CK, creatine kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; COX-2, ciclooxigenase-2; IGF1, insulin grow factor-1; IL, interleukin; PGE and PGD, prostaglandins E and D, respectively; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.