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. 2023 Feb 23;15(5):1105. doi: 10.3390/nu15051105

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Expression of the LBP and TLR4 biomarkers in the duodenal (A1,A2,B1,B2,C1,C2,D1,D2,E1,E2), jejunal (A3,A4,B3,B4,C3,C4,D3,D4,E3,E4), and colonic (A5,A6,B5,B6,C5,C6,D5,D6,E5,E6) mucosa (anti-LBP IHC reaction and anti-TLR4 IHC reaction; Mayer’s hematoxylin counter-staining, 40× magnification, bar = 20 µm) and graphical representation of the staining scores with Mann–Whitney U-test results. (A1–A6) (G1 control group) faintly positive reaction of the macrophages, for both LBP (arrow) and TLR4 (arrowhead) immunomarkers. (B1) (G2 (ABX), duodenum) identification of numerous macrophages in the lamina propria exhibiting intense positive anti-LBP IHC-reaction (+++) (arrows); (B2) (G2 (ABX), duodenum) intensely positive anti-TLR4 reaction (+++) in macrophages related to the duodenal mucosa (arrowheads); (B3) (G2 (ABX), jejunum) intense anti-LBP immunolabeling (+++) of the macrophages from the jejunal mucosa; (B4) (G2 (ABX), jejunum): an intense membranary expression of TLR4 at GALT-associated macrophages (+++) from the lamina propria of the jejunum (arrowheads); (B5) (G2 (ABX), colon) clearly positive anti-LBP immunolabeling (++) of the macrophages related to the lamina propria of the colon (arrows); (B6) (G2 (ABX), colon) poorly positive immunoreactivity of TLR4 in the mucosa of the colon. (C1,C2) (G3 (PRB), duodenum) and (C3,C4) (G3 (PRB) jejunum) intense positive reaction in macrophages from lamina propria for both LBP (arrows) and TLR4 (arrowheads) immunomarkers; (C5,C6) (G3 (PRB) colon) clearly positive anti-LBP (++) (arrow) and anti-TLR4 immunolabeling of the macrophages related to the lamina propria of the colon. (D1) (G4 (ABX + PRB), duodenum) clearly immunolabeled GALT-associated macrophages (++) in the duodenal mucosa (arrows); (D2) (G4 (ABX + PRB), duodenum) clearly positive anti-TLR4 IHC reaction (++) in numerous macrophages in the duodenal mucosa (arrowhead); (D3,D4) (G4 (ABX + PRB), jejunum) clear positive anti-LBP and anti-TLR 4 immunolabeling (+) of the macrophages; (D5,D6) (G4 (ABX + PRB), colon) faintly positive reaction for both LPB and TLR4 immunomarkers. (E1) (G5 (ABX/PRB), duodenum) macrophages from duodenal mucosa that exhibit an intense immunoreaction (+++) for LBP immunomarker (arrows); (E2) (G5 (ABX/PRB), duodenum) intense immunopositivity of the macrophages for TLR3 immunomarker (arrowheads); (E3,E4) (G5 (ABX/PRB), jejunum) a prominent expression (+++) of the LBP biomarker (arrows) and TLR4 (arrowheads) in the mucosal-associated macrophages; (E5,E6) (G5 (ABX/PRB), colon): faintly positive for both immunomarkers (arrow and arrowhead).