Table 3.
Description of study characteristics.
| Author, Year | Study Type and Design | Length of Study Intervention or Follow-Up | Dietary Description | Mushroom Type | Mushroom Form | Mushroom Amount and Frequency | Sample Size | Region | Healthy or Diseased | Age (Years) † | BMI (kg/m2) † |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abrams et al., 2011 [33] | Exp, Single-arm | 8 weeks | Partial feed | Pleurotus ostreatus | Dried | 15 g daily | 20 | USA | HIV | 36–60 | NR |
| Agrawal et al., 2010 [25] | RCT, Parallel | 3 months | Partial feed | Pleurotus spp. | NR | NR | 111 | India | T2DM | 51.1 ± 8.3 * | 26.67 ± 4.5 * |
| Dai et al., 2015 [26] | RCT, Parallel | 4 weeks | Partial feed | Lentinula edodes | Dried | 5 or 10 g daily | 52 | USA | Healthy | 21–41 * | M: 23.3 ± 7.2 * F: 22.4 ± 8.8 * |
| Harada et al., 2016 [34] | Exp, Single-arm | 2 weeks | Partial feed | Grifola gargal | Dried | 5 g daily | 17 | Japan | NR | 61.2 ± 7.6 | NR |
| Jayasuriya et al., 2015 [27] | RCT, Parallel | 2 weeks | Partial feed | P. ostreatus and P. cystidiousus | Dried | 50 mg/kg BW daily | 88 | Sri Lanka | Healthy | NR | NR |
| Maruyama et al., 2021 [28] | RCT, Parallel | 6 months | Partial feed | NR | NR | 40 ± 33 g daily | 98 | Japan | Dys-lipidemia, T2DM, HTN | 53.5 ± 8.2 * | 24.4 ± 3.7 * |
| Mehrotra et al., 2014 [35] | RCT, Parallel (pre vs. post) | 16 weeks | Partial feed | NR | Fresh | 100 g daily | 36 | USA | Pre-diabetic | 49 ± 12 | NR |
| Poddar et al., 2013 [29] | RCT, Parallel | 12 months | Partial feed | Agaricus bisporus | Fresh | 8 oz, 3x/week | 73 | USA | Healthy | 48.4 ± 12 | 25–40 |
| Schneider et al., 2011 [30] | RCT, Parallel | 21 days | Partial feed | Pleurotus ostreatus | Dried | 30 g daily | 20 | Germany | Hyper-lipidemia | 20–34 | 22.7 ± 3.7 * |
| Spim et al., 2021 [31] | RCT, Parallel |
66 days | Partial feed | Lentinula edodes | Dried | 3.5 g daily | 68 | Brazil | Dys-lipidemia | 40 ± 11 | 26.9 ± 4.4 |
| Sun and Niu, 2020 [32] | RCT, Parallel | Pre-pregnancy-20th week gestation | Partial feed | Agaricus bisporus | Fresh | 100 g daily | 1162 | China | Healthy, pregnant | 31.2 ± 4.5 * | 22.47 ± 3.66 * |
| Ba et al., 2021 [36] | OBS, Pro-spective | 19.5 ± 7.4-year follow-up | NR | NR | NR | 10–72 g daily | 15,546 | USA | NR | 44.3 ± 0.5 | NR; ~45% with BMI <24.9 |
| Htun et al., 2018 [40] | OBS. Cross-sectional | NA | Traditional Japanese | NR | NR | NR; loading factor 0.35 | 8721 | Japan | NR | 40–74 | M: 24.3 ± 3.0 * F: 23.1 ± 3.4 * |
| Lee DH et al., 2019 [37] | OBS, Pro-spective | 26 year follow-up |
Prudent | NR | Fresh, cooked, canned | 5 servings per week | 110,680 | USA | Healthy | M: 53.2 ± 9.2 * F: 52.3 ± 6.9 * |
M: 25.7 ± 3.6 * F: 25.2 ± 4.6 * |
| Lee KW et al., 2019 [38] | OBS, Pro-spective | 4.9 year follow-up | Prudent | NR | NR | NR; loading factor 0.55 (M), 0.56 (F) | 55,457 | Korea | Healthy | 40–79 | M: 24.5 ± 2.6 F: 23.6 ± 2.8 |
| Meneses et al., 2020 [41] | OBS, Cross-sectional | NA | Traditional Oaxaca Foods | Wild and cultivated mushrooms | Fresh, cooked | 260 g daily | 45 | Mexico | Dys-lipidemia | 48.27 ± 14.08 | 28.69 ± 4.56 |
| Nanri et al., 2017 [39] | OBS, Pro-spective | 5- and 10-year follow-up | Prudent | NR | NR | 5–16 g daily | 81,720 | Japan | Healthy | 40–69 | 23.5 ± 0.2 |
| Okada et al., 2019 [42] | OBS, Cross-sectional | NA | Vegetable | NR | NR | 6.47 ± 12.7 to 40.3 ± 45.8 g daily | 9550 | Japan | Healthy | 64.4 ± 10.8 * | 23.2 ± 3.3 * |
| Osonoi et al., 2016 [43] | OBS, Cross- sectional |
NA | Seaweed, veg, soy, mushrooms | NR | NR | NR; loading factor 0.55 | 726 | Japan | T2DM | 57.8 ± 8.6 | 24.6 ± 4.1 |
| Pounis et al., 2013 [44] | OBS, Cross-sectional | NA | Grains, nuts/ seeds, legumes, poultry, fish | NR | NR | <14, 14–28, or >28 g/week | 13,770 | Italy | Healthy | 53.1 ± 11.0 | NR; Obesity prevalence 25.2–28.8% |
| Uchiyama et al., 2022 [45] | OBS, Cross-sectional | NA | Traditional Japanese | NR | NR | 0.20 (0.18–0.40) to 0.40 (0.20-0.80) • | 198 | Japan | Healthy | 37 (28–44) ‡ | 21.2 (19.8–23) ‡ |
| Weikert et al., 2005 [46] | OBS, Case-control (CORA) |
NA | Whole-grain bread, fresh fruit, olive oil, mushrooms, cruciferous vegetables, wine, and nuts | NR | NR | 1.0–4.0 g daily | 455 | Germany | Coronary Heart Disease | 30–80 | 26.1 ± 4.8 (case) 25.6 ± 4.3 (con) |
| OBS, Pro-spective (EPIC) | 4.6 year follow-up | NR | NR | 1.0–3.5 g daily | 26,795 | Healthy | 35–65 | 27.5 ± 3.8 (case) 26.3 ± 4.4 (con) |
* Data for mushroom group only. † Data presented as Mean ± SD or range. ‡ Data presented as Median (IQR). • Median (IQR) in grams per ideal body weight. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; Exp: experimental; g: grams; USA: United States of America; NR: not reported; RCT: randomized controlled trial; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; BW: body weight; M: male; F: female; OBS; observational; NA: not applicable; veg: vegetable; Q1: quartile 1; Q4: quartile 4; con: control.