Table 4.
Percent within recommendations of energy intake, macro and micronutrients and comparison between cases and controls.
| Cases (n = 36) | Controls (n = 37) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recommendation * | % within Recommendation | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | % within Recommendation | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI |
p-Value (Fisher’s Exact Test) |
|
| Energy (kcal/day) | Males: 2500 kcal/day Females: 2000 kcal/day |
8.3 | 2.6 | 23.6 | 29.7 | 16.9 | 46.7 | 0.035 * |
| Protein (% energy) | 10–35% of E | 97.2 | 81.7 | 99.6 | 97.3 | 82.2 | 99.6 | 1.000 |
| Total fat (%energy) | 20–35% of E | 11.1 | 4.1 | 26.8 | 10.8 | 4.0 | 26.2 | 1.000 |
| CHO (% energy) | 45–65% of E | 13.9 | 5.7 | 30.0 | 21.6 | 10.9 | 38.3 | 0.543 |
| Sat Fats (% energy) | 10% of E | 5.6 | 1.3 | 20.5 | 8.1 | 2.5 | 23.0 | 1.000 |
| MUFA (% energy) | __ | __ | __ | __ | __ | __ | __ | __ |
| PUFA (% energy) | 6–11% of E | 55.6 | 38.8 | 71.2 | 56.8 | 40.1 | 72.0 | 1.000 |
| Trans Fats (% energy) | <1% of E | 100.0 | __ | __ | 100.0 | __ | __ | __ |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | ≤300 mg/d | 8.3 | 2.6 | 23.6 | 51.4 | 35.1 | 67.3 | <0.0001 * |
| Fibre (g/day) | Males ≤50 years: ≥38 g/day (≥EAR) Males >50 years: ≥30 g/day (≥EAR) Females ≤50 years: ≥25 g/day (≥EAR) Females >50 years: ≥21 g/day (≥EAR) |
66.7 | 49.4 | 80.4 | 59.5 | 42.7 | 74.3 | 0.630 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | <2300 mg/day (≤UL) | 8.3 | 2.6 | 23.6 | 45.9 | 30.3 | 62.4 | <0.0001 * |
| Potassium (mg/day) | ≥4700 mg/day (≥AI) | 94.4 | 79.5 | 98.7 | 83.8 | 67.6 | 92.7 | 0.261 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | Males ≤50 years: 1000–2500 mg/day (≥RDA) Males ≤50 years: 1000–2500 mg/day (≤UL) Males >50 years: 1000–2000 mg/day (≥RDA) Males >50 years: 1000–2000 mg/day (≤UL) Females ≤50 years: 1000–2500 mg/day (≥RDA) Females ≤50 years: 1000–2500 mg/day (≤UL) Females >50 years: 1200–2000 mg/day (≥RDA) Females >50 years: 1200–2000 mg/day (≤UL) |
63.9 | 46.7 | 78.2 | 40.5 | 25.7 | 57.3 | 0.062 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | Males: ≥420 mg/day (≥EAR) Females: ≥420 mg/day (≥EAR) |
80.6 | 63.8 | 90.7 | 56.8 | 40.1 | 72.0 | 0.043 * |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | ≥700 mg/day (≥EAR) | 100.0 | __ | __ | 100.0 | __ | __ | __ |
| Iron (mg/day) | Males ≤50 years: 8–45 mg/day (≥RDA) Males ≤50 years: 8–45 mg/day (≤UL) Females ≤50 years: 18–45 mg/day (≥RDA) Females ≤50 years: 18–45 mg/day (≤UL) Females >50 years: 8–45 mg/day (≥RDA) Females >50 years: 8–45 mg/day (≤UL) |
75.0 | 57.9 | 86.8 | 62.2 | 45.2 | 76.6 | 0.315 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | Males: 11–40 mg/day (≥RDA) Males: 11–40 mg/day (≤UL) Females: 8–40 mg/day (≥RDA) Females: 8–40 mg/day (≤UL) |
83.3 | 66.9 | 92.5 | 54.1 | 37.6 | 69.7 | 0.011 * |
| Vit D (ug/day) | 15–100 ug/day (≥RDA) 15–100 ug/day (≤UL) |
0.0 | __ | __ | 0.0 | __ | __ | __ |
| Vit E (mg/day) | 15–100 mg/day (≥RDA) 15–100 mg/day (≤UL) |
61.1 | 44.0 | 75.9 | 21.6 | 10.9 | 38.3 | 0.010 * |
| Thiamin (mg/day) | Males: ≥1.2 mg/day (≥EAR) Females: ≥1.1 mg/day (≥EAR) |
94.4 | 79.5 | 98.7 | 89.2 | 73.8 | 96.0 | 0.674 |
| Riboflavin (mg/day) | Males: ≥1.3 mg/day (≥EAR) Females: ≥1.1 mg/day (≥EAR) |
94.4 | 79.5 | 98.7 | 81.1 | 64.7 | 90.9 | 0.152 |
| Niacin (mg/day) | Males: 16–35 mg/day (≥EAR) Males: 16–35 mg/day (≤UL) Females: 14–35 mg/day (≥RDA) Females: 14–35 mg/day (≤UL) |
47.2 | 31.2 | 63.8 | 56.8 | 40.1 | 72.0 | 0.486 |
| Vit B6 (mg/day) | Males ≤50 years: 1.3–100 mg/day (≥RDA) Males ≤50 years: 1.3–100 mg/day (≤UL) Males >50 years: 1.7–100 mg/day (≥RDA) Males >50 years: 1.7–100 mg/day (≤UL) Females ≤50 years: 1.3–100 mg/day (≥RDA) Females ≤50 years: 1.3–100 mg/day (≤UL) Females >50 years: 1.5–100 mg/day (≥RDA) Females >50 years: 1.5–100 mg/day (≤UL) |
94.4 | 79.5 | 98.7 | 75.7 | 58.9 | 87.1 | 0.046 * |
| Vit B12 (ug/day) | ≥2.4 ug/day (≥EAR) | 94.4 | 79.5 | 98.7 | 89.2 | 73.8 | 96.0 | 0.674 |
| Folate (ug/day) | 400–1000 ug/day (≥RDA) 400–1000 ug/day (≤UL) |
33.3 | 19.6 | 50.6 | 10.8 | 4.0 | 26.2 | 0.025 * |
| Pantothenic acid (ug/day) | ≥5 ug/day (≥AI) | 86.1 | 70.0 | 94.3 | 51.4 | 35.1 | 67.3 | 0.002 * |
| Vit C (mg/day) | Males: 90–2000 mg/day (≥EAR) Males: 90–2000 mg/day (≤UL) Females: 75–2000 mg/day (≥RDA) Females: 75–2000 mg/day (≤UL) |
69.4 | 52.2 | 82.6 | 59.5 | 42.7 | 74.3 | 0.465 |
CHO: Carbohydrates. Tot sug: Total Sugar. Sat fats: Saturated fats. MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acids. PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids. NSP: Non-starch polysaccharides. RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowances; the average daily dietary intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated according to Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). EAR: Estimated Average Requirement. AI: Adequate Intake; Calculated if sufficient evidence is not available to establish an EAR, otherwise calculating an RDA. AI is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in a group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevents us from specifying with confidence the % of individuals covered by this intake. UL: Upper Intake Level; the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. UL usually represents intake from food, water and supplements. Due to the lack of data, Uls could not be calculated for many of the micronutrients. In these cases, no upper intake limit was denoted in the definition of the Recommendation [19]. * Statistically significant p-values < 0.05.