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. 2023 Mar 16;42(2):1–16. doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2076-3

Twenty years of ocean observations with China Argo

Zenghong Liu 1,2, Xiaogang Xing 1,2, Zhaohui Chen 3, Shaolei Lu 1,2, Xiaofen Wu 1,2, Hong Li 4, Chunling Zhang 5, Lijing Cheng 6, Zhaoqin Li 1,2, Chaohui Sun 1,2, Jianping Xu 1,2, Dake Chen 1, Fei Chai 1,2,✉
PMCID: PMC10018621  PMID: 36941976

Abstract

The international Argo program, a global observational array of nearly 4 000 autonomous profiling floats initiated in the late 1990s, which measures the water temperature and salinity of the upper 2 000 m of the global ocean, has revolutionized oceanography. It has been recognized one of the most successful ocean observation systems in the world. Today, the proposed decade action “OneArgo” for building an integrated global, full-depth, and multidisciplinary ocean observing array for beyond 2020 has been endorsed. In the past two decades since 2002, with more than 500 Argo deployments and 80 operational floats currently, China has become an important partner of the Argo program. Two DACs have been established to process the data reported from all Chinese floats and deliver these data to the GDACs in real time, adhering to the unified quality control procedures proposed by the Argo Data Management Team. Several Argo products have been developed and released, allowing accurate estimations of global ocean warming, sea level change and the hydrological cycle, at interannual to decadal scales. In addition, Deep and BGC-Argo floats have been deployed, and time series observations from these floats have proven to be extremely useful, particularly in the analysis of synoptic-scale to decadal-scale dynamics. The future aim of China Argo is to build and maintain a regional Argo fleet comprising approximately 400 floats in the northwestern Pacific, South China Sea, and Indian Ocean, accounting for 9% of the global fleet, in addition to maintaining 300 Deep Argo floats in the global ocean (25% of the global Deep Argo fleet). A regional BGC-Argo array in the western Pacific also needs to be established and maintained.

Key words: Argo program, China Argo, ocean observation, core Argo, Deep Argo, BGC-Argo

Acknowledgements

We thank those institutions, universities, principal investigators and ships who have made contributions to China Argo either in Argo fleet maintenance or float deployment. We thank Sara J. Mason, from Liwen Bianji (Edanz) (www.liwenbianji.cn) for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.

Footnotes

Foundation item

The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42122046, 42076202, U1811464 and 4210060098; the Project Supported by Laoshan Laboratory under contract No. LSKJ202201500; the Project Supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) under contract No. SML2021SP102.

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