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Effect of ddC on the relative mRNA expression of Mapk1 in spinal cords of (A) male and (B) female BALB/c strain mice on the 7th day after first drug treatment. (A) Each bar shows the median and interquartile range obtained from seven to eight mice (Mann-Whitney U test). (B) Each bar shows the mean ± SEM obtained from eight mice. * p < 0.05 compared to control-vehicle-treated female mice (Unpaired Student’s t-test).
