Figure 1.

The process of bone remodeling. The bone remodeling process is a dynamic balance. The bone-related cells such as BMSCs, pro-osteoclasts, pro-osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes participate in bone formation and development in the four phases listed above. The osteoblasts are mainly responsible for building and shaping the skeleton and finally differentiating into osteocytes. The osteoclasts are multinucleated cells and can efficiently absorb surface areas of cancellous bone. Osteocytes are non-dividing cells embedded in the bone with several protrusions called canaliculi and have a rather regulatory phenotype.