Table 3.
Outcome measures: Anthropometry and body composition, fitness, biochemistry and lipids.
| Standard Clinical Care (n = 8) | Exercise (n = 12) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Post | Within Group p-Value | Baseline | Post | Within Group p-Value | Between Group p-Value |
|
| Anthropometry and Body composition | |||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 34.2 (29.9, 39.1) | 34.6 (30.3, 39.5) | 0.173 | 32.8 (29.7, 36.2) | 32.2 (29.2, 35.4) | 0.267 | 0.155 |
| Body weight, kg | 106.6 (89.1, 127.2) | 107.9 (90.1, 129.3) | 0.069 | 95.5 (87.4, 104.3) | 93.4 (85.8, 101.8) | 0.099 | 0.030 |
| Waist circumference, in | 45.5 (41.6, 49.9) | 46.1 (42.3, 49.9) | 0.385 | 43.8 (41.6, 46.1) | 43.1 (40.9, 45.4) | 0.230 | 0.135 |
| Hip circumference, in | 45.3 (40.7, 50.5) | 46.3 (41.6, 51.6) | 0.001 | 44.9 (42.4, 47.5) | 43.6 (40.5, 47.5) | 0.243 | 0.026 |
| VAT, lbs. | 6.5 (4.7, 8.9) | 6.8 (4.7, 9.7) | 0.795 | 5.5 (4.7, 6.4) | 5.1 (4.3, 5.9) | 0.016 | 0.122 |
| Fat free (muscle) mass, lbs. | 117.2 (88.8, 154.7) | 122.1 (88.7, 154.7) | 0.294 | 106.6 (87.1, 130.4) | 106.5 (87.1, 130.3) | 0.913 | 0.611 |
| Body fat, % | 39.1 (30.8, 49.7) | 37.1 (28.7, 48.1) | 0.259 | 42.3 (37.7, 47.5) | 41.4 (36.5, 46.8) | 0.040 | 0.254 |
| Liver volume, cc | 2480 (2028, 3031) | 2543 (2116, 3055) | 0.289 | 2305 (2022, 2627) | 2118 (1861, 2410) | 0.020 | 0.024 |
| Cardiorespiratory fitness | |||||||
| Resting VO2, L/min | 3.4 (2.7, 4.2) | 3.5 (3.0, 4.0) | 0.432 | 3.5 (2.7, 4.5) | 4.0 (3.3, 4.8) | 0.378 | 0.573 |
| VO2peak, mL/kg/min | 24.0 (19.8, 29.1) | 22.5 (20.0, 25.4) | 0.381 | 19.3 (15.8, 23.6) | 22.6 (20.0, 25.5) | 0.076 | 0.057 |
| Biochemistry | |||||||
| ALT, IU/L | 51.6 (40.0, 66.6) | 50.7 (20.0, 25.4) | 0.318 | 56.8 (46.8, 68.9) | 43.8 (35.7, 53.7) | 0.009 | 0.259 |
| AST, IU/L | 39.4 (27.2, 57.1) | 33.4 (25.0, 44.7) | 0.388 | 38.9 (32.1, 47.1) | 30.6 (25.4, 36.8) | 0.004 | 0.859 |
| Glucose (fasting), mg/dL | 128.3 (97.1, 169.7) | 139.1 (93.0, 207.9) | 0.386 | 136.3 (115.2, 161.3) | 117.4 (100.2, 137.7) | 0.074 | 0.030 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 6.1 (5.3, 7.7) | 6.4 (5.4, 7.7) | 0.056 | 6.4 (5.6, 7.4) | 6.1 (5.5,6.6) | 0.028 | 0.006 |
| HOMA-IR | 7.7 (4.0, 15.0) | 7.7 (3.2, 18.7) | 0.880 | 13.3 (9.2, 19.2) | 7.9 (4.8, 13.2) | 0.080 | 0.168 |
| Insulin, IU/mL | 24.4 (15.4, 38.8) | 22.5 (10.9, 46.2) | 0.447 | 39.5 (28.0, 55.7) | 27.4 (15.9, 47.0) | 0.152 | 0.351 |
| Lipids | |||||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 199.5 (169.5, 234.7) | 182.5 (160.7, 207.3) | 0.358 | 183.1 (157.8, 212.4) | 183.4 (160.2, 210.0) | 0.969 | 0.410 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 114.9 (82.2, 160.5) | 104.3 (72.9, 149.4) | 0.510 | 102.8 (82.4, 128.4) | 101.9 (83.0, 125.0) | 0.906 | 0.583 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 41.5 (32.3, 53.4) | 37.9 (28.0, 51.4) | 0.352 | 41.7 (36.1, 48.1) | 43.7 (39.2, 48.6) | 0.221 | 0.152 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 207.5 (144.1, 298.7) | 210.2 (134.1, 329.5) | 0.974 | 172.3 (137.3, 216.4) | 168.8 (130.4, 218.5) | 0.781 | 0.309 |
ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase, BMI = body mass index; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; VAT = visceral adipose tissue; VO2 = oxygen uptake. Reported as geometric mean (95% CI) unless indicated.