Skip to main content
British Journal of Industrial Medicine logoLink to British Journal of Industrial Medicine
. 1987 Jul;44(7):435–442. doi: 10.1136/oem.44.7.435

Occupational hazards in hospitals: risk of infection.

J J Gestal
PMCID: PMC1007856  PMID: 3304395

Abstract

In this review of the risk of infection to hospital staff, attention is drawn to the continuing risk presented by hepatitis B and pulmonary tuberculosis, which are more common than diseases such as typhoid fever, brucellosis, histoplasmosis, whooping cough, infectious gastroenteritis, measles, and parotiditis. Other items considered include the susceptibility of female hospital staff to rubella and the importance of their undergoing screening and vaccination; the risks currently presented by epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and by herpes viruses (herpes simplex, varicella zoster, and cytomegalovirus); and the risk of contracting the new infectious diseases (Legionnaires' disease, Marburg disease, Lassa fever, and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome).

Full text

PDF
435

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adams G., Stover B. H., Keenlyside R. A., Hooton T. M., Buchman T. G., Roizman B., Stewart J. A. Nosocomial herpetic infections in a pediatric intensive care unit. Am J Epidemiol. 1981 Feb;113(2):126–132. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113076. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Adler M. W., Weller I. V. AIDS: sense not fear. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 Apr 21;288(6425):1177–1178. doi: 10.1136/bmj.288.6425.1177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Arbeter A. M., Starr S. E., Weibel R. E., Neff B. J., Plotkin S. A. Live attenuated varicella vaccine: the KMcC strain in healthy children. Pediatrics. 1983 Mar;71(3):307–312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BART B. J., FISHER I. PRIMARY HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION OF THE HAND: REPORT OF CASE. J Am Dent Assoc. 1965 Jul;71:74–77. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1965.0150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BIRD T., ENNIS J. E., WORT A. J., GARDNER P. S. DISSEMINATED HERPES SIMPLEX IN NEWBORN INFANTS. J Clin Pathol. 1963 Sep;16:423–431. doi: 10.1136/jcp.16.5.423. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Baine W. B., Gangarosa E. J., Bennett J. V., Barker W. H., Jr Institutional salmonellosis. J Infect Dis. 1973 Sep;128(3):357–360. doi: 10.1093/infdis/128.3.357. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Barnard D. L., Hart J. C., Marmion V. J., Clarke S. K. Outbreak in Bristol of conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 8, and its epidemiology and control. Br Med J. 1973 Apr 21;2(5859):165–169. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5859.165. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Belani A., Dunning R., Dutta D., Jiji V., Rosen S., Levin M. L., Berg R., Glasser D., Sigelman S., Baker S. AIDS in a hospital worker. Lancet. 1984 Mar 24;1(8378):676–676. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92186-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Blaser M. J., Hickman F. W., Farmer J. J., 3rd, Brenner D. J., Balows A., Feldman R. A. Salmonella typhi: the laboratory as a reservoir of infection. J Infect Dis. 1980 Dec;142(6):934–938. doi: 10.1093/infdis/142.6.934. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bogger-Goren S., Baba K., Hurley P., Yabuuchi H., Takahashi M., Ogra P. L. Antibody response to varicella-zoster virus after natural or vaccine-induced infection. J Infect Dis. 1982 Aug;146(2):260–265. doi: 10.1093/infdis/146.2.260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brunell P. A., Shehab Z., Geiser C., Waugh J. E. Administration of live varicella vaccine to children wtih leukaemia. Lancet. 1982 Nov 13;2(8307):1069–1073. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90006-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Buckley S. M., Casals J. Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. 3. Isolation and characterization of the virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970 Jul;19(4):680–691. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.680. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. COCKBURN T. A., NITOWSKY H., ROBISON T., CHEEVER F. S. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis; a study of a small epidemic. Am J Ophthalmol. 1953 Oct;36(10):1367–1372. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(53)90794-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cembero Gil C., Sánchez Mozo T., Fiménez Martínez T., Domínguez Carmona M. Estudio del nivel immunitario frente a la rubeola del personal femenino en un hospital. Rev Med Univ Navarra. 1976;20:99–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Conte J. E., Jr, Hadley W. K., Sande M. Infection-control guidelines for patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). N Engl J Med. 1983 Sep 22;309(12):740–744. doi: 10.1056/nejm198309223091228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Curran J. W., Morgan W. M., Hardy A. M., Jaffe H. W., Darrow W. W., Dowdle W. R. The epidemiology of AIDS: current status and future prospects. Science. 1985 Sep 27;229(4720):1352–1357. doi: 10.1126/science.2994217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. DATTA N., PRIDIE R. B. An outbreak of infection with Salmonella typhimurium in a general hospital. J Hyg (Lond) 1960 Jun;58:229–240. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400038316. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. DAWSON C., DARRELL R. Infections due to adenovirus type 8 in the United States. I. An outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis originating in a physician's office. N Engl J Med. 1963 May 9;268:1031–1034. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196305092681901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. DAWSON C., DARRELL R. Infections due to adenovirus type 8 in the United States. I. An outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis originating in a physician's office. N Engl J Med. 1963 May 9;268:1031–1034. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196305092681901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Das B., Dilworth P. J., Gamlen T. R., Winton M. R. Risk of AIDS to health care workers. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Mar 29;292(6524):898–898. doi: 10.1136/bmj.292.6524.898-b. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Dawson C. R., Hanna L., Wood T. R., Despain R. Adenovirus type 8 keratoconjunctivitis in the United States. 3. Epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiologic features. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970 Mar;69(3):473–480. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(70)92285-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Ditchburn R. K., McQuillin J., Gardner P. S., Court S. D. Respiratory syncytial virus in hospital cross-infection. Br Med J. 1971 Sep 18;3(5776):671–673. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5776.671. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Dworsky M. E., Welch K., Cassady G., Stagno S. Occupational risk for primary cytomegalovirus infection among pediatric health-care workers. N Engl J Med. 1983 Oct 20;309(16):950–953. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198310203091604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Fraser D. W., Deubner D. C., Hill D. L., Gilliam D. K. Nonpneumonic, short-incubation-period Legionellosis (Pontiac fever) in men who cleaned a steam turbine condenser. Science. 1979 Aug 17;205(4407):690–691. doi: 10.1126/science.462175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Fraser D. W., Tsai T. R., Orenstein W., Parkin W. E., Beecham H. J., Sharrar R. G., Harris J., Mallison G. F., Martin S. M., McDade J. E. Legionnaires' disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1977 Dec 1;297(22):1189–1197. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197712012972201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Friedland G. H., Saltzman B. R., Rogers M. F., Kahl P. A., Lesser M. L., Mayers M. M., Klein R. S. Lack of transmission of HTLV-III/LAV infection to household contacts of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex with oral candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 1986 Feb 6;314(6):344–349. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198602063140604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Fujikawa L. S., Salahuddin S. Z., Palestine A. G., Masur H., Nussenblatt R. B., Gallo R. C. Isolation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III from the tears of a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet. 1985 Sep 7;2(8454):529–530. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90464-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. GAJDUSEK D. C., ZIGAS V. Degenerative disease of the central nervous system in New Guinea; the endemic occurrence of kuru in the native population. N Engl J Med. 1957 Nov 14;257(20):974–978. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195711142572005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gerberding J. L., Hopewell P. C., Kaminsky L. S., Sande M. A. Transmission of hepatitis B without transmission of AIDS by accidental needlestick. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jan 3;312(1):56–57. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198501033120120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Gershon A. A., Steinberg S. P., Gelb L., Galasso G., Borkowsky W., LaRussa P., Farrara A. Live attenuated varicella vaccine. Efficacy for children with leukemia in remission. JAMA. 1984 Jul 20;252(3):355–362. doi: 10.1001/jama.252.3.355. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Gibbs C. J., Jr, Gajdusek D. C., Asher D. M., Alpers M. P., Beck E., Daniel P. M., Matthews W. B. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (spongiform encephalopathy): transmission to the chimpanzee. Science. 1968 Jul 26;161(3839):388–389. doi: 10.1126/science.161.3839.388. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Glick T. H., Gregg M. B., Berman B., Mallison G., Rhodes W. W., Jr, Kassanoff I. Pontiac fever. An epidemic of unknown etiology in a health department: I. Clinical and epidemiologic aspects. Am J Epidemiol. 1978 Feb;107(2):149–160. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112517. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Groopman J. E., Salahuddin S. Z., Sarngadharan M. G., Markham P. D., Gonda M., Sliski A., Gallo R. C. HTLV-III in saliva of people with AIDS-related complex and healthy homosexual men at risk for AIDS. Science. 1984 Oct 26;226(4673):447–449. doi: 10.1126/science.6093247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Haley C. E., Cohen M. L., Halter J., Meyer R. D. Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: a continuing common-source epidemic at Wadsworth Medical Center. Ann Intern Med. 1979 Apr;90(4):583–586. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-90-4-583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Hall C. B., Douglas R. G., Jr, Geiman J. M., Messner M. K. Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections. N Engl J Med. 1975 Dec 25;293(26):1343–1346. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197512252932604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hall C. B., Geiman J. M., Douglas R. G., Jr, Meagher M. P. Control of nosocomial respiratory syncytial viral infections. Pediatrics. 1978 Nov;62(5):728–732. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Haneberg B., Bertnes E., Haukenes G. Antibodies to cytomegalovirus among personnel at a children's hospital. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1980 May;69(3):407–409. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1980.tb07101.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Hanshaw J. B. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a fifteen year perspective. J Infect Dis. 1971 May;123(5):555–561. doi: 10.1093/infdis/123.5.555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Harrington J. M. Health and safety in medical laboratories. Bull World Health Organ. 1982;60(1):9–16. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Harrington J. M., Shannon H. S. Incidence of tuberculosis, hepatitis, brucellosis, and shigellosis in British medical laboratory workers. Br Med J. 1976 Mar 27;1(6012):759–762. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6012.759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Harrington J. M., Shannon H. S. Survey of safety and health care in British medical laboratories. Br Med J. 1977 Mar 5;1(6061):626–628. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6061.626. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Hirsch M. S., Wormser G. P., Schooley R. T., Ho D. D., Felsenstein D., Hopkins C. C., Joline C., Duncanson F., Sarngadharan M. G., Saxinger C. Risk of nosocomial infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus III (HTLV-III). N Engl J Med. 1985 Jan 3;312(1):1–4. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198501033120101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Ho D. D., Byington R. E., Schooley R. T., Flynn T., Rota T. R., Hirsch M. S. Infrequency of isolation of HTLV-III virus from saliva in AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1985 Dec 19;313(25):1606–1606. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198512193132512. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Ikeda S., Chiba S., Chiba Y., Nakao T., Fukui S. Epidemiological, clinical and serological studies on epidemic of mumps in an infant nursery. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1971 Dec;105(4):327–337. doi: 10.1620/tjem.105.327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. JAWETZ E., HANNA L., NICHOLAS A., HOYT R. Some biological characteristics of adenovirus type 8. Am J Hyg. 1958 May;67(3):276–285. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119934. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. JAWETZ E., HANNA L., SONNE M., THYGESON P. A laboratory infection with adenovirus type 8; laboratory and epidemiologic observations. Am J Hyg. 1959 Jan;69(1):13–20. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Jeffries E., Willoughby B., Boyko W. J., Schechter M. T., Wiggs B., Fay S., O'Shaughnessy M. The Vancouver Lymphadenopathy-AIDS Study: 2. Seroepidemiology of HTLV-III antibody. Can Med Assoc J. 1985 Jun 15;132(12):1373–1377. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Jones P., Hamilton P. HTLV-III antibodies in haematology staff. Lancet. 1985 Jan 26;1(8422):217–217. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92048-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. KJER P., MORDHORST C. H. Studies on an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 8. II. Clinical and epidemiological aspects. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1961;39:984–992. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1961.tb03518.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Katsushima N., Yazaki N., Sakamoto M., Fujiyama J., Nakagawa M., Okuyama Y., Takahashi M. Application of a live varicella vaccine to hospitalized children and its follow-up study. Biken J. 1982 Mar;25(1):29–42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Kenny M. T., Sabel F. L. Particle size distribution of Serratia marcescens aerosols created during common laboratory procedures and simulated laboratory accidents. Appl Microbiol. 1968 Aug;16(8):1146–1150. doi: 10.1128/am.16.8.1146-1150.1968. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Laibson P. R., Ortolan G., Dupré-Strachan S. Community and hospital outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968 Oct;80(4):467–473. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1968.00980050469011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Lee H. W., Johnson K. M. Laboratory-acquired infections with Hantaan virus, the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 1982 Nov;146(5):645–651. doi: 10.1093/infdis/146.5.645. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Levandowski R. A., Rubenis M. Nosocomial conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 4. J Infect Dis. 1981 Jan;143(1):28–31. doi: 10.1093/infdis/143.1.28. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Linnemann C. C., Jr, Ramundo N., Perlstein P. H., Minton S. D., Englender G. S. Use of pertussis vaccine in an epidemic involving hospital staff. Lancet. 1975 Sep 20;2(7934):540–543. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90907-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. MORDHORST C. H., KJER P. Studies on an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 8. I. Virus isolation in human amniotic cells and serological observations. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1961;39:974–983. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1961.tb03517.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Martin L. S., McDougal J. S., Loskoski S. L. Disinfection and inactivation of the human T lymphotropic virus type III/Lymphadenopathy-associated virus. J Infect Dis. 1985 Aug;152(2):400–403. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.2.400. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Mertens P. E., Patton R., Baum J. J., Monath T. P. Clinical presentation of Lassa fever cases during the hospital epidemic at Zorzor, Liberia, March-April 1972. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1973 Nov;22(6):780–784. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1973.22.780. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Miller D., Jeffries D. J., Green J., Harris J. R., Pinching A. J. HTLV-III: should testing ever be routine? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Apr 5;292(6525):941–943. doi: 10.1136/bmj.292.6525.941. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Monath T. P., Mertens P. E., Patton R., Moser C. R., Baum J. J., Pinneo L., Gary G. W., Kissling R. E. A hospital epidemic of Lassa fever in Zorzor, Liberia, March-April 1972. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1973 Nov;22(6):773–779. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1973.22.773. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Pike R. M. Laboratory-associated infections: incidence, fatalities, causes, and prevention. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1979;33:41–66. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.33.100179.000353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Pike R. M. Past and present hazards of working with infectious agents. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1978 Jul;102(7):333–336. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. REITMAN M., WEDUM A. G. Microbiological safety. Public Health Rep. 1956 Jul;71(7):659–665. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Redfield R. R., Markham P. D., Salahuddin S. Z., Sarngadharan M. G., Bodner A. J., Folks T. M., Ballou W. R., Wright D. C., Gallo R. C. Frequent transmission of HTLV-III among spouses of patients with AIDS-related complex and AIDS. JAMA. 1985 Mar 15;253(11):1571–1573. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. SANDERS E., SWEENEY F. J., Jr, FRIEDMAN E. A., BORING J. R., RANDALL E. L., POLK L. D. AN OUTBREAK OF HOSPITAL-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS DUE TO SALMONELLA DERBY. JAMA. 1963 Dec 14;186:984–986. doi: 10.1001/jama.1963.03710110036007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. STERN H., ELEK S. D., MILLAR D. M., ANDERSON H. F. Herpetic whitlow, a form of cross-infection in hospitals. Lancet. 1959 Nov 21;2(7108):871–874. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(59)90804-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Sande M. A. Transmission of AIDS. The case against casual contagion. N Engl J Med. 1986 Feb 6;314(6):380–382. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198602063140609. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Saviteer S. M., White G. C., Cohen M. S., Jason J. HTLV-III exposure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 1985 Dec 19;313(25):1606–1607. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Schechter M. T., Boyko W. J., Douglas B., Maynard M., Willoughby B., McLeod A., Craib K. J. Can HTLV-III be transmitted orally? Lancet. 1986 Feb 15;1(8477):379–379. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92338-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Schroeder S. A., Aserkoff B., Brachman P. S. Epidemic salmonellosis in hospitals and institutions. A five-year review. N Engl J Med. 1968 Sep 26;279(13):674–678. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196809262791303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Shehab Z. M., Brunell P. A. Susceptibility of hospital personnel to varicella-zoster virus. J Infect Dis. 1984 Nov;150(5):786–786. doi: 10.1093/infdis/150.5.786. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Spire B., Barré-Sinoussi F., Montagnier L., Chermann J. C. Inactivation of lymphadenopathy associated virus by chemical disinfectants. Lancet. 1984 Oct 20;2(8408):899–901. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90657-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. St Geme J. W. Susceptibility of medical students to mumps: dubious value of currently available skin test antigens. Pediatrics. 1972 Feb;49(2):314–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Starr J. G., Bart R. D., Jr, Gold E. Inapparent congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics in early infancy. N Engl J Med. 1970 May 7;282(19):1075–1078. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197005072821905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Steere A. C., Hall W. J., 3rd, Wells J. G., Craven P. J., Leotsakis N., Farmer J. J., 3rd, Gangarosa E. J. Person-to-person spread of Salmonella typhimurium after a hospital common-source outbreak. Lancet. 1975 Feb 8;1(7902):319–322. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)91221-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Stern H., Tucker S. M. Prospective study of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Br Med J. 1973 May 5;2(5861):268–270. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5861.268. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Tervo T., Lähdevirta J., Vaheri A., Valle S. L., Suni J. Recovery of HTLV-III from contact lenses. Lancet. 1986 Feb 15;1(8477):379–380. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92339-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Thygeson P. The Epidemiology of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1948;46:366–385. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Traub R. D., Gadjusek D. C., Gibbs C. J., Jr Precautions in conducting biopsies and autopsies on patients with presenile dementia. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 1974 Sep;41(3):394–395. doi: 10.3171/jns.1974.41.3.0394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Umenai T., Lee H. W., Lee P. W., Saito T., Toyoda T., Hongo M., Yoshinaga K., Nobunaga T., Horiuchi T., Ishida N. Korean haemorrhagic fever in staff in an animal laboratory. Lancet. 1979 Jun 23;1(8130):1314–1316. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)91948-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Velardo A., García de Pesquera F., Merino M., Leal M. Ausencia de anticuerpos frente al virus del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida en personal hospitalario en contacto con grupos de riesgo. Med Clin (Barc) 1986 Jan 25;86(3):132–132. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Vladutiu A. O. Letter: HL-A and disease. Lancet. 1974 Aug 3;2(7875):288–289. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91449-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. WEDUM A. G. LABORATORY SAFETY IN RESEARCH WITH INFECTIOUS AEROSOLS. Public Health Rep. 1964 Jul;79:619–633. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. WOOD R. M. Prevention of infection during tonometry. Arch Ophthalmol. 1962 Aug;68:202–218. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1962.00960030206012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Weibel R. E., Neff B. J., Kuter B. J., Guess H. A., Rothenberger C. A., Fitzgerald A. J., Connor K. A., McLean A. A., Hilleman M. R., Buynak E. B. Live attenuated varicella virus vaccine. Efficacy trial in healthy children. N Engl J Med. 1984 May 31;310(22):1409–1415. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198405313102201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Weiss S. H., Saxinger W. C., Rechtman D., Grieco M. H., Nadler J., Holman S., Ginzburg H. M., Groopman J. E., Goedert J. J., Markham P. D. HTLV-III infection among health care workers. Association with needle-stick injuries. JAMA. 1985 Oct 18;254(15):2089–2093. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Yeager A. S. Longitudinal, serological study of cytomegalovirus infections in nurses and in personnel without patient contact. J Clin Microbiol. 1975 Nov;2(5):448–452. doi: 10.1128/jcm.2.5.448-452.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Yeager A. S. Transmission of cytomegalovirus to mothers by infected infants: another reason to prevent transfusion-acquired infections. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983 Jul-Aug;2(4):295–297. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198307000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Zweighaft R. M., Fraser D. W., Hattwick M. A., Winkler W. G., Jordan W. C., Alter M., Wolfe M., Wulff H., Johnson K. M. Lassa fever: response to an imported case. N Engl J Med. 1977 Oct 13;297(15):803–807. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197710132971504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. du Moulin G. C., Hedley-Whyte J. Hospital-associated viral infection and the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology. 1983 Jul;59(1):51–65. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198307000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from British Journal of Industrial Medicine are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES