Abstract
A five-compartment pharmacokinetic model with two excretory pathways, exhalation and metabolism, based on first order kinetics is used to outline the effect of body build, pulmonary ventilation, and lipid content in blood on uptake, distribution, and clearance of low solubility gases and lipid soluble vapours during and after exposure. The model shows the extent that individual differences have on altering uptake and distribution, with consequent changes in blood concentration, rate of excretion, and toxicity, even when variations in these parameters are within physiological ranges. The model is also used to describe the concentration variation of inhaled substances in tissues of subjects exposed to concentrations with permitted excursions. During the same course of exposure, the tissue concentrations of low solubility gases fluctuate much more than tissue concentrations of lipid soluble vapours. The fluctuation is reduced by metabolism of inhaled substance. These conclusions are recommended for consideration whenever evaluating the effect of excursions above the threshold limit values used in the control of industrial exposures (by excursion factors).
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Astrand I., Gamberale F. Effects on humans of solvents in the inspiratory air: a method for estimation of uptake. Environ Res. 1978 Feb;15(1):1–4. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(78)90072-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DiVincenzo G. D., Yanno F. J., Astill B. D. Human and canine exposures to methylene chloride vapor. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1972 Mar;33(3):125–135. doi: 10.1080/0002889728506622. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Droz P. O., Fernandez J. G. Effect of physical workload on retention and metabolism of inhaled organic solvents. A comparative theoretical approach and its applications with regards to exposure monitoring. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1977 Feb 25;38(4):231–246. doi: 10.1007/BF00378335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fernández J. G., Droz P. O., Humbert B. E., Caperos J. R. Trichloroethylene exposure. Simulation of uptake, excretion, and metabolism using a mathematical model. Br J Ind Med. 1977 Feb;34(1):43–55. doi: 10.1136/oem.34.1.43. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hickey J. L., Reist P. C. Application of occupational exposure limits to unusual work schedules. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1977 Nov;38(11):613–621. doi: 10.1080/00028897708984405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mason J. W., Dershin H. Limits to occupational exposure in chemical environments under novel work schedules. J Occup Med. 1976 Sep;18(9):603–606. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roach S. A. A most rational basis for air sampling programmes. Ann Occup Hyg. 1977 Jul;20(1):65–84. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/20.1.65. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sato A., Nakajima T., Fujiwara Y., Hirosawa K. Pharmacokinetics of benzene and toluene. Int Arch Arbeitsmed. 1974;33(3):169–182. doi: 10.1007/BF00538916. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- TEISINGER J., BERGEROVA-FISEROVA V., KUDRNA J. Metabolismus benzenu u cloveka. Prac Lek. 1952 Jun;4(3):175–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- TEISINGER J., SOUCEK B. Význam premeny nekterých toxických par pro jich vstrebávanä a vylucovanä u cloveka. Cas Lek Cesk. 1952 Nov 14;91(45-46):1372–1375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zenz C., Berg B. A. The influence of submaximal work on solvent uptake. J Occup Med. 1970 Sep;12(9):367–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]