Table 2.
The relationship between these determinants and the NAFLD severity in logistic regression analysis.
| Moderate to Severe NAFLD | Crude OR (95%Cl) |
p-Value | Adjusted OR (95%Cl) |
p-Value | Adjusted OR (95%Cl) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Age, years | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.01 | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.16 | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.17 |
| Sex (female vs. male) | 1.08 (0.66–1.77) | 0.76 | - | - | - | - |
| BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 | 1.20 (1.12–1.28) | <0.001 | 2.35 (1.09–5.07) | 0.03 | 2.30 (1.06–4.97) | 0.03 |
| Habit of smoking (yes vs. no) | 0.95 (0.55–1.64) | 0.85 | 1.15 (0.44–3.02) | 0.78 | 1.12 (0.43–2.94) | 0.81 |
| Alcohol drinking (yes vs. no) | 1.53 (0.84–2.76) | 0.16 | 1.07 (0.38–3.07) | 0.89 | 1.12 (0.39–3.21) | 0.83 |
| T2D duration, years | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) | 0.004 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.67 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.68 |
| Hypertension (yes vs. no) | 0.77 (0.45–1.28) | 0.32 | 0.80 (0.38–1.68) | 0.55 | 0.84 (0.39–1.77) | 0.64 |
| Gout (yes vs. no) | 0.67 (0.31–1.48) | 0.32 | 1.10 (0.32–3.84) | 0.88 | 1.05 (0.30–3.73) | 0.94 |
| Hyperlipidemia (yes vs. no) | 1.30 (0.69–2.43) | 0.41 | 1.46 (0.54–3.95) | 0.46 | 1.51 (0.56–4.10) | 0.42 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| UA (mg/dL) | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 0.93 | - | - | - | - |
| Hb (g/dL) | 1.44 (1.24–1.68) | <0.001 | 1.16 (0.90–1.51) | 0.26 | 1.16 (0.89–1.50) | 0.26 |
| GOT (U/L) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 0.55 | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 0.58 |
| GPT (U/L) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.94 | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.96 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.60 | - | - | - | - |
| Log (Triglyceride) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | <0.001 | 4.05 (0.72–22.93) | 0.11 | 4.21 (0.74–23.92) | 0.10 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.92 | - | - | - | - |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.96 | - | - | - | - |
| HbA1C (%) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 0.15 | - | - | - | - |
| Medication | ||||||
| Sulfonylurea (yes vs. no) | 1.11 (0.67–1.82) | 0.69 | - | - | - | - |
| DPP4 inhibitor (yes vs. no) | 1.25 (0.74–2.10) | 0.40 | - | - | - | - |
| Metformin (yes vs. no) | 2.05 (1.14–3.71) | 0.02 | 2.27 (0.79–6.48) | 0.13 | 2.27 (0.80–6.47) | 0.13 |
| Thiazolidinediones (yes vs. no) | 0.79 (0.45–1.36) | 0.39 | - | - | - | - |
| Insulin (yes vs. no) | 0.76 (0.36–1.61) | 0.48 | - | - | - | - |
| Statin (yes vs. no) | 1.02 (0.62–1.66) | 0.95 | - | - | - | - |
| SCFA | ||||||
| Log (Formate) | 0.47 (0.20–1.07) | 0.07 | - | - | ||
| Log (Acetate) | 2.28 (0.54–9.60) | 0.26 | - | - | ||
| Log (Propionate) | 0.79 (0.22–2.79) | 0.71 | - | - | ||
| Log (Butyrate) | 1.66 (0.41–6.66) | 0.48 | - | - | ||
| Log (Isobutyrate) | 0.16 (0.05–0.56) | 0.004 | 0.17 (0.03–0.86) | 0.03 | ||
| Log (Methylbutyrate) | 0.21 (0.08–0.53) | 0.001 | - | - | 0.25 (0.08–0.76) | 0.02 |
| Log (Valerate) | 0.66 (0.31–1.40) | 0.28 | - | - | ||
| Log (Isovalerate) | 2.09 (1.14–3.82) | 0.02 | - | - | ||
| Log (Methylvalerate) | 0.77 (0.40–1.50) | 0.44 | - | - |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; other variables as abbreviations in Table 1.