Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2023 Apr 14:1–19. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s12274-023-5606-1

Organic thin-film transistors and related devices in life and health monitoring

Chenfang Sun 1,✉, Tie Wang 1,✉
PMCID: PMC10102697  PMID: 37359073

Abstract

The early determination of disease-related biomarkers can significantly improve the survival rate of patients. Thus, a series of explorations for new diagnosis technologies, such as optical and electrochemical methods, have been devoted to life and health monitoring. Organic thin-film transistor (OTFT), as a state-of-the-art nano-sensing technology, has attracted significant attention from construction to application owing to the merits of being label-free, low-cost, facial, and rapid detection with multi-parameter responses. Nevertheless, interference from non-specific adsorption is inevitable in complex biological samples such as body liquid and exhaled gas, so the reliability and accuracy of the biosensor need to be further improved while ensuring sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. Herein, we overviewed the composition, mechanism, and construction strategies of OTFTs for the practical determination of disease-related biomarkers in both body fluids and exhaled gas. The results show that the realization of bio-inspired applications will come true with the rapid development of high-effective OTFTs and related devices.

graphic file with name 12274_2023_5606_Fig1_HTML.jpg

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-023-5606-1.

Keywords: organic thin-film transistors, biosensors, biomarkers, organic bioelectronics, organic semiconductors, healthcare

ELectronic Supplementary Material

12274_2023_5606_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (412.3KB, pdf)

Organic thin-film transistors and related devices in life and health monitoring

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21925405, 22104141, 22104142, 22004122, and 201874005), the National Key Research and Development Program of China Grant (Nos. 2018YFA0208800 and 2021YFD1700300), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nos. XDA23030106 and YJKYYQ20180044), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2020M680676 and 2021T140680).

Contributor Information

Chenfang Sun, sunchenfang@email.tjut.edu.cn.

Tie Wang, wangtie@email.tjut.edu.cn.

References

  • [1].Luo X L, Davis J J. Electrical biosensors and the label free detection of protein disease biomarkers. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013;42:5944–5962. doi: 10.1039/c3cs60077g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [2].Wang C L, Dong H L, Hu W P, Liu Y Q, Zhu D B. Semiconducting π-conjugated systems in field-effect transistors: A material odyssey of organic electronics. Chem. Rev. 2012;112:2208–2267. doi: 10.1021/cr100380z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [3].Rivnay J, Inal S, Salleo A, Owens R M, Berggren M, Malliaras G G. Organic electrochemical transistors. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018;3:17086. doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.86. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [4].Zhang C C, Chen P L, Hu W P. Organic field-effect transistor-based gas sensors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015;44:2087–2107. doi: 10.1039/C4CS00326H. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [5].Li H, Shi W, Song J, Jang H J, Dailey J, Yu J S, Katz H E. Chemical and biomolecule sensing with organic field-effect transistors. Chem. Rev. 2019;119:3–35. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [6].Wang Y J, Gong Q, Miao Q. Structured and functionalized organic semiconductors for chemical and biological sensors based on organic field effect transistors. Mater. Chem. Front. 2020;4:3505–3520. doi: 10.1039/D0QM00202J. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [7].Wang N X, Yang A N, Fu Y, Li Y Z, Yan F. Functionalized organic thin film transistors for biosensing. Acc. Chem. Res. 2019;52:277–287. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [8].Macchia E, De Caro L, Torricelli F, Franco C D, Mangiatordi G F, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. Why a diffusing single-molecule can be detected in few minutes by a large capturing bioelectronic interface. Adv. Sci. 2022;9:2104381. doi: 10.1002/advs.202104381. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [9].Macchia E, Tiwari A, Manoli K, Holzer B, Ditaranto N, Picca R A, Cioffi N, Di Franco C, Scamarcio G, Palazzo G, et al. Label-free and selective single-molecule bioelectronic sensing with a millimeter-wide self-assembled monolayer of anti-immunoglobulins. Chem. Mater. 2019;31:6476–6483. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04414. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [10].Tang W, Fu Y, Huang Y K, Li Y Z, Song Y W, Xi X, Yu Y D, Su Y Z, Yan F, Guo X J. Solution processed low power organic field-effect transistor bio-chemical sensor of high transconductance efficiency. npj Flex. Electron. 2022;6:18. doi: 10.1038/s41528-022-00149-9. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [11].Dai C H, Liu Y Q, Wei D C. Two-dimensional field-effect transistor sensors: The road toward commercialization. Chem. Rev. 2022;122:10319–10392. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00924. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [12].Jang Y, Jang M, Kim H, Lee S J, Jin E, Koo J Y, Hwang I C, Kim Y, Ko Y H, Hwang I, et al. Point-of-use detection of amphetamine-type stimulants with host-molecule-functionalized organic transistors. Chem. 2017;3:641–651. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.08.015. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [13].Decataldo F, Barbalinardo M, Gentili D, Tessarolo M, Calienni M, Cavallini M, Fraboni B. Organic electrochemical transistors for real-time monitoring of in vitro silver nanoparticle toxicity. Adv. Biosys. 2020;4:1900204. doi: 10.1002/adbi.201900204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [14].Zhang Y P, Kuang J H, Dong J C, Shi L X, Li Q Y, Zhang B J, Shi W, Huang X, Zhu Z H, Ma Y Q, et al. Ultrasensitive boscalid sensors based on a β-cyclodextrin modified perfluorinated copper phthalocyanine field-effect transistor. J. Mater. Chem. C. 2021;9:12877–12883. doi: 10.1039/D1TC02171K. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [15].Zhou X Y, Xue Z J, Wang T. A point-of-care biosensor for rapid and ultra-sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2. Matter. 2022;5:2402–2404. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2022.05.007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [16].Wang L Q, Wang X J, Wu Y G, Guo M Q, Gu C J, Dai C H, Kong D R, Wang Y, Zhang C, Qu D, et al. Rapid and ultrasensitive electromechanical detection of ions, biomolecules, and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in unamplified samples. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2022;6:276–285. doi: 10.1038/s41551-021-00833-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [17].Novodchuk I, Kayaharman M, Prassas I, Soosaipillai A, Karimi R, Goldthorpe I A, Abdel-Rahman E, Sanderson J, Diamandis E P, Bajcsy M, et al. Electronic field effect detection of SARS-CoV-2 N-protein before the onset of symptoms. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2022;210:114331. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114331. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [18].Gwyther R E A, Nekrasov N P, Emelianov A V, Nasibulin A G, Ramakrishnan K, Bobrinetskiy I, Jones D D. Differential bio-optoelectronic gating of semiconducting carbon nanotubes by varying the covalent attachment residue of a green fluorescent protein. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022;32:2112374. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202112374. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [19].Bonafè F, Decataldo F, Zironi I, Remondini D, Cramer T, Fraboni B. AC amplification gain in organic electrochemical transistors for impedance-based single cell sensors. Nat. Commun. 2022;13:5423. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33094-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [20].Guo X, Cao Q Q, Liu Y W, He T, Liu J W, Huang S, Tang H, Ma M. Organic electrochemical transistor for in situ detection of H2O2 released from adherent cells and its application in evaluating the in vitro cytotoxicity of nanomaterial. Anal. Chem. 2020;92:908–915. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03718. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [21].Tsumura A, Koezuka H, Ando T. Macromolecular electronic device: Field-effect transistor with a polythiophene thin film. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1986;49:1210–1212. doi: 10.1063/1.97417. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [22].Sun C F, Wang X, Auwalu M A, Cheng S S, Hu W P. Organic thin film transistors-based biosensors. EcoMat. 2021;3:e12094. doi: 10.1002/eom2.12094. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [23].Someya T, Dodabalapur A, Huang J, See K C, Katz H E. Chemical and physical sensing by organic field-effect transistors and related devices. Adv. Mater. 2010;22:3799–3811. doi: 10.1002/adma.200902760. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [24].Kim S H, Hong K, Xie W, Lee K H, Zhang S P, Lodge T P, Frisbie C D. Electrolyte-gated transistors for organic and printed electronics. Adv. Mater. 2013;25:1822–1846. doi: 10.1002/adma.201202790. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [25].Sun C F, Wang Y X, Sun M Y, Zou Y, Zhang C C, Cheng S S, Hu W P. Facile and cost-effective liver cancer diagnosis by water-gated organic field-effect transistors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2020;164:112251. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [26].Liao C Z, Zhang M, Yao M Y, Hua T, Li L, Yan F. Flexible organic electronics in biology: Materials and devices. Adv. Mater. 2015;27:7493–7527. doi: 10.1002/adma.201402625. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [27].Huang J, Miragliotta J, Becknell A, Katz H E. Hydroxy-terminated organic semiconductor-based field-effect transistors for phosphonate vapor detection. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007;129:9366–9376. doi: 10.1021/ja068964z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [28].Liu D P, Chu Y L, Wu X H, Huang J. Side-chain effect of organic semiconductors in OFET-based chemical sensors. Sci. China Mater. 2017;60:977–984. doi: 10.1007/s40843-017-9121-y. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [29].Xu J, Wang S H, Wang G J N, Zhu C X, Luo S C, Jin L H, Gu X D, Chen S C, Feig V R, To J W F, et al. Highly stretchable polymer semiconductor films through the nanoconfinement effect. Science. 2017;355:59–64. doi: 10.1126/science.aah4496. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [30].Paterson A F, Savva A, Wustoni S, Tsetseris L, Paulsen B D, Faber H, Emwas A H, Chen X X, Nikiforidis G, Hidalgo T C, et al. Water stable molecular n-doping produces organic electrochemical transistors with high transconductance and record stability. Nat. Commun. 2020;11:3004. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16648-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [31].Iskierko Z, Noworyta K, Sharma P S. Molecular recognition by synthetic receptors: Application in field-effect transistor based chemosensing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018;109:50–62. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.02.058. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [32].Whitcombe M J, Chianella I, Larcombe L, Piletsky S A, Noble J, Porter R, Horgan A. The rational development of molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors for protein detection. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011;40:1547–1571. doi: 10.1039/C0CS00049C. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [33].Zhou Q, Wang M Q, Yagi S, Minami T. Extended gate-type organic transistor functionalized by molecularly imprinted polymer for taurine detection. Nanoscale. 2021;13:100–107. doi: 10.1039/D0NR06920E. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [34].Dai C H, Guo M Q, Wu Y L, Cao B P, Wang X J, Wu Y G, Kang H, Kong D R, Zhu Z Q, Ying T L, et al. Ultraprecise antigen 10-in-1 pool testing by multiantibodies transistor assay. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021;143:19794–19801. doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c08598. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [35].Di C A, Liu Y Q, Yu G, Zhu D B. Interface engineering: An effective approach toward high-performance organic field-effect transistors. Acc. Chem. Res. 2009;42:1573–1583. doi: 10.1021/ar9000873. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [36].Ji D Y, Li L Q, Fuchs H, Hu W P. Engineering the interfacial materials of organic field-effect transistors for efficient charge transport. Acc. Mater. Res. 2021;2:159–169. doi: 10.1021/accountsmr.0c00112. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [37].Chen H L, Zhang W N, Li M L, He G, Guo X F. Interface engineering in organic field-effect transistors: Principles, applications, and perspectives. Chem. Rev. 2020;120:2879–2949. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00532. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [38].Wang S Y, Zhao X L, Zhang C, Yang Y H, Liang J, Ni Y P, Zhang M X, Li J T, Ye X L, Zhang J D, et al. Suppressing interface strain for eliminating double-slope behaviors: Towards ideal conformable polymer field-effect transistors. Adv. Mater. 2021;33:2101633. doi: 10.1002/adma.202101633. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [39].Zhang K, Kotadiya N B, Wang X Y, Wetzelaer G J A H, Marszalek T, Pisula W, Blom P W M. Interlayers for improved hole injection in organic field-effect transistors. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2020;6:1901352. doi: 10.1002/aelm.201901352. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [40].Huang J, Du J, Cevher Z, Ren Y H, Wu X H, Chu Y L. Printable and flexible phototransistors based on blend of organic semiconductor and biopolymer. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017;27:1604163. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201604163. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [41].Zhang Y P, Liu X T, Qiu S, Zhang Q Q, Tang W, Liu H T, Guo Y L, Ma Y Q, Guo X J, Liu Y Q. A flexible acetylcholinesterase-modified graphene for chiral pesticide sensor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019;141:14643–14649. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b05724. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [42].Duan S M, Wang T, Geng B W, Gao X, Li C G, Zhang J, Xi Y, Zhang X T, Ren X C, Hu W P. Solution-processed centimeter-scale highly aligned organic crystalline arrays for highperformance organic field-effect transistors. Adv. Mater. 2020;32:1908388. doi: 10.1002/adma.201908388. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [43].Ren H, Cui N, Tang Q X, Tong Y H, Zhao X L, Liu Y C. High-performance, ultrathin, ultraflexible organic thin-film transistor array via solution process. Small. 2018;14:1801020. doi: 10.1002/smll.201801020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [44].Yang Y B, Wang J F, Huang W T, Wan G J, Xia M M, Chen D, Zhang Y, Wang Y M, Guo F D, Tan J, et al. Integrated urinalysis devices based on interface-engineered field-effect transistor biosensors incorporated with electronic circuits. Adv. Mater. 2022;34:2203224. doi: 10.1002/adma.202203224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [45].Anisimov D S, Chekusova V P, Trul A A, Abramov A A, Borshchev O V, Agina E V, Ponomarenko S A. Fully integrated ultra-sensitive electronic nose based on organic field-effect transistors. Sci. Rep. 2021;11:10683. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88569-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [46].Wang T T, Ma S Q, Lv A F, Liu F J, Yin X B. Concentration recognition of gas sensor with organic field-effect transistor assisted by artificial intelligence. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2022;363:131854. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.131854. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [47].Lu J J, Liu D P, Zhou J C, Chu Y L, Chen Y T, Wu X H, Huang J. Porous organic field-effect transistors for enhanced chemical sensing performances. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017;27:1700018. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201700018. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [48].Yuvaraja S, Surya S G, Chernikova V, Vijjapu M T, Shekhah O, Bhatt P M, Chandra S, Eddaoudi M, Salama K N. Realization of an ultrasensitive and highly selective OFET NO2 sensor: The synergistic combination of PDVT-10 polymer and porphyrin-MOF. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020;12:18748–18760. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c00803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [49].Liu L, Xiong W, Cui L F, Xue Z J, Huang C H, Song Q, Bai W Q, Peng Y G, Chen X Y, Liu K Y, et al. Universal strategy for improving the sensitivity of detecting volatile organic compounds by patterned arrays. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020;59:15953–15957. doi: 10.1002/anie.202006408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [50].Seshadri P, Manoli K, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Anthes U, Wierzchowiec P, Bonrad K, Di Franco C, Torsi L. Low-picomolar, label-free procalcitonin analytical detection with an electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor based electronic immunosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018;104:113–119. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.12.041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [51].Buth F, Donner A, Sachsenhauser M, Stutzmann M, Garrido J A. Biofunctional electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors. Adv. Mater. 2012;24:4511–4517. doi: 10.1002/adma.201201841. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [52].Minamiki T, Sasaki Y, Tokito S, Minami T. Label-free direct electrical detection of a histidine-rich protein with sub-femtomolar sensitivity using an organic field-effect transistor. ChemistryOpen. 2017;6:472–475. doi: 10.1002/open.201700070. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [53].Kim D J, Lee N E, Park J S, Park I J, Kim J G, Cho H J. Organic electrochemical transistor based immunosensor for prostate specific antigen (PSA) detection using gold nanoparticles for signal amplification. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2010;25:2477–2482. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.04.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [54].Shen H G, Zou Y, Zang Y P, Huang D Z, Jin W L, Di C A, Zhu D B. Molecular antenna tailored organic thin-film transistors for sensing application. Mater. Horiz. 2018;5:240–247. doi: 10.1039/C7MH00887B. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [55].Iqbal H F, Ai Q X, Thorley K J, Chen H, McCulloch I, Risko C, Anthony J E, Jurchescu O D. Suppressing bias stress degradation in high performance solution processed organic transistors operating in air. Nat. Commun. 2021;12:2352. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22683-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [56].Nikolka M, Nasrallah I, Rose B, Ravva M K, Broch K, Sadhanala A, Harkin D, Charmet J, Hurhangee M, Brown A, et al. High operational and environmental stability of high-mobility conjugated polymer field-effect transistors through the use of molecular additives. Nat. Mater. 2017;16:356–362. doi: 10.1038/nmat4785. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [57].Simatos D, Spalek L J, Kraft U, Nikolka M, Jiao X, McNeill C R, Venkateshvaran D, Sirringhaus H. The effect of the dielectric end groups on the positive bias stress stability of N2200 organic field effect transistors. APL Mater. 2021;9:041113. doi: 10.1063/5.0044785. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [58].Jia X J, Fuentes-Hernandez C, Wang C Y, Park Y, Kippelen B. Stable organic thin-film transistors. Sci. Adv. 2018;4:eaao1705. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aao1705. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [59].Zhai C Y, Yang X H, Han S Y, Lu G H, Wei P, Chumakov A, Erbes E, Chen Q, Techert S, Roth S V, et al. Surface etching of polymeric semiconductor films improves environmental stability of transistors. Chem. Mater. 2021;33:2673–2682. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00628. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [60].Sun C F, Li R, Song Y R, Jiang X Q, Zhang C C, Cheng S S, Hu W P. Ultrasensitive and reliable organic field-effect transistor-based biosensors in early liver cancer diagnosis. Anal. Chem. 2021;93:6188–6194. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00372. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [61].Sun C F, Vinayak M V, Cheng S S, Hu W P. Facile functionalization strategy for ultrasensitive organic protein biochips in multi-biomarker determination. Anal. Chem. 2021;93:11305–11311. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [62].Sun C F, Feng G Y, Song Y R, Cheng S S, Lei S B, Hu W P. Single molecule level and label-free determination of multibiomarkers with an organic field-effect transistor platform in early cancer diagnosis. Anal. Chem. 2022;94:6615–6620. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00897. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [63].Li P H, Jia C C, Guo X F. Molecule-based transistors: From macroscale to single molecule. Chem. Rec. 2021;21:1284–1299. doi: 10.1002/tcr.202000114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [64].Macchia E, Manoli K, Holzer B, Di Franco C, Ghittorelli M, Torricelli F, Alberga D, Mangiatordi G F, Palazzo G, Scamarcio G, et al. Single-molecule detection with a millimetre-sized transistor. Nat. Commun. 2018;9:3223. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05235-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [65].Bai J, Li X H, Zhu Z Y, Zheng Y, Hong W J. Single-molecule electrochemical transistors. Adv. Mater. 2021;33:2005883. doi: 10.1002/adma.202005883. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [66].Guo K Y, Wustoni S, Koklu A, Díaz-Galicia E, Moser M, Hama A, Alqahtani A A, Ahmad A N, Alhamlan F S, Shuaib M, et al. Rapid single-molecule detection of COVID-19 and MERS antigens via nanobody-functionalized organic electrochemical transistors. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2021;5:666–677. doi: 10.1038/s41551-021-00734-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [67].Koklu A, Wustoni S, Guo K Y, Silva R, Salvigni L, Hama A, Diaz-Galicia E, Moser M, Marks A, McCulloch I, et al. Convection driven ultrarapid protein detection via nanobody-functionalized organic electrochemical transistors. Adv. Mater. 2022;34:2202972. doi: 10.1002/adma.202202972. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [68].Liu H, Yang A N, Song J J, Wang N X, Lam P, Li Y, Law H K W, Yan F. Ultrafast, sensitive, and portable detection of COVID-19 IgG using flexible organic electrochemical transistors. Sci. Adv. 2021;7:eabg8387. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abg8387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [69].Zhang T, Deng R J, Wang Y X, Wu C Y, Zhang K X, Wang C Y, Gong N Q, Ledesma-Amaro R, Teng X C, Yang C R, et al. A paper-based assay for the colorimetric detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants at single-nucleotide resolution. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2022;6:957–967. doi: 10.1038/s41551-022-00907-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [70].Stoliar P, Bystrenova E, Quiroga S D, Annibale P, Facchini M, Spijkman M, Setayesh S, de Leeuw D, Biscarini F. DNA adsorption measured with ultra-thin film organic field effect transistors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009;24:2935–2938. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.02.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [71].Kim J M, Jha S K, Chand R, Lee D H, Kim Y S. DNA hybridization sensor based on pentacene thin film transistor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011;26:2264–2269. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.09.047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [72].Demelas M, Lai S, Casula G, Scavetta E, Barbaro M, Bonfiglio A. An organic, charge-modulated field effect transistor for DNA detection. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2012;171–172:198–203. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2012.03.007. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [73].Sun M Y, Zhang C C, Wang J, Sun C F, Ji Y C, Cheng S S, Liu H. Construction of high stable all-graphene-based FETs as highly sensitive dual-signal miRNA sensors by a covalent layer-by-layer assembling method. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2020;6:2000731. doi: 10.1002/aelm.202000731. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [74].Macchia E, Manoli K, Di Franco C, Picca R A, Österbacka R, Palazzo G, Torricelli F, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. Organic field-effect transistor platform for label-free, single-molecule detection of genomic biomarkers. ACS Sens. 2020;5:1822–1830. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00694. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [75].Gao J W, Gao Y K, Han Y K, Pang J B, Wang C, Wang Y H, Liu H, Zhang Y, Han L. Ultrasensitive label-free miRNA sensing based on a flexible graphene field-effect transistor without functionalization. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2020;2:1090–1098. doi: 10.1021/acsaelm.0c00095. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [76].Sun M Y, Zhang C C, Chen D, Wang J, Ji Y C, Liang N, Gao H Y, Cheng S S, Liu H. Ultrasensitive and stable all graphene field-effect transistor-based Hg2+ sensor constructed by using different covalently bonded RGO films assembled by different conjugate linking molecules. SmartMat. 2021;2:213–225. doi: 10.1002/smm2.1030. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [77].Ji X D, Lau H Y, Ren X C, Peng B Y, Zhai P, Feng S P, Chan P K L. Highly sensitive metabolite biosensor based on organic electrochemical transistor integrated with microfluidic channel and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-capped platinum nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2016;7:1600042. doi: 10.1002/admt.201600042. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [78].Shi W, Li Q Y, Zhang Y P, Liu K, Huang X, Yang X L, Ran Y, Li Y F, Guo Y L, Liu Y Q. Enabling the aqueous solution sensing of skin-conformable organic field-effect transistor using an amphiphilic molecule. Appl. Mater. Today. 2022;26:101275. doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101275. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [79].Liao C Z, Zhang M, Niu L Y, Zheng Z J, Yan F. Highly selective and sensitive glucose sensors based on organic electrochemical transistors with graphene-modified gate electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2013;7:3820–3829. doi: 10.1039/c3tb20451k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [80].Currano L J, Sage F C, Hagedon M, Hamilton L, Patrone J, Gerasopoulos K. Wearable sensor system for detection of lactate in sweat. Sci. Rep. 2018;8:15890. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33565-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [81].Minami T, Sato T, Minamiki T, Fukuda K, Kumaki D, Tokito S. A novel OFET-based biosensor for the selective and sensitive detection of lactate levels. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2015;74:45–48. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [82].Jackowska K, Krysinski P. New trends in the electrochemical sensing of dopamine. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2013;405:3753–3771. doi: 10.1007/s00216-012-6578-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [83].Liao C Z, Zhang M, Niu L Y, Zheng Z J, Yan F. Organic electrochemical transistors with graphene-modified gate electrodes for highly sensitive and selective dopamine sensors. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2014;2:191–200. doi: 10.1039/C3TB21079K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [84].Song J J, Zheng J Z, Yang A N, Liu H, Zhao Z Y, Wang N X, Yan F. Metal-organic framework transistors for dopamine sensing. Mater. Chem. Front. 2021;5:3422–3427. doi: 10.1039/D1QM00118C. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [85].Ferro L M M, Merces L, de Camargo D H S, Bof Bufon C C. Ultrahigh-gain organic electrochemical transistor chemosensors based on self-curled nanomembranes. Adv. Mater. 2021;33:2101518. doi: 10.1002/adma.202101518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [86].Wang B, Zhao C Z, Wang Z Q, Yang K A, Cheng X B, Liu W F, Yu W Z, Lin S Y, Zhao Y C, Cheung K M, et al. Wearable aptamer-field-effect transistor sensing system for noninvasive cortisol monitoring. Sci. Adv. 2022;8:eabk0967. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [87].Jeong G, Oh J, Jang J. Fabrication of N-doped multidimensional carbon nanofibers for high-performance cortisol biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2019;131:30–36. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [88].Woo K, Kang W, Lee K, Lee P, Kim Y, Yoon T S, Cho C Y, Park K H, Ha M W, Lee H H. Enhancement of cortisol measurement sensitivity by laser illumination for AlGaN/GaN transistor biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2020;159:112186. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112186. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [89].Aerathupalathu Janardhanan J, Chen Y L, Liu C T, Tseng H S, Wu P I, She J W, Hsiao Y S, Yu H H. Sensitive detection of sweat cortisol using an organic electrochemical transistor featuring nanostructured poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) derivatives in the channel layer. Anal. Chem. 2022;94:7584–7593. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00497. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [90].Tang W X, Yin L, Sempionatto J R, Moon J M, Teymourian H, Wang J. Touch-based stressless cortisol sensing. Adv. Mater. 2021;33:2008465. doi: 10.1002/adma.202008465. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [91].Zang Y P, Zhang F J, Huang D Z, Di C A, Meng Q, Gao X K, Zhu D B. Specific and reproducible gas sensors utilizing gas-phase chemical reaction on organic transistors. Adv. Mater. 2014;26:2862–2867. doi: 10.1002/adma.201305011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [92].Song R X, Zhou X, Wang Z, Zhu L N, Lu J, Xue D, Wang Z F, Huang L Z, Chi L F. High selective gas sensors based on surface modified polymer transistor. Org. Electron. 2021;91:106083. doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2021.106083. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [93].Deng Y P, Qi H, Ma Y, Liu S B, Zhao M Y, Guo Z H, Jie Y S, Zheng R, Jing J Z, Chen K T, et al. A flexible and highly sensitive organic electrochemical transistor-based biosensor for continuous and wireless nitric oxide detection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2022;119:e2208060119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2208060119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [94].Li H Y, Shi Y J, Han G C, Liu J, Zhang J, Li C L, Liu J, Yi Y P, Li T, Gao X K, et al. Monolayer two-dimensional molecular crystals for an ultrasensitive OFET-based chemical sensor. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020;59:4380–4384. doi: 10.1002/anie.201916397. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [95].Yang Y, Zhang G X, Luo H W, Yao J J, Liu Z T, Zhang D Q. Highly sensitive thin-film field-effect transistor sensor for ammonia with the DPP-bithiophene conjugated polymer entailing thermally cleavable tert-butoxy groups in the side chains. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2016;8:3635–3643. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b08078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [96].Yang Y Z, Liu Z T, Chen L L, Yao J J, Lin G B, Zhang X S, Zhang G X, Zhang D Q. Conjugated semiconducting polymer with thymine groups in the side chains: Charge mobility enhancement and application for selective field-effect transistor sensors toward CO and H2S. Chem. Mater. 2019;31:1800–1807. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00106. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [97].Huang W G, Diallo A K, Dailey J L, Besar K, Katz H E. Electrochemical processes and mechanistic aspects of field-effect sensors for biomolecules. J. Mater. Chem. C. 2015;3:6445–6470. doi: 10.1039/C5TC00755K. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [98].Chua J H, Chee R E, Agarwal A, Wong S M, Zhang G J. Label-free electrical detection of cardiac biomarker with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-compatible silicon nanowire sensor arrays. Anal. Chem. 2009;81:6266–6271. doi: 10.1021/ac901157x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [99].Palazzo G, De Tullio D, Magliulo M, Mallardi A, Intranuovo F, Mulla M Y, Favia P, Vikholm-Lundin I, Torsi L. Detection beyond Debye’s length with an electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor. Adv. Mater. 2015;27:911–916. doi: 10.1002/adma.201403541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [100].Kaisti M. Detection principles of biological and chemical FET sensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017;98:437–448. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [101].Song J, Dailey J, Li H, Jang H J, Zhang P F, Wang J T H, Everett A D, Katz H E. Extended solution gate OFET-based biosensor for label-free glial fibrillary acidic protein detection with polyethylene glycol-containing bioreceptor layer. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017;27:1606506. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201606506. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [102].Yu S H, Girma H G, Sim K M, Yoon S, Park J M, Kong H, Chung D S. Polymer-based flexible NOx sensors with ppb-level detection at room temperature using breath-figure molding. Nanoscale. 2019;11:17709–17717. doi: 10.1039/C9NR06096K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [103].Qiao X Z, Chen X Y, Huang C H, Li A L, Li X, Lu Z L, Wang T. Detection of exhaled volatile organic compounds improved by hollow nanocages of layered double hydroxide on Ag nanowires. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019;58:16523–16527. doi: 10.1002/anie.201910865. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [104].Huang X B, Zhao W D, Chen X Y, Li J M, Ye H C, Li C C, Yin X M, Zhou X Y, Qiao X Z, Xue Z J, et al. Gold nanoparticle-bridge array to improve DNA hybridization efficiency of SERS sensors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022;144:17533–17539. doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c06623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [105].Zhao W D, Li J M, Xue Z J, Qiao X Z, Li A L, Chen X Y, Feng Y, Yang Z, Wang T. A separation-sensing platform performing accurate diagnosis of jaundice in complex biological tear fluids. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022;61:e202205628. doi: 10.1002/anie.202205628. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [106].Choi C, Leem J, Kim M, Taqieddin A, Cho C, Cho K W, Lee G J, Seung H, Bae H J, Song Y M, et al. Curved neuromorphic image sensor array using a MoS2-organic heterostructure inspired by the human visual recognition system. Nat. Commun. 2020;11:5934. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19806-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [107].Han J K, Kang M G, Jeong J, Cho I, Yu J M, Yoon K J, Park I, Choi Y K. Artificial olfactory neuron for an in-sensor neuromorphic nose. Adv. Sci. 2022;9:2106017. doi: 10.1002/advs.202106017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [108].Han J K, Park S C, Yu J M, Ahn J H, Choi Y K. A bioinspired artificial gustatory neuron for a neuromorphic based electronic tongue. Nano Lett. 2022;22:5244–5251. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [109].Li J W, Li N, Wang Q Q, Wei Z, He C L, Shang D S, Guo Y T, Zhang W Y, Tang J, Liu J Y, et al. Highly stretchable MoS2-based transistors with opto-synaptic functionalities. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2022;8:2200238. doi: 10.1002/aelm.202200238. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [110].Mo W A, Ding G L, Nie Z H, Feng Z H, Zhou K, Chen R S, Xie P, Shang G, Han S T, Zhou Y. Spatiotemporal modulation of plasticity in multi-terminal tactile synaptic transistor. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2022;9:2200733. doi: 10.1002/aelm.202200733. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [111].Shi J L, Jie J S, Deng W, Luo G, Fang X C, Xiao Y L, Zhang Y J, Zhang X J, Zhang X H. A fully solution-printed photosynaptic transistor array with ultralow energy consumption for artificial-vision neural networks. Adv. Mater. 2022;34:2200380. doi: 10.1002/adma.202200380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [112].Yan Z C, Xu D, Lin Z Y, Wang P Q, Cao B C, Ren H Y, Song F, Wan C Z, Wang L Y, Zhou J X, et al. Highly stretchable van der Waals thin films for adaptable and breathable electronic membranes. Science. 2022;375:852–859. doi: 10.1126/science.abl8941. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [113].Wang D Z, Lu L K, Zhao Z Y, Zhao K P, Zhao X Y, Pu C C, Li Y K, Xu P F, Chen X J, Guo Y L, et al. Large area polymer semiconductor sub-microwire arrays by coaxial focused electrohydrodynamic jet printing for high-performance OFETs. Nat. Commun. 2022;13:6214. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34015-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [114].Li W Y, Song Z Q, Kong H J, Chen M Q, Liu S J, Bao Y, Ma Y M, Sun Z H, Liu Z B, Wang W, et al. An integrated wearable self-powered platform for real-time and continuous temperature monitoring. Nano Energy. 2022;104:107935. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107935. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • [115].Xiang, Z. H.; Han, M. D.; Zhang, H. X. Nanomaterials based flexible devices for monitoring and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Nano Res., in press, 10.1077/s12274-022-4551-8.
  • [116].Zan P, Than A, Zhang W Q, Cai H X, Zhao W T, Chen P. Transdermal photothermal-pharmacotherapy to remodel adipose tissue for obesity and metabolic disorders. ACS Nano. 2022;16:1813–1825. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

12274_2023_5606_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (412.3KB, pdf)

Organic thin-film transistors and related devices in life and health monitoring

Articles from Nano Research are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES