Abstract
An edited summary of an Interdepartmental Conference arranged by the Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles. William M. Pardridge, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, is Director of Conferences.
This study was supported in part by grants from the Public Health Service; the National Institutes of Health (HL-23970, 1978-1981); the Medical Research Service of the Veterans Administration, and the American Heart Association, the Greater Los Angeles Affiliate.
Full text
PDF
















Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Anderson J. L., Stewart J. R., Perry B. A., Van Hamersveld D. D., Johnson T. A., Conard G. J., Chang S. F., Kvam D. C., Pitt B. Oral flecainide acetate for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 1981 Aug 27;305(9):473–477. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198108273050901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Antzelevitch C., Moe G. K. Electrotonically mediated delayed conduction and reentry in relation to "slow responses" in mammalian ventricular conducting tissue. Circ Res. 1981 Nov;49(5):1129–1139. doi: 10.1161/01.res.49.5.1129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- COUCH O. A., Jr Cardiac aneurysm with ventricular tachycardia and subsequent excision of aneurysm; case report. Circulation. 1959 Aug;20(2):251–253. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.20.2.251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Castellanos A., Waxman H. L., Berkovits B. V., Sung R. J. Implantable pacemakers for cardiac tachyarrhythmias. Cardiovasc Clin. 1980;11(1):159–173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clusin W. T., Bristow M. R., Karagueuzian H. S., Katzung B. G., Schroeder J. S. Do calcium-dependent ionic currents mediate ischemic ventricular fibrillation? Am J Cardiol. 1982 Feb 18;49(3):606–612. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(82)80019-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dangman K. H., Danilo P., Jr, Hordof A. J., Mary-Rabine L., Reder R. F., Rosen M. R. Electrophysiologic characteristics of human ventricular and Purkinje fibers. Circulation. 1982 Feb;65(2):362–368. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.65.2.362. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DiMarco J. P., Garan H., Ruskin J. N. Quinidine for ventricular arrhythmias: value of electrophysiologic testing. Am J Cardiol. 1983 Jan 1;51(1):90–95. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(83)80017-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duff H. J., Roden D. M., Dawson A. K., Oates J. A., Smith R. F., Woosley R. L. Comparison of the effects of placebo and encainide on programmed electrical stimulation and ventricular arrhythmia frequency. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Aug;50(2):305–312. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90181-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- ESTES E. H., Jr, IZLAR H. L., Jr Recurrent ventricular tachycardia. A case successfully treated by bilateral cardiac sympathectomy. Am J Med. 1961 Sep;31:493–497. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(61)90132-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fisher J. D., Kim S. G., Furman S., Matos J. A. Role of implantable pacemakers in control of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Jan;49(1):194–206. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90294-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fisher J. D., Matos J. A., Kim S. G. The sparkling joules of internal cardiac stimulation: cardioversion, defibrillation, and ablation. Am Heart J. 1982 Jul;104(1):177–181. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90669-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fogoros R. N., Anderson K. P., Winkle R. A., Swerdlow C. D., Mason J. W. Amiodarone: clinical efficacy and toxicity in 96 patients with recurrent, drug-refractory arrhythmias. Circulation. 1983 Jul;68(1):88–94. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.68.1.88. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Freedberg A. S., Papp J. G., Williams E. M. The effect of altered thyroid state on atrial intracellular potentials. J Physiol. 1970 Apr;207(2):357–369. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009066. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Friedman M., Manwaring J. H., Rosenman R. H., Donlon G., Ortega P., Grube S. M. Instantaneous and sudden deaths. Clinical and pathological differentiation in coronary artery disease. JAMA. 1973 Sep 10;225(11):1319–1328. doi: 10.1001/jama.225.11.1319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Friedman P. L., Stewart J. R., Wit A. L. Spontaneous and induced cardiac arrhythmias in subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving extensive myocardial infarction in dogs. Circ Res. 1973 Nov;33(5):612–626. doi: 10.1161/01.res.33.5.612. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gilmour R. F., Jr, Heger J. J., Prystowsky E. N., Zipes D. P. Cellular electrophysiologic abnormalities of diseased human ventricular myocardium. Am J Cardiol. 1983 Jan 1;51(1):137–144. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(83)80024-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goldstein S., Landis J. R., Leighton R., Ritter G., Vasu C. M., Lantis A., Serokman R. Characteristics of the resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victim with coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1981 Nov;64(5):977–984. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.64.5.977. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Graboys T. B., Lown B., Podrid P. J., DeSilva R. Long-term survival of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Sep;50(3):437–443. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90307-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Greenspan A. M., Horowitz L. N., Spielman S. R., Josephson M. E. Large dose procainamide therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Am J Cardiol. 1980 Sep;46(3):453–462. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(80)90015-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guiraudon G., Fontaine G., Frank R., Escande G., Etievent P., Cabrol C. Encircling endocardial ventriculotomy: a new surgical treatment for life-threatening ventricular tachycardias resistant to medical treatment following myocardial infarction. Ann Thorac Surg. 1978 Nov;26(5):438–444. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)62923-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Haffajee C. I., Love J. C., Canada A. T., Lesko L. J., Asdourian G., Alpert J. S. Clinical pharmacokinetics and efficacy of amiodarone for refractory tachyarrhythmias. Circulation. 1983 Jun;67(6):1347–1355. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.67.6.1347. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harken A. H., Horowitz L. N., Josephson M. E. Comparison of standard aneurysmectomy and aneurysmectomy with directed endocardial resection for the treatment of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980 Oct;80(4):527–534. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harris L., McKenna W. J., Rowland E., Holt D. W., Storey G. C., Krikler D. M. Side effects of long-term amiodarone therapy. Circulation. 1983 Jan;67(1):45–51. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.67.1.45. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harrison D. C., Fitzgerald J. W., Winkle R. A. Contribution of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring to antiarrhythmic management. Am J Cardiol. 1978 May 22;41(6):996–1004. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(78)90852-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hauswirth O., Singh B. N. Ionic mechanisms in heart muscle in relation to the genesis and the pharmacological control of cardiac arrhythmias. Pharmacol Rev. 1978 Mar;30(1):5–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heger J. J., Prystowsky E. N., Jackman W. M., Naccarelli G. V., Warfel K. A., Rinkenberger R. L., Zipes D. P. Clinical efficacy and electrophysiology during long-term therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1981 Sep 3;305(10):539–545. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198109033051002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoffman B. F., Rosen M. R. Cellular mechanisms for cardiac arrhythmias. Circ Res. 1981 Jul;49(1):1–15. doi: 10.1161/01.res.49.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hordof A. J., Edie R., Malm J. R., Hoffman B. F., Rosen M. R. Electrophysiologic properties and response to pharmacologic agents of fibers from diseased human atria. Circulation. 1976 Nov;54(5):774–779. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.54.5.774. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Horowitz L. N., Harken A. H., Kastor J. A., Josephson M. E. Ventricular resection guided by epicardial and endocardial mapping for treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med. 1980 Mar 13;302(11):589–593. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198003133021101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Horowitz L. N., Josephson M. E., Farshidi A., Spielman S. R., Michelson E. L., Greenspan A. M. Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia 3. Role of the electrophysiologic study in selection of antiarrhythmic regimens. Circulation. 1978 Dec;58(6):986–997. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.58.6.986. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ilvento J. P., Provet J., Danilo P., Jr, Rosen M. R. Fast and slow idioventricular rhythms in the canine heart: a study of their mechanism using antiarrhythmic drugs and electrophysiologic testing. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Jun;49(8):1909–1916. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90209-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnson S. M., Mauritson D. R., Corbett J. R., Woodward W., Willerson J. T., Hillis L. D. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of propranolol and verapamil in the treatment of patients with stable angina pectoris. Am J Med. 1981 Sep;71(3):443–451. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90180-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Josephson M. E., Harken A. H., Horowitz L. N. Endocardial excision: a new surgical technique for the treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1979 Dec;60(7):1430–1439. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.60.7.1430. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Josephson M. E., Horowitz L. N. Electrophysiologic approach to therapy of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1979 Mar;43(3):631–642. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(79)90024-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Josephson M. E., Horowitz L. N., Farshidi A. Continuous local electrical activity. A mechanism of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1978 Apr;57(4):659–665. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.57.4.659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Josephson M. E., Horowitz L. N. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia: an electrophysiologic approach. Hosp Pract. 1980 Sep;15(9):55–66. doi: 10.1080/21548331.1980.11946655. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Josephson M. E., Horowitz L. N., Spielman S. R., Waxman H. L., Greenspan A. M. Role of catheter mapping in the preoperative evaluation of ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Jan;49(1):207–220. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90295-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kane K. A., Winslow E. Antidysrhythmic and electrophysiological effects of a new antianginal agent, bepridil. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1980;2(2):193–203. doi: 10.1097/00005344-198003000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kaski J. C., Girotti L. A., Messuti H., Rutitzky B., Rosenbaum M. B. Long-term management of sustained, recurrent, symptomatic ventricular tachycardia with amiodarone. Circulation. 1981 Aug;64(2):273–279. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.64.2.273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kimura E., Tanaka K., Mizuno K., Honda Y., Hashimoto H. Suppression of repeatedly occurring ventricular fibrillation with nifedipine in variant form of angina pectoris. Jpn Heart J. 1977 Sep;18(5):736–742. doi: 10.1536/ihj.18.736. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lazzara R., el-Sherif N., Scherlag B. J. Electrophysiological properties of canine Purkinje cells in one-day-old myocardial infarction. Circ Res. 1973 Dec;33(6):722–734. doi: 10.1161/01.res.33.6.722. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lerman B. B., Waxman H. L., Buxton A. E., Josephson M. E. Disopyramide: evaluation of electrophysiologic effects and clinical efficacy in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1983 Mar 1;51(5):759–764. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(83)80129-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Liberthson R. R., Nagel E. L., Hirschman J. C., Nussenfeld S. R. Prehospital ventricular defibrillation. Prognosis and follow-up course. N Engl J Med. 1974 Aug 15;291(7):317–321. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197408152910701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lown B. Management of patients at high risk of sudden death. Am Heart J. 1982 Apr;103(4 Pt 2):689–697. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90475-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mason J. W., Winkle R. A. Accuracy of the ventricular tachycardia-induction study for predicting long-term efficacy and inefficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs. N Engl J Med. 1980 Nov 6;303(19):1073–1077. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198011063031901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mirowski M., Reid P. R., Mower M. M., Watkins L., Gott V. L., Schauble J. F., Langer A., Heilman M. S., Kolenik S. A., Fischell R. E. Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted automatic defibrillator in human beings. N Engl J Med. 1980 Aug 7;303(6):322–324. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198008073030607. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mirowski M., Reid P. R., Mower M. M., Watkins L. Successful conversion of out-of-hospital life-threatening arrhythmias with the implanted automatic defibrillator. Am Heart J. 1982 Jan;103(1):147–148. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90546-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mirowski M., Reid P. R., Watkins L., Weisfeldt M. L., Mower M. M. Clinical treatment of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias with the automatic implantable defibrillator. Am Heart J. 1981 Aug;102(2):265–270. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8703(81)80017-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mirowski M., Reid P. R., Winkle R. A., Mower M. M., Watkins L., Jr, Stinson E. B., Griffith L. S., Kallman C. H., Weisfeldt M. L. Mortality in patients with implanted automatic defibrillators. Ann Intern Med. 1983 May;98(5 Pt 1):585–588. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-5-585. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morady F., Scheinman M. M., Hess D. S., Sung R. J., Shen E., Shapiro W. Electrophysiologic testing in the management of survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol. 1983 Jan 1;51(1):85–89. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(83)80016-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mundth E. D., Buckley M. J., DeSanctis R. W., Daggett W. M., Austen W. G. Surgical treatment of ventricular irritability. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1973 Dec;66(6):943–951. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Myerburg R. J., Conde C., Sheps D. S., Appel R. A., Kiem I., Sung R. J., Castellanos A. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest: comparison of effects on chronic ventricular arrhythmias and recurrent cardiac arrest. Circulation. 1979 May;59(5):855–863. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.59.5.855. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Myerburg R. J., Kessler K. M., Kiem I., Pefkaros K. C., Conde C. A., Cooper D., Castellanos A. Relationship between plasma levels of procainamide, suppression of premature ventricular complexes and prevention of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1981 Aug;64(2):280–290. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.64.2.280. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Naccarelli G. V., Zipes D. P., Rahilly G. T., Heger J. J., Prystowsky E. N. Influence of tachycardia cycle length and antiarrhythmic drugs on pacing termination and acceleration of ventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J. 1983 Jan;105(1):1–5. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90269-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nademanee K., Hendrickson J. A., Cannom D. S., Goldreyer B. N., Singh B. N. Control of refractory life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias by amiodarone. Am Heart J. 1981 Jun;101(6):759–768. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(81)90613-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nademanee K., Singh B. N. Advances in antiarrhythmic therapy. The role of newer antiarrhythmic drugs. JAMA. 1982 Jan 8;247(2):217–222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nademanee K., Singh B. N., Cannom D. S., Weiss J., Feld G., Stevenson W. G. Control of sudden recurrent arrhythmic deaths: role of amiodarone. Am Heart J. 1983 Oct;106(4 Pt 2):895–901. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90013-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nademanee K., Singh B. N., Guerrero J., Hendrickson J., Intarachot V., Baky S. Accurate rapid compact analog method for the quantification of frequency and duration of myocardial ischemia by semiautomated analysis of 24-hour Holter ECG recordings. Am Heart J. 1982 May;103(5):802–813. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90392-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nademanee K., Singh B. N., Hendrickson J., Intarachot V., Lopez B., Feld G., Cannom D. S., Weiss J. L. Amiodarone in refractory life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Ann Intern Med. 1983 May;98(5 Pt 1):577–584. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-5-577. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pedersen D. H., Zipes D. P., Foster P. R., Troup P. J. Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in a young population. Circulation. 1979 Nov;60(5):988–997. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.60.5.988. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Platou E. S., Refsum H., Myhre E. S., Amlie J. P., Landmark K. The mode of antiarrhythmic action of melperone. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1982 Feb;50(2):108–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1982.tb00950.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ricks W. B., Winkle R. A., Shumway N. E., Harrison D. C. Surgical management of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1977 Jul;56(1):38–42. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.56.1.38. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roden D. M., Reele S. B., Higgins S. B., Mayol R. F., Gammans R. E., Oates J. A., Woosley R. L. Total suppression of ventricular arrhythmias by encainide. Pharmacokinetic and electrocardiographic characteristics. N Engl J Med. 1980 Apr 17;302(16):877–882. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198004173021601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rosenbaum M. B., Chiale P. A., Halpern M. S., Nau G. J., Przybylski J., Levi R. J., Lázzari J. O., Elizari M. V. Clinical efficacy of amiodarone as an antiarrhythmic agent. Am J Cardiol. 1976 Dec;38(7):934–944. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(76)90807-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ruberman W., Weinblatt E., Goldberg J. D., Frank C. W., Chaudhary B. S., Shapiro S. Ventricular premature complexes and sudden death after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1981 Aug;64(2):297–305. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.64.2.297. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ruskin J. N., DiMarco J. P., Garan H. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: electrophysiologic observations and selection of long-term antiarrhythmic therapy. N Engl J Med. 1980 Sep 11;303(11):607–613. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198009113031103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schaffer W. A., Cobb L. A. Recurrent ventricular fibrillation and modes of death in survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1975 Aug 7;293(6):259–262. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197508072930601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schulze R. A., Jr, Humphries J. O., Griffith L. S., Ducci H., Achuff S., Baird M. G., Mellits E. D., Pitt B. Left ventricular and coronary angiographic anatomy. Relationship to ventricular irritability in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1977 Jun;55(6):839–843. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.55.6.839. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schwartz P. J., Periti M., Malliani A. The long Q-T syndrome. Am Heart J. 1975 Mar;89(3):378–390. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(75)90089-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Singh B. N. A fourth class of anti-dysrhythmic action? Effect of verapamil on ouabain toxicity, on atrial and ventricular intracellular potentials, and on other features of cardiac function. Cardiovasc Res. 1972 Mar;6(2):109–119. doi: 10.1093/cvr/6.2.109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Singh B. N. Amiodarone: historical development and pharmacologic profile. Am Heart J. 1983 Oct;106(4 Pt 2):788–797. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90002-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Singh B. N., Jewitt D. E. Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs in cardiac arrhythmias. Drugs. 1974;7(6):426–461. doi: 10.2165/00003495-197407060-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Singh B. N., Nademanee K., Baky S. H. Calcium antagonists. Clinical use in the treatment of arrhythmias. Drugs. 1983 Feb;25(2):125–153. doi: 10.2165/00003495-198325020-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Singh B. N., Vaughan Williams E. M. A third class of anti-arrhythmic action. Effects on atrial and ventricular intracellular potentials, and other pharmacological actions on cardiac muscle, of MJ 1999 and AH 3474. Br J Pharmacol. 1970 Aug;39(4):675–687. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb09893.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Singh B. N., Vaughan Williams E. M. The effect of amiodarone, a new anti-anginal drug, on cardiac muscle. Br J Pharmacol. 1970 Aug;39(4):657–667. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb09891.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Singh B. N., Venkatesh N. Prevention of myocardial reinfarction and of sudden death in survivors of acute myocardial infarction: role of prophylactic beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Am Heart J. 1984 Jan;107(1):189–200. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90165-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Spach M. S., Miller W. T., 3rd, Geselowitz D. B., Barr R. C., Kootsey J. M., Johnson E. A. The discontinuous nature of propagation in normal canine cardiac muscle. Evidence for recurrent discontinuities of intracellular resistance that affect the membrane currents. Circ Res. 1981 Jan;48(1):39–54. doi: 10.1161/01.res.48.1.39. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Spear J. F., Horowitz L. N., Hodess A. B., MacVaugh H., 3rd, Moore E. N. Cellular electrophysiology of human myocardial infarction. 1. Abnormalities of cellular activation. Circulation. 1979 Feb;59(2):247–256. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.59.2.247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swerdlow C. D., Winkle R. A., Mason J. W. Determinants of survival in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 1983 Jun 16;308(24):1436–1442. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198306163082402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Waldo A. L., Arciniegas J. G., Klein H. Surgical treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias: the role of intraoperative mapping and consideration of the presently available surgical techniques. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1981 Jan-Feb;23(4):247–264. doi: 10.1016/0033-0620(81)90015-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Waldo A. L. Seminar on surgical therapy for ventricular arrhythmias--part I. Introduction and perspective. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Jan;49(1):163–165. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90291-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Waxman H. L., Sung R. J. Significance of fragmented ventricular electrograms observed using intracardiac recording techniques in man. Circulation. 1980 Dec;62(6):1349–1356. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.62.6.1349. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wellens H. J., Bär F. W., Vanagt E. J., Brugada P. Medical treatment of ventricular tachycardia: considerations in the selection of patients for surgical treatment. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Jan;49(1):186–193. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90293-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wellens H. J. Value and limitations of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in the study and treatment of tachycardias. Circulation. 1978 May;57(5):845–853. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.57.5.845. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wiener I. Pacing techniques in the treatment of tachycardias. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Aug;93(2):326–329. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-93-2-326. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wit A. L., Fenoglio J. J., Jr, Wagner B. M., Bassett A. L. Electrophysiological properties of cardiac muscle in the anterior mitral valve leaflet and the adjacent atrium in the dog. Possible implications for the genesis of atrial dysrhythmias. Circ Res. 1973 Jun;32(6):731–745. doi: 10.1161/01.res.32.6.731. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wit A. L., Rosen M. R. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. Am Heart J. 1983 Oct;106(4 Pt 2):798–811. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90003-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wittig J. H., Boineau J. P. Surgical treatment of ventricular arrhythmias using epicardial, transmural, and endocardial mapping. Ann Thorac Surg. 1975 Aug;20(2):117–126. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)63864-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wyndham C. R., Arnsdorf M. F., Levitsky S., Smith T. C., Dhingra R. C., Denes P., Rosen K. M. Successful surgical excision of focal paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Observations in vivo and in vitro. Circulation. 1980 Dec;62(6):1365–1372. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.62.6.1365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zipes D. P., Heger J. J., Prystowsky E. N. Pathophysiology of arrhythmias: clinical electrophysiology. Am Heart J. 1983 Oct;106(4 Pt 2):812–828. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90004-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zipes D. P., Jackman W. M., Heger J. J., Chilson D. A., Browne K. F., Naccarelli G. V., Rahilly G. T., Jr, Prystowsky E. N. Clinical transvenous cardioversion of recurrent life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias: low energy synchronized cardioversion of ventricular tachycardia and termination of ventricular fibrillation in patients using a catheter electrode. Am Heart J. 1982 May;103(5):789–794. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90390-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zipes D. P. New approaches to antiarrhythmic therapy. N Engl J Med. 1981 Feb 19;304(8):475–476. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198102193040808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zipes D. P., Prystowsky E. N., Browne K. F., Chilson D. A., Heger J. J. Additional observations on transvenous cardioversion of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J. 1982 Jul;104(1):163–164. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90658-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zipes D. P., Troup P. J. New antiarrhythmic agents: amiodarone, aprindine, disopyramide, ethmozin, mexiletine, tocainide, verapamil. Am J Cardiol. 1978 May 22;41(6):1005–1024. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(78)90853-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
