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Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery logoLink to Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
. 2021 Sep 5;35(9):818-820, 824. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2021.09.010

颈段颈内动脉畸形的临床分析

Clinical analysis of cervical internal carotid artery malformation

Shi HUANG 1, Junrong GONG 1, Nan HOU 1, Yi WANG 1,*
PMCID: PMC10127839  PMID: 34628835

Abstract

Objective

To introduce the clinical features and clinical imaging grading methods of cervical internal carotid artery(ICA) malformation.

Methods

The clinical data of 6 cases with cervical ICA malformation admitted to the department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from April 2018 to February 2021 were retrospectively analyzed and graded according to the clinical imaging grading method.

Results

All 6 patients were confirmed by enhanced CT or CT angiography. The minimum distance from deformity ICA to pharyngeal mucosa was 0 - 2.0 mm, while the median distance was 1.3 mm. According to the clinical imaging grading standards, the four cases with oropharyngeal ICA were grade Ⅳ, which is considered extremely high risk of ICA injury. The two cases with hypopharyngeal ICA were grade Ⅲ, which is considered high risk of ICA injury.

Conclusion

ICA malformation is not a rare condition, and can be definitively diagnosed by enhanced CT and CT angiography. The clinical imaging grading can be used to assess the risk of damaged ICA malformation, which has great clinical significance. Otolaryngologists and anesthesiologists should pay attention to this malformation to prevent ICA damage in the operation which could lead to fatal hemorrhage.

Keywords: internal carotid artery, deformity, imaging classification


正常的颈段颈内动脉走行较为隐蔽,自颈总动脉分出后在咽旁间隙后隙向上直行至颈动脉管颅外口,其在咽部与咽部黏膜间有咽上缩肌相隔,两者相距10~15 mm。颈段颈内动脉畸形在欧美人群中并不少见,占接受血管造影人群的10%~40%[1]。国内仅有少量病例报道,发病率不详[2]。颈段颈内动脉畸形可导致颈内动脉向咽部中线移位,与咽部黏膜紧密相贴,在实施咽部手术或者操作时极易损伤颈内动脉导致致死性大出血。按照Weibel和Fields提出的经典影像解剖学分类方法,颈段颈内动脉畸形可分为迂曲(tortuosity)、扭结(kinking)和盘绕(coiling)[3]。Pfeiffer等根据颈内动脉发生畸形的平面(鼻咽部、口咽部及下咽部)和畸形血管与咽部黏膜之间的最短距离两个方面制定了临床影像学分级方法,该分级方法可以让临床医师直观了解血管与黏膜的最短距离,从而明确在该部位实施手术或操作时损伤颈内动脉风险的大小,现已被国外学者普遍认可[4-5]。笔者尚未见国内学者运用此分级方法的报道。为提高麻醉及耳鼻喉医师对此畸形的认识,本研究报道2018年4月—2021年2月收治的颈段颈内动脉畸形患者6例的临床资料,并按照临床影像学分级方法予以分级。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 临床资料

颈段颈内动脉畸形患者6例,其中男2例,女4例;年龄53~83岁,中位年龄72岁。右侧畸形4例,左侧畸形1例,双侧畸形1例。咽部异物感为主诉3例,吞咽不畅2例,夜间间歇性呼吸不畅1例。位于口咽平面4例,下咽平面2例。合并高血压2例。

1.2. 方法

6例患者均接受经口直视下体格检查、间接喉镜检查、纤维喉镜检查及增强CT或CT血管造影。依据Pfeiffer等[4]提出的临床影像学分级标准评估畸形颈内动脉损伤的风险,见表 1。

表 1.

颈内动脉畸形临床影像学分级

分级 损伤风险 发生畸形的平面 与咽部黏膜最短距离/mm
Ⅰ级 低 鼻咽部、口咽部 ≥10
Ⅱ级 中等 下咽部 ≥5
鼻咽部及口咽部 5~10
下咽部 2~5
Ⅲ级 高 鼻咽部 2~5
口咽部 2~5
下咽部 与咽部黏膜相贴(≤2)
Ⅳ级 极高 鼻咽部 与咽部黏膜相贴(≤2)
口咽部 与咽部黏膜相贴(≤2)

2. 结果

4例口咽部颈内动脉畸形患者均在接受经口直视体格检查时发现口咽后侧壁条索状搏动性肿物。2例下咽部颈内动脉畸形因位置深邃,经口直视检查未发现明显异常,依靠纤维喉镜检查发现下咽部右侧后壁条索状搏动性软组织隆起,表面黏膜光滑。所有患者经增强CT或CT血管造影确诊。按照临床影像学分级标准[4],4例口咽部颈内动脉畸形患者属于Ⅳ级,损伤颈内动脉风险为极高危;2例下咽部颈内动脉畸形患者属于Ⅲ级,损伤颈内动脉风险为高危。

3. 典型病例报告

例1  男,83岁,因咽部异物感3个月来我科就诊,经口直视下可见口咽右后侧条索状搏动性软组织隆起。纤维喉镜提示口咽右后侧壁搏动性肿物,表面黏膜光滑(图 1a);增强CT提示右侧颈段颈内动脉畸形(图 1b、1c)。畸形颈内动脉与黏膜紧密相贴,损伤颈内动脉风险为极高危(Ⅳ级)。

图 1.

例1患者影像学资料

1a:纤维喉镜提示口咽右侧后壁搏动性肿物;1b:矢状位增强CT提示畸形颈内动脉与口咽后侧壁黏膜紧密相贴;1c:冠状位增强CT提示畸形颈内动脉与口咽后侧壁黏膜紧密相贴,凸向咽腔。

图 1

例2  女,73岁,因咽部不适半年就诊我科,经口直视下可见口咽左后侧条索状搏动性软组织隆起。纤维喉镜提示口咽左后侧壁搏动性肿物;增强CT提示左侧口咽平面颈内动脉畸形(图 2)。畸形颈内动脉与黏膜最短距离1.8 mm,损伤颈内动脉风险为极高危(Ⅳ级)。

图 2.

例2患者影像学资料

冠状位增强CT提示左侧颈内动脉畸形,深红色直线提示畸形颈内动脉与咽部黏膜最短距离为1.8 mm,白色箭头所示白色圆形颈内动脉

图 2

例3  女,53岁,因吞咽不畅半年来我科门诊,经口直视下及间接喉镜均未发现明显异常。纤维喉镜检查提示下咽部右后侧壁条索状搏动性软组织隆起(图 3);增强CT提示右侧下咽平面颈内动脉畸形。畸形颈内动脉与黏膜最短距离为1 mm,损伤颈内动脉风险为高危(Ⅲ级)。

图 3.

例3患者影像学资料

纤维喉镜检查提示喉咽部右后侧壁条索状搏动性软组织隆起(箭头所示)

图 3

例4  女,71岁,因间歇性夜间呼吸不畅3个月来我科就诊。经口直视下可见口咽右后侧条索状搏动性软组织隆起,左侧胸锁乳突肌前缘近中点局限性软组织隆起,表面可触及血管搏动感,可闻及血管杂音。纤维喉镜检查提示口咽右后侧壁局限性搏动性肿物,表面黏膜光滑,增强CT及血管三维成像确诊(图 4)。畸形颈内动脉与黏膜最短距离为1 mm,损伤颈内动脉风险为极高危(Ⅳ级)。

图 4.

例4患者影像学资料

4a:冠状位增强CT提示右侧颈内动脉畸形,深红色直线提示畸形颈内动脉与咽部黏膜最短距离为1 mm,白色箭头所示白色圆形颈内动脉;4b:CT血管三维成像提示双侧颈内动脉畸形,右侧向口咽正中移位,左侧向颈外侧移位(箭头所示)。

图 4

4. 讨论

颈段颈内动脉畸形在国外文献中已受到较多关注[5],但国内鲜有报道。此畸形可导致颈内动脉向咽部中线移位并紧贴咽部黏膜,在麻醉插管、口咽部手术及操作(咽部肿物活检、扁周脓肿切开或穿刺引流、扁桃体切除术及咽部良恶性肿瘤切除术等)时极易损伤畸形颈内动脉,导致致命大出血[6]。畸形的颈段颈内动脉也可凸向颈外侧,但实施颈部手术时多已具有完整的影像学结果,因此突向颈外侧的畸形颈段颈内动脉被损伤的风险相对较小。但是如果术前未能考虑到此畸形,术中粗心操作,仍有导致颈内动脉医源性破裂的风险。1965年Weibel和Fields根据畸形颈内动脉形态将颈段变异颈内动脉分为迂曲、扭结和盘绕[7]。但此分类不能明确颈内动脉损伤风险的大小,临床意义有限。Pfeiffer等提出一种新的临床影像学分级方法用以评估畸形颈段颈内动脉损伤的风险,该分级方法能反映损伤颈异位内动脉的风险,在国外得到了同行的广泛认可[8-9]。本组4例口咽部颈内动脉畸形患者属于Ⅳ级,损伤颈内动脉风险为极高危;2例下咽部颈内动脉畸形患者属于Ⅲ级,损伤颈内动脉风险为高危。提示本组患者在接受咽喉部操作或手术时损伤颈内动脉的风险较大,尽量选择从健侧入路。

颈段颈内动脉畸形多见于老年女性,右侧畸形多于左侧,也可见于双侧[10]。本组6例颈段颈内动脉畸形患者的临床特点与报道一致。其发病原因至今尚无定论,先天畸形被认为是儿童及低龄人群颈内动脉畸形最可能的发病原因,老年人颈内动脉畸形多为继发性,大部分与血管老化、动脉粥样硬化及高血压相关[11]。Beigelman等[12]对885例患者进行彩色多普勒超声检查,结果显示各年龄段颈内动脉畸形发生率无明显差异,表明颈内动脉畸形可能与先天畸形有关。但也有报道指出,畸形的种类可以在数月或数年间发生相互转变,甚至随着时间推移,畸形的颈内动脉可以自行恢复正常形态,提示除了先天因素,后天影响对于颈内动脉畸形的形成也具有重要作用[13-14]。本组6例患者的中位年龄72岁,仅2例合并高血压,提示随着年龄的增长,血管纤维退化导致血管弹性降低是颈内动脉畸形的主要原因。右侧颈动脉起源于头臂干,靠近主动脉弓,压力高,此解剖差异被认为是右侧畸形多于左侧的原因[15]。

颈段颈内动脉畸形多无特异性临床症状,少数患者具有咽异物感、声嘶、呼吸吞咽不畅、咽痛及咽喉部异常搏动感等症状[16],症状多由畸形颈内动脉向内走行压迫咽腔所致。本组6例患者均具有临床症状,分别为咽部异物感3例,吞咽不畅2例,夜间间歇性呼吸不畅1例。提示对于咽喉部不适的患者,尤其对于将要接受咽喉部操作或者手术的老年患者,临床医师要考虑到颈段颈内动脉畸形的可能。

口咽部颈内动脉畸形多可经口体格检查发现咽侧壁节律搏动性肿物,纤维喉镜检查对于下咽部颈内动脉畸形的检出具有重要作用。彩色多普勒超声对于凸向颈外侧的颈内动脉畸形具有经济、无创以及便捷等优点;MRA可清楚显示颈动脉管腔,但对于动脉与相邻结构的毗邻关系显示欠佳;数字减影血管造影术可提高血管影像的清晰度,但因其为有创检查,不适合于所有患者[17];CT或CT血管造影可以清楚地显示颈内动脉及周围结构,是确诊颈内动脉畸形的主要检查方法[16]。本组6例患者均通过CT或者CT血管造影确诊。

临床诊疗中,遇到咽部不适的患者,在考虑咽部常见疾患的同时需考虑此畸形的可能,细致的体格检查及纤维喉镜检查可初步诊断,CT或CT血管造影可进一步明确诊断。当畸形的颈内动脉未引发任何临床症状,或仅出现咽部异物感时,不需要特殊治疗。临床医师需要在患者病历上详细记录这一畸形的情况,提醒后来接诊医师注意此畸形,并叮嘱患者勿吞食较硬及含骨头的食品,以防划破血管引发出血。

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