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Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery logoLink to Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
. 2021 Mar 5;35(3):252–255. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2021.03.013

鼻窦及颅底气化程度与自发性脑脊液鼻漏的相关性分析

Analysis of correlation between the pneumatization degree of paranasal sinuses and skull base and spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

Fangyu CAI 1, Dong DONG 1, Yulin ZHAO 1,*
PMCID: PMC10128232  PMID: 33794612

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the relationship between the pneumatization degree of paranasal sinuses and skull base and the incidence of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (SCSFR).

Methods

Date of 107 patients with SCSFR were reviewed retrospectively. Using CT scans, investigator evaluated the pneumatization degree of paranasal sinuses and skull base, and compared classifications of various imaging characteristics between SCSFR group(case group) and nasal septum deviation group(control group), including frontal cells, Onodi cell, lateral recess of sphenoid sinus (LRSS), pneumatization of anterior clinoid process and pneumatization of posterior clinoid process.

Results

One hundred and eight fistulas are found among 107 cases. The most common site of the fistulas is found in ethmoid sinus (38.89%), followed by olfactory cleft(37.04%), sphenoid sinus (21.30%) and frontal sinus (2.77%).The incidence of Onodi cell was significantly different between case and control group(χ2=4.755, P < 0.05), and the classification of Onodi cell has a linear effect on the occurrence of SCSFR (Z=3.345, P < 0.05), which suggests the increasing level of Onodi cell can increase the probability in occurrence of SCSFR. The incidence of type Ⅲ LRSS in the case group is significantly higher than in the control group(χ2=18.725, P < 0.05), a linear correlation is found between the classification of LRSS and the incidence of SCSFR (Z=3.578, P < 0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of frontal cells between the two groups(χ2=0.672, P>0.05), nor was there a linear relationship between the classification of frontal cells and the incidence of SCSFR (Z=0.503, P>0.05). Pneumatization of anterior clinoid process and posterior clinoid process were no significant difference between case and control (P>0.05), nor were there linear relationships between their classifications and SCSFR (P>0.05).

Conclusion

The most common site of SCSFR is ethmoid sinus, followed by olfactory cleft, the hyperpneumatization of the LRSS and Onodi cell are closely related to its pathogenesis.

Keywords: cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, hyperpneumatization of paranasal sinus, lateral recess of sphenoid sinus, Onodi cell, frontal cells


自发性脑脊液鼻漏(spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, SCSFR)是指非创伤性或医源性原因引起的、发病原因不明确的脑脊液鼻漏,因症状与鼻炎症状相似而易被误诊和漏诊,并且该病易发生严重的颅内并发症,常需及时有效的诊断和治疗[1-2]。有报道SCSFR患者的鼻窦气化都较好,鼻窦过度气化导致颅底骨质变薄,成为脑脊液鼻漏的好发部位[3-4],也有报道表示颅内压增高使SCSFR患者的颅底骨质广泛变得薄弱[5],鼻窦及颅底的过度气化与SCSFR发病之间的关系目前尚不明确。因此本研究对SCSFR患者的病例资料及CT影像学资料进行回顾性分析,探讨鼻窦及颅底气化程度与SCSFR发病之间的关系。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 临床资料

回顾2011年1月—2019年5月间在我院行手术治疗的SCSFR患者的病历及影像学资料,选取符合条件的107例患者(病例组),所有入组患者均在我院行脑脊液鼻漏修补术并在术中探查到明确瘘口。排除标准:①头部或颌面部外伤史;②颅脑部手术史或鼻内镜下鼻窦手术史;③颅脑肿瘤。对照组随机选取与病例组性别、年龄相仿就诊于本院的鼻中隔偏曲患者100例。

1.2. 分组标准

根据瘘口发生的部位将病例组107例SCSFR患者分为如下亚组:筛窦组(瘘口发生在筛窦)、嗅裂组(瘘口发生在嗅裂)、蝶窦组(瘘口发生在蝶窦壁)及额窦组(瘘口发生在额窦壁)。观察病例组和对照组患者的鼻窦CT,评估病例组患者瘘口同侧和对照组患者左侧各影像学特征的发生率及程度分级,各病例亚组分别与对照组进行比较,分析组间差异。通过CT评估的影像学特征为:①蝶窦外侧隐窝:SCSFR的高发部位,通过鼻窦冠状位CT能够辨别蝶窦外侧隐窝的有无及分型。Ⅰ型:气化不超过翼管,即无侧隐窝型;Ⅱ型:气化超过翼管但不超过圆孔;Ⅲ型:气化超过圆孔[6]。②额气房,Ⅰ型:位于鼻丘气房上方,额窦下方的单个气房;Ⅱ型:位于鼻丘气房上方,额窦下方的气房≥2个;Ⅲ型:经额窦口气化进入额窦,CT上评估垂直高度小于额窦50%的额气房(经常位于额窦口外侧);Ⅳ型:垂直高度超过额窦50%的额气房[7]。③蝶筛气房(Onodi气房):在CT冠状位图像中,与蝶窦最上端骨质接触的层面为Onodi气房最大层面。在该层面的蝶窦骨质最上端划一水平线,Ⅰ型:Onodi气房局限在蝶窦上方和内侧;Ⅱ型:Onodi气房跨越水平线上下;Ⅲ型:Onodi气房在水平线以下[8]。④前床突气化,Ⅰ型:≤50%的前床突发生气化;Ⅱ型:>50%但不是全部的前床突气化;Ⅲ型:前床突全部气化[9-10]。⑤后床突气化,Ⅰ型:≤50%的后床突发生气化;Ⅱ型:>50%但不是全部的后床突气化;Ⅲ型:后床突全部气化[11]

1.3. 统计学方法

采用SAS 9.4软件进行统计学分析,用t检验的方法比较病例组与对照组间年龄的差异;用χ2检验比较两组间性别分布的差异;用χ2检验比较病例组和对照组间各项影像学特征的发生率的差异;用Cochran-Armitage趋势检验的方法,分析随着各项影像学特征分级的变化,SCSFR的发生率是否会呈线性趋势。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 一般资料比较

病例组107例患者中,男30例,女77例;年龄10~73岁,平均(46.44±11.97)岁;病程1 d~10余年;伴高血压者36例(33.65%);术后复发者10例(9.35%),其中9例为原位复发,1例首发瘘口在筛窦,复发瘘口在蝶窦;共发现瘘口108处,其中筛窦42处(38.89%),嗅裂40处(37.04%),蝶窦组23处(21.30%),额窦组3处(2.77%);筛窦组中漏口发生在筛顶的患者最多,有29例;蝶窦组中漏口发生在蝶窦外侧壁及蝶窦外侧隐窝的患者最多,有13例。对照组100例患者中,男31例,女69例;年龄18~69岁,平均(44.29±11.60)岁。两组年龄、性别比较差异均无统计学意义。

2.2. 发生在筛窦的SCSFR

病例组Onodi气房(图 1a)的发生率为30.95%,对照组为15.00%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.755,P < 0.05);Onodi气房的分级与SCSFR的发生存在线性关系(Z=3.345,P < 0.05),提示Onodi气房与SCSFR的发生密切相关。两组额气房的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.672,P>0.05),且额气房分级与SCSFR的发病之间不存在线性关系(Z=0.503,P>0.05)(表 1图 1b)。

图 1.

发生在筛窦的SCSFR患者

1a:冠状位CT可见双侧Onodi气房(→);2b:矢状位CT可见Onodi气房(↙)及筛顶可疑瘘口(↓)。

图 1

表 1.

发生在筛窦的SCSFR的相关解剖学特征 例(%)

影像学特征 筛窦组 对照组 χ 2 P
Onodi气房
  无 29(69.05) 85(85.00) 4.755 0.029
  Ⅰ型 4(9.52) 13(13.00) 0.339 0.560
  Ⅱ型 5(11.91) 1(1.00) 6.205 0.013
  Ⅲ型 4(9.52) 1(1.00) 4.065 0.044
额气房
  无 26(61.91) 69(69.00) 0.672 0.412
  Ⅰ型 13(30.95) 25(25.00) 0.535 0.465
  Ⅱ型 2(4.76) 2(2.00) 0.124 0.725
  Ⅲ型 1(2.38) 4(4.00) 0 1
  Ⅳ型 0 0(0) - 1

2.3. 发生在蝶窦的SCSFR

病例组Ⅲ型蝶窦外侧隐窝(图 2a)的发生率(69.57%)显著高于对照组(23.00%)(χ2=18.725,P < 0.05),两组蝶窦外侧隐窝的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.604,P>0.05);对照组Ⅱ型蝶窦外侧隐窝的发生率显著高于病例组(χ2=10.402,P < 0.05);蝶窦外侧隐窝分级与SCSFR发生存在线性关系(Z=3.578,P < 0.05),提示蝶窦外侧隐窝的过度气化与SCSFR的发生密切相关。两组前床突气化及后床突气化差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),前床突气化与后床突气化的分级与SCSFR的发病之间均不存在线性关系(P>0.05),见表 2图 2b

图 2.

发生在蝶窦的SCSFR患者

2a:冠状位CT可见Ⅲ型蝶窦外侧隐窝(←);2b:冠状位CT可见瘘口位置在左侧蝶窦外侧隐窝(↙)。

图 2

表 2.

发生在蝶窦的SCSFR的相关解剖学特征 例(%)

影像学特征 蝶窦组 对照组 χ 2 P
蝶窦外侧隐窝
  Ⅰ型 2(8.70) 18(18.00) 0.604 0.437
  Ⅱ型 5(21.74) 59(59.00) 10.402 0.001
  Ⅲ型 16(69.57) 23(23.00) 18.725 0
前床突气化
  无 21(91.30) 90(90.00) 0 1
  Ⅰ型 2(8.70) 2(2.00) - 0.158
  Ⅱ型 0(0) 6(6.00) 0.446 0.504
  Ⅲ型 0(0) 2(2.00) - 1
后床突气化
  无 23(100.00) 100(100.00) - 1
  Ⅰ型 0(0) 0(0) - -
  Ⅱ型 0(0) 0(0) - -
  Ⅲ型 0(0) 0(0) - -

3. 讨论

SCSFR最好发的部位为筛窦,其次依次为嗅裂、蝶窦、额窦,这与以往的报道相符[12-14]。该病多发于中年女性,这可能与该年龄段的女性雌激素水平下降导致的骨质疏松有关[15]。本研究中高血压患病率高达33.65%,而据报道,我国成人高血压患病率为25.2%[16],这可能是由于高血压会导致颅内压增高,并且高血压患者常伴有肥胖,肥胖会造成腹内及胸内压力增高,影响颅内静脉系统,导致静脉回流障碍,从而使颅内压增高,颅内压增高与SCSFR的发生密切相关[17]。可见SCSFR患者常合并高血压等基础疾病,这与朱正洁等(2018)研究相符。

本研究发现Onodi气房与发生在筛窦的SCSFR的发生密切相关,且随着Onodi气房级别越高,SCSFR的发病率越高。Onodi气房由后组筛房过度气化而形成,根据鼻窦过度气化导致颅底骨质变薄的原理,Onodi气房的产生可能使后筛顶壁变薄,而使此处发生SCSFR的风险增加。目前尚无文献报道Onodi气房与SCSFR之间的关系,本研究病例数较少,未来可增加病例数进一步研究。

既往报道SCSFR可能与蝶窦高度气化形成蝶窦外侧隐窝有关[18-20]。根据笔者的经验,蝶窦外侧隐窝过度气化时,骨质会变很薄,推测这可能是SCSFR发生的原因,因此本研究进一步评估了蝶窦外侧隐窝的气化程度的分级与SCSFR发病的相关性。本研究结果表明蝶窦外侧隐窝的发生率在病例组与对照组间无显著差异,Ⅱ型蝶窦外侧隐窝的发生率对照组显著高于病例组,而Ⅲ型蝶窦外侧隐窝的发生率病例组显著高于对照组,由此可见Ⅲ型蝶窦外侧隐窝的发生率与SCSFR的发病率呈正相关;趋势检验结果也提示蝶窦外侧隐窝气化的级别越高,SCSFR的发病率越高。以往研究仅表明蝶窦外侧隐窝气化与SCSFR的发病相关,但是均没有对蝶窦外侧隐窝进行分型,本研究对蝶窦外侧隐窝气化程度进行分型,使研究结果更加精确。蝶窦外侧隐窝过度气化达到Ⅲ型(气化超过圆孔)时,蝶窦壁变得很薄,当蛛网膜颗粒小凹位于高度气化的蝶窦外侧隐窝上以及脑脊液高压不断地作用时,导致骨质断裂,从而发生脑脊液鼻漏[21-22]。此外,当蝶窦外侧隐窝气化超过圆孔达Ⅲ型时,圆孔也成为SCSFR可能发生的部位。Scott等[18]曾报道1例继发于先天性圆孔缺损的SCSFR,Harley等[23]曾报道2例发生在圆孔的自发性脑脊液漏,上述3例患者的蝶窦外侧隐窝均气化达Ⅲ型。因此认为过度气化达Ⅲ型的蝶窦外侧隐窝与SCSFR的发病密切相关。

当蝶窦过度气化时可扩展至前床突和后床突引起前床突气化及后床突气化,使骨质变薄。本研究观察了患者前床突气化及后床突气化的发生率和分级,分析结果显示病例组与对照组间的差异无统计学意义,推测原因可能是样本量小及上述两个指标发生率低所致,后期可加大样本量进一步研究。综上所述,蝶窦外侧隐窝过度气化以及Onodi气房的发生与SCSFR的发生密切相关。

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金项目(No: 82071023,81570901);河南省医学科学项目(No:SBGJ2018034)

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