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. 2020 Feb 5;34(2):97–100. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.13201/j.issn.1001-1781.2020.02.001

2018法国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科学会指南解读:不同治疗方案在儿童OSAHS治疗中的地位

Interpretation of French Society of ENT guidelines on the roles of the various treatment options in childhood obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

仇 书要 1, 刘 大波 1,*, 钟 建文 1
PMCID: PMC10128403  PMID: 32086910

我国目前有关儿童OSAHS诊治的指南是中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志编委会2007年颁布的《儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊疗指南草案》1,至今已经十余年,近年来有关儿童OSAHS治疗的研究取得了显著的成果,尤其是在扁桃体部分切除术和正压通气治疗方面。2018年5月法国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科学会颁布新指南,介绍了不同治疗方案在OSAHS治疗中的地位2,本文对该指南的重点内容进行解读。

儿童OSAHS的患病率为1%~2%3,医生主要根据病史和体格检查进行诊断。睡眠监测是客观的检查,可以准确判断病情的严重程度。儿童OSAHS与成人OSAHS有明显区别,儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停指数>1或呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index,AHI)>1.5认为异常,AHI>5与嗜睡、学习能力下降、频繁打鼾密切相关4,AHI>10被认为是重度OSAHS。无论病情轻重,OSAHS患儿治疗的目标是解除气道阻塞,耳鼻咽喉科医生不仅要重视外科手术,同时要兼顾内科治疗方案的选择。

1. 外科手术

1.1. 腺样体扁桃体切除术

腺样体扁桃体肥大是儿童OSAHS最主要的原因,伴有腺样体扁桃体肥大的OSAHS儿童,包括肥胖儿童、OSAHS代谢综合征和有神经认知功能缺陷患儿,腺样体扁桃体切除术是首选的治疗方案,研究证明术后睡眠参数都会明显改善5-7。腺样体扁桃体手术的方法很多,临床医生可根据情况选择合适的方法进行腺样体扁桃体切除。最近越来越多的研究支持扁桃体部分切除术,指南推荐对于单纯扁桃体肥大引起潜在OSAHS的患儿,推荐行囊内部分切除。扁桃体部分切除可减轻术后疼痛,降低术后继发性出血的风险,患儿更容易接受,并且可以达到类似的治疗效果8-11

1.2. 鼻部手术

鼻中隔手术不是治疗儿童OSAHS的主要手段,临床也较少使用,该指南指出伴有严重鼻中隔偏曲的OSAHS患儿也可以进行鼻中隔手术,并且不受年龄限制,但考虑到儿童鼻腔结构尚未完全发育,术中应尽可能多保留软骨。然而截止到目前相关的研究并不多,只有2项研究报道了OSAHS患儿接受鼻中隔手术后的效果12-15,对OSAHS患儿进行鼻中隔手术尚存在争议。该指南还指出了下鼻甲成形术适用于伴有鼻甲肥大引起鼻塞症状的患儿或面中线畸形导致睡眠阻塞的患儿,不受年龄限制。指南建议对于有鼻塞症状又难以配合用药,尤其是新生儿或婴幼儿发育畸形的患儿可考虑下鼻甲成形术11-20。由于儿童尚处于生长发育期,所以在临床上应该严格把握手术指征。

1.3. 舌扁桃体减容术

该指南推荐伴有舌扁桃体肥大的OSAHS患儿可以进行舌扁桃体减容术。舌扁桃体肥大在肥胖儿童和(或)唐氏综合征儿童较为常见,内镜检查可以诊断21。相关研究显示舌扁桃体减容可以降低AHI,但不能将AHI降至正常22,而且远期效果还需要进一步证实。巨舌症可以导致OSAHS,研究报道了冷刀法、等离子消融及射频刀等多种治疗手段。目前仅有一项研究证实舌根部手术后患儿睡眠参数得到改善23,关于舌减容目前尚缺乏指南相关的数据支持。儿童阻塞性舌后坠通常是皮罗综合征的症状之一,除了调整体位和持续正压通气治疗,也可以采用唇舌固定术和下颌骨牵引成骨,2种手段对于解除相关的阻塞都有明显的效果,成功率约为80%24-25

1.4. 喉气管手术

喉部疾病也可以引起OSAHS。指南推荐声门上成形术可用于喉软骨软化引起OSAHS的婴儿和儿童。喉软骨软化病变仅仅发生在喉部,手术切除杓会厌皱襞、黏膜切除或声门上成形术有助于改善OSAHS症状26。OSAHS患儿最终的治疗手段是气管切开。气管切开用于解除潜在的呼吸障碍,对于OSAHS,仅限于复杂情况导致严重症状的患儿、发育畸形的患儿、持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)难以实施或无效的患儿。与成人比较,儿童气管切开并发症和死亡率相对较高,尤其是早产儿和低体重儿童27

2. 保守治疗

2.1. CPAP治疗

CPAP治疗OSAHS的有效性已经证实,在重度OSAHS患儿等待手术或准备手术的时候非常有用。指南推荐对于有手术禁忌证或手术无效的患儿,可以选择CPAP治疗。CPAP在整个呼吸周期都提供持续正压,目前最常用于上气道阻塞。用于OSAHS患儿的指征包括:不伴有腺样体扁桃体肥大的重度OSAHS患儿,腺样体扁桃体手术后睡眠呼吸阻塞未解除的患儿28-29;咽喉部复杂部位阻塞或喉部病变,如阻塞相关的肺泡低通气、病理性肥胖、支气管肺发育不良30-31;气管切开的替代方案;有手术禁忌证的患儿。

2.2. 口腔正畸治疗

指南推荐儿童正畸评估用于不伴有腺样体扁桃体肥大的OSAHS儿童,或手术后仍持续阻塞的患儿。上颌骨快速扩张可以用于关节紊乱引起的OSAHS。牙科关节紊乱导致的睡眠障碍采用下颌前移矫形器可能有效。肌筋膜修复作为正畸治疗的补充有助于维持远期的效果32-35

2.3. 药物治疗

指南推荐鼻喷激素可用于儿童OSAHS相关的鼻阻塞。鼻喷激素可用于轻、中度OSAHS,伴或不伴有腺样体扁桃体肥大或腺样体扁桃体术后持续的OSAHS,鼻喷激素使用可以改善或消除OSAHS,也可用于鼻炎导致的阻塞36-39。孟鲁司特除重度OSAHS外,也可用于哮喘儿童,并且常与鼻喷激素联合使用,3个月后再次评估症状。有两项随机研究证实使用鼻喷白三烯受体拮抗剂孟鲁司特(6~12周)可改善睡眠质量,减轻AHI,但没有比较孟鲁司特与腺样体扁桃体切除术或评估远期效果40-41

对于不同病因导致的OSAHS患儿,应根据情况采取个性化的治疗方案。通过该指南的解读我们了解到法国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科对儿童OSAHS治疗方案的选择基本与国际上及我国的指南相似。该指南着重强调了扁桃体部分切除的应用价值,提出扁桃体部分切除可减轻术后疼痛,降低术后继发性出血的风险,患儿更容易接受,并且可以达到类似的治疗效果。对于内科保守治疗也是我国现在采用的鼻喷激素和孟鲁司特的联合治疗。该指南也存在一些局限性,比如没有提及腺样体扁桃体切除术的年龄限制,也没有列出合并变应性鼻炎的OSAHS患儿的治疗方案,这些问题需要在修订我国相关指南时进一步完善。

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