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Microbiota–gut–brain axis. Through neural, metabolic, endocrine, and immunological mechanisms, the brain and stomach interact. The vagus nerve, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and systemic circulation are all influenced by the brain’s function on gastrointestinal health. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), neurotransmitters, and amino acids are examples of signals from the stomach that modify brain activity through neuronal cells, the immune system, and hormonal processes.
