Table 2.
Energy, nutrients, and salt content of retrieved breakfast cereals stratified based on the NOVA group.
| NOVA | Energy (kJ/100 g) |
Energy (kcal/100 g) | Total Fat (g/100 g) |
Sfa (g/100 g) |
Carbohydrates (g/100 g) | Sugar (g/100 g) |
Fibre (g/100 g) |
Protein (g/100 g) |
SALT (g/100 g) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | NOVA 1 | 1549 (1514–1596) c | 366 (358–378) c | 5.0 (2.6–7.0) a | 0.9 (0.5–1.3) a | 61.0 (57.7–69.0) b | 1.1 (0.7–2.0) c | 9.4 (6.5–12.1) a | 12.1 (11.0–13.8) a | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) B |
| NOVA 3 | 1584 (1564–1634) b | 375 (370–385) b | 2.1 (1.0–7.3) b | 0.5 (0.3–1.1) b | 73.0 (60.7–82.0) a | 15.0 (6.6–20.4) b | 6.0 (3.0–8.8) b | 8.5 (7.3–11.0) b | 0.4 (0.2–1.0) A | |
| NOVA 4 | 1668 (1601–1837) a | 396 (378–438) a | 5.7 (2.6–15.0) a | 1.6 (0.6–4.0) a | 69.0 (61.0–78.8) b | 20.0 (14.0 -25.0) a | 6.0 (4.3–8.0) b | 8.5 (7.4–10.0) b | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) A | |
| Muesli | NOVA 1 | 1499 (1467–1531) b | 356 (348–364) a,b | 6.6 (5.9–7.3) b | 1.6 (1.0–2.1) a | 58.5 (58.0–59.0) a | 18.5 (11.0–26.0) a | 11.0 (11.0–11.0) a | 10.2 (9.3–11.0) a | 0.03 (0.02–0.03) A,B |
| NOVA 3 | 1756 (1565–1820) a,b | 418 (372–434) b | 12.7 (7.3–16.0) a | 4.3 (1.1–5.3) a | 59.0 (58.0–63.2) a | 18.0 (16.0–22.0) a | 8.0 (7.1–9.0) a,b | 10.0 (9.3–11.0) a | 0.2 (0.02–0.2) B | |
| NOVA 4 | 1834 (1746–1917) a | 437 (416–458) a | 16.0 (13.0–19.0) a | 4.1 (1.9–5.1) a | 61.1 (58.0–63.2) a | 20.0 (16.0–24.0) a | 7.2 (6.2–8.4) b | 9.0 (8.5–11.0) a | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) A | |
| Flakes | NOVA 1 | 1549 (1517–1566) b | 366 (360–372) b | 7.0 (5.4–7.0) a | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) a | 59.1 (58.6–63.0) b | 1.1 (0.7–1.4) b | 9.9 (8.0–10.0) a | 12.0 (11.6–13.0) a | 0.01 (0.01–0.03) B |
| NOVA 3 | 1578 (1564–1604) a | 372 (370–378) a | 1.0 (1.0–1.6) c | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) b | 81.0 (81.0–83.0) a | 8.0 (6.2–16.0) a | 3.3 (3.0–6.6) b | 8.0 (7.3–8.5) b | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) A | |
| NOVA 4 | 1605 (1574–1662) a | 379 (371–390) a | 2.0 (1.5–5.0) b | 0.5 (0.3–1.5) b | 78.0 (73.0–81.0) a | 14.0 (7.8–17.8) a | 4.7 (63.5–6.3) b | 8.1 (7.4–11.6) b | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) A | |
| Bran cereals | NOVA 1 | 1412 (1291–1526) a | 336 (309–363) a | 6.1 (4.5–7.5) a | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) a | 47.5 (37.0–52.1) a | 2.0 (1.2–2.7) b | 22.1 (16.0–30.0) c | 14.6 (13.5–15.4) a | 0.01 (0.002–0.01) B |
| NOVA 3 | 1436 (1436–1436) a | 343 (343–343) a | 4.5 (4.5–4.5) a,b | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) a | 46.0 (46.0–46.0) a | 18.0 (18.0–18.0) a | 29.0 (29.0–29.0) b | 15.0 (15.0–15.0) a,b | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) A | |
| NOVA 4 | 1342 (1318–1342) a | 321 (316–321) a | 3.9 (3.5–3.9) b | 0.7 (0.7–1.0) a | 41.0 (38.0–41.0) a | 17.0 (13.0–18.0) a | 35.0 (33.0–35.0) a | 14.0 (13.0–14.6) b | 1.3 (1.0–1.3) A | |
| Puffed cereals | NOVA 1 | 1600 (1541–1611) b | 378 (365–381) b | 2.5 (1.1–3.1) a | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) b | 71.0 (68.0–85.0) b | 0.6 (0.5–1.7) b | 6.8 (0.8–8.5) a | 11.5 (7.1–14.0) a | 0.01 (0.003–0.01) B |
| NOVA 3 | 1620 (1570–1673) a,b | 382 (375–396) a,b | 4.2 (1.5–5.7) a | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) a | 75.8 (73.0–85.0) a,b | 25.0 (22.0–45.4) a | 2.8 (2.2–7.5) a | 9.6 (6.0–12.6) b | 0.02 (0.000–0.3) A | |
| NOVA 4 | 1651 (1609–1690) a | 390 (385–400) b | 3.2 (1.9–5.1) a | 0.6 (0.5–1.0) a | 79.0 (78.0–85.0) a | 33.0 (23.0–41.0) a | 4.6 (2.5–5.5) a | 7.0 (5.5–8.5) b | 0.1 (0.01–0.7) A | |
| Other cereals | NOVA 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| NOVA 3 | 1992 (1531–2016) | 476 (362–481) | 22.0 (2.0–22.0) | 8.9 (0.6–11.0) | 60.0 (60.0–69.0) | 19.0 (4.2–27.0) | 5.7 (4.5–10.0) | 8.0 (7.2–12.0) | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) | |
| NOVA 4 | 1652 (1617–1864) | 390 (382–443) | 4.6 (2.8–14.1) | 1.8 (0.9–4.0) | 73.9 (69.4–79.0) * | 25.0 (22.7–29.0) | 5.0 (3.9–6.8) | 7.7 (6.7–8.7) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) |
Legend: For each group, different letters or asterisks in the same column after parenthesis indicate significant differences among types (Kruskal–Wallis test for independent samples with multiple pairwise comparisons or Mann–Whitney non-parametric test for two independent samples, p < 0.05). SFA, saturates.