Abstract
Background
Tricuspid regurgitation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, but with limited treatment options. The objective of this study is to compare the demographic characteristics, complications, and outcomes of transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVr) versus surgical tricuspid valve replacement (STVR) or surgical tricuspid valve repair (STVr), using real-world data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.
Methods and results
Our study analyzed data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2016 to 2018 and identified 92, 86, and 84 patients with tricuspid insufficiency who underwent STVr, STVR, and TTVr, respectively. The mean ages of patients who received STVr, STVR, and TTVr were 65.03 years, 66.3 years, and 71.09 years, respectively, with TTVr patients significantly older than those who received STVr (P < 0.05). Patients who received STVr or STVR had higher mortality rates (8.7% and 3.5%, respectively) compared to those who received TTVr (1.2%). Patients who underwent STVr or STVR were also more likely to experience perioperative complications, including third-degree atrioventricular block (8.7% STVr vs. 1.2% TTVr, P = 0.329; 38.4% STVR vs. 1.2% TTVr, P < 0.05), respiratory failure (5.4% STVr vs. 1.2% TTVr, P = 0.369; 15.1% STVR vs. 1.2% TTVr, P < 0.05), respiratory complications (6.5% STVr vs. 1.2% TTVr, P = 0.372; 19.8% STVR vs. 1.2% TTVr, P < 0.05), acute kidney injury (40.2% STVr vs. 27.4% TTVr, P = 0.367; 34.9% STVR vs. 27.4% TTVr, P = 0.617), and fluid and electrolyte disorders (44.6% STVr vs. 22.6% TTVr, P = 0.1332; 50% STVR vs. 22.6% TTVr, P < 0.05). In addition, the average cost of care and the average length of hospital stay were higher for patients who underwent STVr or STVR than for those who received TTVr (USD$37995 ± 356008.523 STVr vs. USD$198397 ± 188943.082 TTVr, P < 0.05; USD$470948 ± 614177.568 STVR vs. USD$198397 ± 188943.082 TTVr, P < 0.05; 15.4 ± 15.19 STVr vs. 9.6 ± 10.21 days TTVr, P = 0.267; 24.7 ± 28.81 STVR vs. 9.6 ± 10.21 days TTVr, P < 0.05).
Conclusion
TTVr has shown to have favorable outcomes compared to STVr or STVR, but more research and clinical trials are required to help formulate evidence-based guidelines for the role of catheter-based management in tricuspid valve disease.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13019-023-02271-9.
Keywords: Transcatheter tricuspid valve repair, Surgical tricuspid valve replacement, Surgical tricuspid valve repair, Tricuspid insufficiency
Introduction
Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is observed in 0.55% of the general population and its prevalence increases with age, affecting about 4% of the patients aged 75 years or more [1], approximately 1.6 million people in the United States and 3 million people in Europe with clinically relevant tricuspid regurgitation [2, 3]. There is increasing evidence demonstrates that tricuspid regurgitation is not only a marker of concurrent cardiac disease, but also a potential driver of major adverse cardiovascular events [4, 5].
At present, few treatment options exist for tricuspid regurgitation, patients with mild or moderate TR are often treated conservatively with medical therapies [6]. Surgeries such as surgical tricuspid valve replacement (STVR) or surgical tricuspid valve repair (STVr) are considered more definitive treatment in patients with severe TR [7, 8]. However, evidence shows that tricuspid valve surgery with a peri-operative mortality rate of 8–10% [9, 10], and STVR is at risk for biological valvular degeneration, thrombosis, and long-term anticoagulation of mechanical valves, and the risk of reoperation increased in STVr [11, 12].
Therefore, minimally invasive catheter therapy could effectively reduce tricuspid regurgitation and lower the risk of perioperative complications. In recent years, various minimally invasive catheter techniques have been applied to reduce tricuspid regurgitation [3, 6, 13−16]. For example, annular reduction procedures had shown a promising in reducing tricuspid regurgitation and had clinical benefits for tricuspid regurgitation patients [17, 18]. Because leaflet malcoaptation is the main pathology of tricuspid regurgitation, the edge-edge clip technique, which is used to treat functional mitral regurgitation [3], has also been used to treat tricuspid regurgitation, and its results have been reported in retrospective studies [3, 19].
Although initially promising, most transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVr) approaches are still in development and the outcomes and safety evaluations of TTVr versus STVR or STVr remain limited and lack of support from randomized controlled trials or other high-quality clinical studies. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the burden, outcomes, financial cost and complications of TTVr versus STVR or STVr in a real-world population from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.
Methods
Study Data
In this study, we used the NIS data from January 2016 to December 2018 which was developed by the Agency from Healthcare Research and Quality of the United States through a federal-state-industry partnership. The NIS database has more than 8 million inpatients and represents 20% of all hospital admissions in the United States. And it is updated annually, so we can use these data to analyze the disease trend over time. Because the NIS database is publicly available, we do not need to get the approval of the institutional review board or the informed consent in our clinical study.
Study design and data selection
The International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes and ICD-10-Procedure Coding System (PCS) codes were used to analysis these data. The NIS data from 2016 to 2018 were used in the present study (Table S1). Patients with tricuspid valve insufficiency but without any other valvular disease were selected using ICD-10-CM code (I340, I051, I341, I342, I050, I351, I061, I350, I060, I352, I062, I361, I071, I360, I070, I362, I072). Patients who underwent TTVr, STVr, and STVR were selected by ICD-10-PCS codes (02QJ3ZG, 02QJ3ZZ, 02QJ3ZG), ICD-10-PCS codes (02QJ0ZG, 02QJ0ZZ), and ICD10-PCS codes (02RJ07Z, 02RJ0JZ), respectively. The patients who younger than 50 years old, with infective endocarditis, or with coronary artery bypass surgery previously, and/or other valvular diseases were excluded from our study. A flowchart of our patient selection criterion is presented in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Flowchart of the study cohort
ICD 10-PCS indicates International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Procedure Coding System
Study outcomes
The primary endpoints of our study were in-hospital mortality and periprocedural complications. The secondary outcomes of interest were resource use and operative procedures related trends over time, such as length of hospital stay, total charges.
Statistical analysis
The Kolmogorov-smirnov test was used to test whether the variables were normally distributed. Normal distribution variables were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), and Student’s T test was used for comparisons between groups. The baseline characteristics among the 3 groups were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric variables, one-way ANOVA for parametric variables, and the χ [2] exact test was used for categorical variables. For all analyses, a 2-sided P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25 (IBM, Armonk, NY) and R version 3.5 (version 3.6.3, R Core Team).
Results
Characteristics of study participants selected from NIS database
Between January 2016 and December 2018, a total of 262 patients who underwent tricuspid valve procedures were identified (Fig. 1). Of these, 92 patients underwent STVr (35.1%), 86 (32.8%) patients had STVR procedures and there were 84 (32.1%) patients underwent TTVr surgery (Fig. 1; Table 1). Patients underwent TTVr were older compared to those who underwent STVr procedures (71.09 years vs. 66.3 years, P = 0.029), there was a trend to decrease in patients who had STVR surgery compared with the patients who underwent TTVr (66.3 years vs. 71.09 years, P = 0.128). Both cohorts included predominantly White patients (65.2% STVr vs. 61.6% STVR vs. 57.1% TTVr) (Table 1). Use of STVr, STVR, TTVr were similar among Hispanic patients (8.7% vs. 8.1% and 14.3, Table 1).
Table 1.
Basic Characteristics of the Patients Who Underwent STVr, STVR and TTVr (2016–2018)
| Characteristic | STVr (n = 92) | STVR (n = 86) | TTVr (n = 84) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs (mean ± SD) | 65.03 ± 9.22* | 66.30 ± 9.6 | 71.09 ± 10.68 | 0.086 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 40 (43.5) * | 40 (46.5) * | 66 (78.6) | 0.049 |
| Race | 0.12 | |||
| White | 60 (65.2) | 53 (61.6) | 48 (57.1) | |
| African American | 12 (13.0) | 13 (15.1) | 6 (7.1) | |
| Hispanic | 8 (8.7) | 7 (8.1) | 12 (14.3) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 2 (2.2) | 7 (8.1) | 1 (1.2) | |
| Native American | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) | 6 (7.1) | |
| Other races | 10 (10.9) | 13 (15.1) | 12 (14.3) | |
| Comorbidities and medical history | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 31 (33.7) | 26 (30.2) | 12 (14.3) | 0.4 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 27 (29.3) | 20 (23.3) | 24 (28.6) | 0.826 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 40 (43.5) | 23 (26.7) | 36 (42.9) | 0.334 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 5 (5.4) | 7 (8.1) | 1 (1.2) | 0.691 |
| Left heart failure, n (%) | 52 (56.5) * | 50 (58.1) | 72 (85.7) | 0.103 |
| Hyperlipemia, n (%) | 42 (45.7) | 23 (26.7) * | 54 (64.3) | 0.608 |
| Cerebral hemorrhage, n (%) | 2 (2.2) | 3 (3.5) | 6 (7.1) | 0.353 |
| Cerebral infarction, n (%) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | 0.723 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 53 (57.6) | 79 (91.9) | 66 (78.6) | 0.001 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 16 (17.4) | 17 (19.8) | 6 (7.1) | 0.616 |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 42 (45.7) | 43 (50.0) | 60 (71.4) | 0.199 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | 0.926 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 12 (13)* | 17 (19.8) | 30 (35.7) | 0.9 |
| Deficiency anemia, n (%) | 7 (7.6) | 7 (8.1) | 1 (1.2) | 0.746 |
| Coagulopathy, n (%) | 21 (22.8) | 13 (15.1) | 6 (7.1) | 0.393 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 15 (16.3) | 10 (11.6) | 18 (21.4) | 0.699 |
| Alcohol use, % | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | 1 |
| Tobacco abuse, n (%) | 26 (28.3) | 13 (15.1) | 24 (28.6) | 0.417 |
| Permanent pacemaker implantation | 7 (7.6) | 30 (34.9) * | 6 (7.1) | 0.001 |
| ICD implantation | 9 (9.8) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.2) | 0.511 |
| Primary payer, n (%) | 0.96 | |||
| Medicare | 50 (54.3) | 43 (50) | 47 (56.0) | |
| Medicaid | 7 (7.6) | 7 (8.1) | 6 (7.1) | |
| Private insurance | 33 (35.9) | 30 (34.9) | 6 (7.1) | |
| Other | 2 (22.2) | 7 (8.1) | 6 (7.1) |
STVr indicates surgical tricuspid valve repair; STVR indicates surgical tricuspid valve replacement; TTVr indicates transcatheter tricuspid valve repair. *P < 0.05, vs. TTVr.
Among the STVr, STVR, TTVr groups, the patients were more diagnosed with coronary artery disease (43.5% STVr vs. 26.7% STVR vs. 42.9% TTVr), left heart failure (56.5% STVr vs. 58.1% STVR vs. 85.7% TTVr), hyperlipemia (45.7% STVr vs. 26.7% STVR vs. 64.3% TTVr), atrial fibrillation (57.6% STVr vs. 91.9% STVR vs. 78.6% TTVr) and renal failure (45.7% STVr vs. 50.0% STVR vs. 71.4% TTVr) (Table 1). Compared with STVr group, the TTVr group with more female (P < 0.05, Table 1), more diagnosed with left heart failure (P < 0.05, Table 1), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P < 0.05, Table 1). However, compared with STVR group, the TTVr group with more diagnosed with hyperlipemia and less permanent pacemaker implantation (P < 0.05, Table 1).
Clinical outcomes in Study Cohort
Trends in STVr, TTVr and STVR
There was no significant difference of in-hospital mortality in STVr, STVR and TTVr, however, the in-hospital mortality in TTVr had a decreasing trend when compared with STVr and STVR (Table 2; Fig. 2A). Length of stay (15.41 ± 15.193 days STVr vs. 9.57 ± 10.211 days TTVr, P = 0.267; 24.69 ± 28.807 days STVR vs. 9.57 ± 10.211 days TTVr, P < 0.05, Table 2; Fig. 2B) and cost of care ($379994.53 ± 365008.523 STVr vs. $198396.71 ± 188943.082 TTVr, P < 0.05; $470947.27 ± 614177.568 STVR vs. $198396.71 ± 188943.082 TTVr, P < 0.01, Table 2; Fig. 2C) were considerably higher for STVr, and STVR when compared with TTVr.
Table 2.
Clinical Outcomes in Patients Who Underwent STVr, STVR and TTVr (2016–2018)
| Variable | STVr (n = 92) | STVR (n = 86) | TTVr (n = 84) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 8 (8.7) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.2) | 0.32 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 15.41 ± 15.193 | 24.69 ± 28.807* | 9.57 ± 10.211 | 0.025 |
| Total charges, US$ | 379994.53 ± 365008.523* | 470947.27 ± 614177.568* | 198396.71 ± 188943.082 | 0.142 |
| Cardiac tamponade, n (%) | 3 (3.3) | 6 (7.0) | 6 (7.1) | 0.297 |
| Cardiogenic shock, n (%) | 18 (19.6) | 13 (15.1) | 12 (14.3) | 0.938 |
| Cardiac arrest, n (%) | 2 (2.2) | 3 (3.5) | 6 (7.1) | 0.353 |
| Third degree atrioventricular block, n (%) | 8 (8.7) | 33 (38.4)* | 1(1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory failure, n (%) | 5 (5.4) | 13 (15.1)* | 1 (1.2) | 0.154 |
| Respiratory complications, n (%) | 6 (6.5) | 17 (19.8)* | 1 (1.2) | 0.085 |
| Mechanical ventilation use, n (%) | 12 (13) | 23 (26.7) | 6 (7.1) | 0.184 |
| IABP, n (%) | 8 (8.7) | 3 (3.5) | 6 (7.1) | 0.972 |
| ECMO, n (%) | 4 (4.3) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.4) | 0.73 |
| Pericardial complications, n (%) | 11 (12) | 17 (19.8) | 12 (14.3) | 0.563 |
| Hemopericardium, n (%) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | 0.936 |
| Bleeding/hematoma post-procedure, n (%) | 5 (5.4) | 10 (11.6) | 6 (7.1) | 0.466 |
| Thrombosis due to cardiac prosthetic devices, n (%) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | 0.936 |
| Acute embolism and thrombosis, n (%) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (1.2) | 6 (7.1) | 0.374 |
| Blood transfusion, n (%) | 18 (19.6) | 7 (8.1) | 6 (7.1) | 0.304 |
| Acute kidney injury, n (%) | 37 (40.2) | 30 (34.9) | 23 (27.4) | 0.762 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders, n (%) | 41 (44.6) | 44 (51.2)* | 19 (22.6) | 0.302 |
STVr indicates surgical tricuspid valve repair; STVR indicates surgical tricuspid valve replacement; TTVr indicates transcatheter tricuspid valve repair; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump. *P < 0.05, vs. TTVr.
Fig. 2.
Trends in STVr, TTVr and STVR.
A, In-hospital mortality in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. B, Length of stay in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. C, Trends in cost of stay in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. STVr indicates surgical tricuspid valve repair; STVR indicates surgical tricuspid valve replacement; TTVr indicates transcatheter tricuspid valve repair
Cardiac complications in STVr, TTVr and STVR
There was no significant difference for the cardiac tamponade, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrect between STVr, STVR and TTVr (Table 2; Fig. 3A-C), however, the third-degree atrioventricular block in TTVr were considerably lower when compared with STVr (8.7% STVr vs. 1.2% TTVr, P = 0.329, Table 2; Fig. 3D) and STVR (38.4% STVR vs. 1.2% TTVr, P < 0.05, Table 2; Fig. 3D). Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was required in 7.1% of patients who underwent TTVr, 8.7% of STVr and 3.5% of STVR (Table 2; Fig. 3E). Usage rate of extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was higher for STVr (4.3% STVr, 1.2% STVR, 1.2% TTVr, P = 0.73, Table 2; Fig. 3F), although there was no difference between these groups. There was no significant difference for the pericardial complication between STVr, STVR and TTVr (Table 2; Fig. 3G).
Fig. 3.
Cardiac complications in STVr, TTVr and STVR.
A, Cardiac tamponade in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. B, Cardiogenic shock in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. C, Cardiac arrest in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. D, Third degree atrioventricular block in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. E, IABP implantation in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. F, ECMO implantation in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. G, Pericardial complication in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. STVr indicates surgical tricuspid valve repair; STVR indicates surgical tricuspid valve replacement; TTVr indicates transcatheter tricuspid valve repair
Respiratory complications in STVr, TTVr and STVR
The patients who underwent STVr and STVR were more likely to suffer from respiratory failure (5.4% STVr vs. 1.2% TTVr, P = 0.369; 15.1% STVR vs. 1.2% TTVr, P < 0.05, Table 2; Fig. 4A), respiratory complications (6.5% STVr vs. 1.2% TTVr, P = 0.372; 19.8% STVR vs. 1.2% TTVr, P < 0.05, Table 2; Fig. 4B), and mechanical ventilation use (13% STVr vs. 7.1% TTVr, P = 0.531; 26.7% STVR vs. 7.1% TTVr, P = 0.136, Table 2; Fig. 4C).
Fig. 4.
Respiratory complications and Device implantation in STVr, TTVr and STVR.
A, Respiratory failure in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. B, Respiratory complications in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. C, Mechanical ventilation use in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. STVr indicates surgical tricuspid valve repair; STVR indicates surgical tricuspid valve replacement; TTVr indicates transcatheter tricuspid valve repair
Other perioperative complications in STVr, TTVr and STVR
There was no significant difference for the bleeding/hematoma post-procedure, blood transfusion in STVr, STVR and TTVr (Table 2; Fig. 5A-B), but it seems that TTVr had the lower rate of acute kidney injury (40.2% STVr vs. 34.9% TTVr, P = 0.405; 34.9% STVR vs. 28.6% TTVr, P = 0.697, Table 2; Fig. 5C) and fluid and electrolyte disorders (44.6% STVr vs. 21.4% TTVr, P = 0.102; 50.0% STVR vs. 21.4% TTVr, P < 0.05, Table 2; Fig. 5D) when compared with STVr and STVR.
Fig. 5.
Other perioperative complications in STVr, TTVr and STVR.
A, Bleeding/hematoma post-procedure in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. B, Blood transfusion in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. C, Acute kidney injury in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. D, Fluid and electrolyte disorders in patients undergoing STVr, TTVr and STVR from 2016 to 2018. STVr indicates surgical tricuspid valve repair; STVR indicates surgical tricuspid valve replacement; TTVr indicates transcatheter tricuspid valve repair; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump
Discussion
The following main findings were reported for the first time in our contemporary real-world study of outcomes for TTVr vs. STVr or STVR. (1) The in-hospital mortality was lower for patients who underwent TTVr when compared with STVr or STVR. (2) TTVr was related with lower periprocedural complications. (3) The length of stay in hospital and medical cost were significantly higher for STVr or STVR compared to TTVr.
Given the high risk of tricuspid surgery [20] and poor outcomes with conservative therapy [21], transcatheter tricuspid intervention has recently emerged as a viable alternative. At present, transcatheter leaflet repair was proved to be the most common strategy for some of the tricuspid insufficiency patients, with excellent safety and site-reported procedural success (TR grade ≤ 2+) ranging from 72–86% [22]. However, most TTVr approaches are still in development and the outcomes and safety evaluations of TTVr versus STVR or STVr remain limited and lack of support from randomized controlled trials or other high-quality clinical studies. Using the NIS database, the present study elaborates the outcomes and use of resources of TTVr compared with STVr or STVR. In a nationally representative sample of US hospitalizations, the total charge and the length of hospital days of TTVr were significantly lower than STVR, compared with STVr, the total charge and the length of hospital days of TTVr seems to decreasing, but not with significantly difference, representing the better potential adoption of TTVr at the national level in the US.
Similar to other reports [23, 24], compared with STVR or STVr, our study demonstrated that patients who underwent TTVr were older and had higher burden of comorbidities such as heart failure, hyperlipemia, renal failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease suggesting that a larger proportion of patients may be at higher risk of surgery. Although patients who underwent TTVr were older than those who underwent STVR or STVr groups, the TTVr group has higher in-hospital mortality, indicating that STVR or STVr maybe far behind TTVr in surgical safety, but more clinical studies were needed to confirm the result. At present, there was no study to compare the mortality of TTVr versus surgical tricuspid valve procedure, one study demonstrated that isolated tricuspid valve surgery being a rare procedure with an in-hospital mortality of nearly 10% [25], but TTVr seems to offer symptomatic improvement and a reduction in heart failure related hospitalizations with a low rate of complications and mortality [15], these results were similar with our data.
Third degree atrioventricular block and respiratory complications maybe the scariest perioperative complications of tricuspid valve surgical or procedures, but these complications impact on early mortality has not been well investigated. Our results demonstrated that the early third-degree atrioventricular block rate for current STVR and STVr recipients were approximately 38.5% and 8.7%, which was higher than that in TTVr series. STVR and STVr also had higher respiratory complications (STVR of 19.2, STVr of 6.5%) when compared with TTVr. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm above-mentioned perioperative complications.
The preliminary studies with TTVr demonstrated that despite the high-risk profile of TR patients undergoing TTVr, most procedures were well tolerated and associated with lower in-hospital mortality [26]. To date, the International Multi-site transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Registry (NCT03416166) represents the largest cohort of patients treated with TTVr using different devices aomng the world [27]. The last report of the study (n = 470) demonstrated that the included patients exhibited a high estimated surgical risk, and 73% of them had been admitted for right ventricle failure before the procedure [28]. The results displayed that the procedural success was obtained in 80% of the included patients, and the TriClip system was used in 79% of the patients. In-hospital and 30-day mortality was 3.2% and 3.8%, respectively. Also, several factors were identified as the predictors of follow-up survival [28]: the presence of ascites (HR = 3.10; 95% CI, 1.50–16.50; P = 0.01), baseline systolic pulmonary artery pressure (HR = 16.20; 95% CI, 2.00-135.80; P = 0.01), procedural success (HR = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.01–4.50; P < 0.01).
Although the feasibility and initial efficacy of TTVr have been well documented, data on clinical outcomes with extended follow-up are still scarce. Orban et al. [29] showed the effect of transcatheter edge-to-edge repair on the rate of heart failure hospitalization in 119 patients. And among them 93% patients with TriClip system and 7% patients with Pascal system. The study demonstrated that the average annual hospitalization rate of heart failure was decreased by 22%, from 1.21 to 0.95 per patient per year (P = 0.02). Also, TR grade reduction persisted at 1-year follow-up (72% with moderate or less TR grade) and NYHA class improved significantly (grade I-II in 67% of patients at 1 year vs. 9% at baseline; P < 0.001). In addition, 72% of the patients persisted with moderate or less TR grade at 1-year follow-up and 67% of the patients with grade I-II of NYHA class which was improved significantly compared with baseline (P < 0.001).
In the absence of RCT studies, Taramasso et al. compared the outcomes of TTVr with conservative treatment got from 2 large medical centres [30]. As a results, a total of 268 patients were identified from the 2 medical centres, the data shown that compared with control patients, TTVr patients had lower 1-year mortality (23 ± 3% vs. 36 ± 3%; P = 0.001) and rehospitalization (26 ± 3% vs. 47 ± 3%; P < 0.0001)30. These data indicated that TTVr associated with lower mortality and heart failure rehospitalization compared with medical therapy, which should be confirmed in future RCT studies.
There are some limitations of our study because of the inherent weakness of NIS database and the study design. The major limitations of our study include small sample size, observational design, and a lack of standardized protocols for patient management. In addition, there is no data for laboratory and echocardiography in this study to compare the cardiac function among the groups. Furthermore, the long-term endpoints could not be evaluated in NIS samples because NIS database was not designed to follow up patients’ data longitudinally and we didn’t have the information about surgery via conventional sternotomy or minimally invasive methods.
Conclusion
TTVr has shown to have favorable outcomes compared to STVr or STVR, but more research and clinical trials are required to help formulate evidence-based guidelines for the role of catheter-based management in tricuspid valve disease.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Additional File 1: Criteria to determine presence of diseases in NIS database.
Acknowledgements
Xiqiang Wang was supported by Technology Talents Support Program of Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (2021JY-06, 2022YJY-39), the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province (2022JQ-855), the Basic Scientific Research Operating Expenses of Xi’an Jiaotong University (xzy012022131), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M722576); Yanpeng Ma was supported by Technology Talents Support Program of Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (2022JY-52); Shuo Pan was funded by Top Talent Program of Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (2021BJ-12) and Innovative Talents Promotion Program-Young Science and Technology Nova Project of Shaanxi province (2020KJXX-086).
Author contributions
XW conceived the study and wrote the manuscript. XF provided the data, analyzed the data and revised the manuscript. YM revised the manuscript. GG revised the manuscript and provided comments of this research. SP, JW and YZ revised the manuscript and provided guidance for this study, All authors reviewed the manuscript.
Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate.
Because the NIS database is publicly available, we do not need to get the approval of the institutional review board or the informed consent in our clinical study and our study was and was in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration’s guidelines.
Consent for publication.
Not applicable.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Shuo Pan, Email: panshuosx@163.com.
Junkui Wang, Email: cardiowang@163.com.
Yong Zhang, Email: zhangyong971292@163.com.
References
- 1.Vahanian A, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:561–632. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Topilsky Y, et al. Burden of Tricuspid Regurgitation in Patients diagnosed in the community setting. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:433–42. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.06.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Nickenig G, et al. Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair for reduction of tricuspid regurgitation: 6-month outcomes of the TRILUMINATE single-arm study. Lancet. 2019;394:2002–11. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32600-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Schueler R, et al. Impact of baseline tricuspid regurgitation on long-term clinical outcomes and survival after interventional edge-to-edge repair for mitral regurgitation. Clin Res Cardiol. 2017;106:350–8. doi: 10.1007/s00392-016-1062-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Topilsky Y, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome of tricuspid regurgitation in patients with systolic dysfunction. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3584–92. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy434. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Kodali S, et al. Feasibility study of the transcatheter valve repair system for severe tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77:345–56. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Wong WK, et al. Late outcomes of Valve Repair Versus replacement in isolated and concomitant tricuspid valve surgery: a Nationwide Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e015637. doi: 10.1161/jaha.119.015637. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Baumgartner H, et al. 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:2739–91. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx391. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Beckmann A, et al. German heart surgery report 2017: the Annual updated Registry of the german society for thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018;66:608–21. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1676131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Kilic A, Saha-Chaudhuri P, Rankin JS, Conte JV. Trends and outcomes of tricuspid valve surgery in North America: an analysis of more than 50,000 patients from the Society of thoracic Surgeons database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;96:1546–52. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.06.031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Fender EA, Zack CJ, Nishimura RA. Isolated tricuspid regurgitation: outcomes and therapeutic interventions. Heart. 2018;104:798–806. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311586. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Chen SW, et al. Surgical risk and outcome of repair versus replacement for late tricuspid regurgitation in redo operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:770–5. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.11.057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Nickenig G, et al. Transcatheter mitral annuloplasty in chronic functional mitral regurgitation: 6-Month results with the Cardioband Percutaneous Mitral Repair System. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9:2039–47. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2016.07.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Meijerink F, et al. Transcatheter tricuspid valve repair: early experience in the Netherlands. Neth Heart J. 2021;29:595–603. doi: 10.1007/s12471-021-01613-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Lurz P, et al. Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair for treatment of Tricuspid Regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77:229–39. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Volz MJ, et al. Functional improvement following direct interventional leaflet repair of severe tricuspid regurgitation. ESC Heart Fail. 2022 doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13831. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Hahn RT, et al. Early Feasibility Study of a transcatheter tricuspid valve annuloplasty: SCOUT Trial 30-Day results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:1795–806. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Nickenig G, et al. 6-Month Outcomes of Tricuspid Valve Reconstruction for patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:1905–15. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.062. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Taramasso M, et al. Outcomes after current transcatheter tricuspid valve Intervention: mid-term results from the International TriValve Registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12:155–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2018.10.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Axtell AL, et al. Surgery does not improve survival in patients with isolated severe tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:715–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.04.028. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Cai S, et al. Natural history of severe tricuspid regurgitation: outcomes after transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention compared to medical therapy. Int J Cardiol. 2020;320:49–54. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.07.018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Fam NP, et al. Compassionate use of the PASCAL Transcatheter Valve Repair System for severe tricuspid regurgitation: a Multicenter, Observational, First-in-human experience. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12:2488–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2019.09.046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Sarris-Michopoulos P, et al. Isolated tricuspid valve surgery-repair versus replacement: a meta-analysis. J Card Surg. 2022;37:329–35. doi: 10.1111/jocs.16131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Cepas-Guillen PL, et al. Initial results after the implementation of an Edge-To-Edge transcatheter tricuspid valve repair program. J Clin Med. 2021;10. 10.3390/jcm10184252. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 25.LaPar DJ, et al. Development of a risk prediction model and clinical risk score for isolated tricuspid valve surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;106:129–36. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.11.077. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Asmarats L, Puri R, Latib A, Navia JL. Rodés-Cabau, J. Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Interventions: Landscape, Challenges, and future directions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2935–56. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Taramasso M, et al. The International Multicenter TriValve Registry: which patients are undergoing transcatheter tricuspid repair? JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:1982–90. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2017.08.011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Taramasso M, et al. Outcomes of TTVI in patients with pacemaker or defibrillator leads: data from the TriValve Registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13:554–64. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2019.10.058. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Orban M, et al. Transcatheter edge-to-edge tricuspid repair for severe tricuspid regurgitation reduces hospitalizations for heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2020;8:265–76. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.12.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Taramasso M, et al. Transcatheter Versus Medical treatment of patients with symptomatic severe tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:2998–3008. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Additional File 1: Criteria to determine presence of diseases in NIS database.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.