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. 2023 May 5:13674935231165554. doi: 10.1177/13674935231165554

Children and adolescents’ mental health in pandemics and confinement: A scoping review of vulnerability factors and repercussions

Marjorie Montreuil 1,✉, Chantal Camden 2, Christine Genest 3, Elsa Gilbert 4, Emilie Laberge-Perrault 1, Geneviève Piché 5, Jessica Rassy 2,*, Aline Bogossian 3, Lauranne Gendron-Cloutier 1, Geneveave Barbo 1
PMCID: PMC10164454  PMID: 37146991

Abstract

Children and adolescents are a population at particular risk of experiencing adverse mental health repercussions related to pandemics. To understand vulnerability factors and repercussions of pandemics and related sanitary measures on children and adolescents’ mental health, we performed a scoping review to examine and synthesize literature. In total, 66 articles were included. Results present: (1) factors that increase vulnerability to adverse mental health repercussions (e.g., having a pre-existing mental health condition, social isolation, low socio-economic status, parental distress, and overexposure to media content) and (2) specific mental health repercussions (e.g., anxiety, fear, depression, and externalizing behaviors). Addressing concerns underlined in this review could contribute to preventing further negative mental health repercussions of pandemics for children and adolescents and better prepare governments and professionals to address these highly challenging situations. Recommendations for practice include enhancing healthcare professionals’ awareness about possible detrimental repercussions pandemics and sanitary measures have on children and adolescents’ mental health, assessing changes for those with pre-existing mental health conditions, allocating funding for telehealth research, and providing greater support to healthcare providers.

Keywords: child, adolescent, mentalhealth, COVID-19, pandemics

Introduction

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has far-reaching impacts worldwide: governments have enforced unprecedented sanitary measures to contain the spread of the virus, including widespread quarantine, confinement, physical and social distancing, school closures, and other measures such as handwashing and mask-wearing (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2020; Saurabh and Ranjan, 2020). These sanitary measures have substantially disrupted daily living, leading to impacts on children and adolescents’ (C&A) mental health and well-being (Fegert et al., 2020; Institut national d’excellence en santé et en services sociaux [INESSS], 2020a; OECD, 2020).

Thirteen percent of the global burden of disease for C&A aged 10–19 is related to mental health conditions, with depression being one of the leading causes of illness among adolescents, and suicide being the fourth leading cause of death in 15–19-year-olds (World Health Organization, 2020). For C&A with pre-existing mental health difficulties, widespread sanitary measures can exacerbate these adverse effects, by aggravating symptoms due to disruption or inaccessibility to their regular mental health care and challenges related to the pandemic context (Chevance et al., 2020). Sanitary measures imposed in previous smaller-scale pandemics, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-1 outbreak of 2003 and 2009 Influenza A H1N1 (Swine flu), have resulted in various adverse psychological effects (sleep disturbances, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders) in C&A (Douglas et al., 2009; Hawryluck et al., 2004; Sprang and Silman, 2013). Moreover, isolation and quarantine pandemic measures have been directly linked to use of mental health services for children (Sprang and Silman, 2013). These studies also showed that mental health symptoms tended to increase with severity of the crisis and duration of confinement periods (Douglas et al., 2009; Hawryluck et al., 2004).

Understanding the factors that make C&A vulnerable to pandemic-related psychological distress and the mental health repercussions for C&A will improve support in future crises. It will provide health care and social workers guidance to support C&A′ mental health. Not addressing these concerns could contribute to a greater exacerbation of mental health difficulties in both the short and the long term (Chevance et al., 2020; Fegert et al., 2020; INESSS, 2020a). We define vulnerability factors as features that can impact C&A′ psychological distress and define repercussions as encompassing both positive and negative effects, impacts, and consequences of the pandemic on C&A′ mental health or well-being. The term children refers to children aged 12 and below, adolescents to those aged 13–17 years old, and C&A to both groups. While different reviews have been published studying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on C&A mental health (e.g., Elharake et al., 2022; Hossain et al., 2022; Panchal et al., 2021), none have focused principally on vulnerability factors in C&A. The following scoping review builds on a previous report (Montreuil et al., 2020) and presents an original analysis of vulnerability factors and repercussions in relation to pandemic-related psychological distress in C&A and a model of their interplay.

Aim

To examine and synthesize literature on how pandemics and related sanitary measures affect C&A′ mental health. Questions guiding the review were as follows: What factors increase vulnerability to adverse mental health in this context? What repercussions have pandemics and related sanitary measures had on C&A′ mental health?

Review methodology

A scoping review methodology (Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI]; Peters et al., 2020), adjusted with the Rapid Review Guidebook (Dobbins, 2017), was used to rapidly build, map, and synthesize available literature addressing the review aims. Searches were limited to three academic databases (Medline; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL]; PsycInfo). Grey literature searches were conducted in Google and Governmental and Professional Associations websites. A single librarian completed all initial database searches, with no peer review of search strategies (see Supplementary File S1 for a search strategy example). Initial search of academic databases was conducted on June 5, 2020, with follow-up searches conducted on July 20th and September 28, 2020, in which 15,980 records were identified. Grey literature was searched with similar keywords. A comprehensive approach was used to aggregate results from qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies in conjunction with a review of conceptual/theoretical texts and grey literature to offer a more thorough view of the available literature (Arksey and O’Malley, 2005; Levac et al., 2010; Tricco et al., 2018).

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

A two-step screening process was applied. First, documents were screened by title and abstract. Documents were included if they: (1) addressed mental health or mental well-being; (2) were related to pandemics (e.g., SARS-CoV-1/2, H1N1); (3) targeted C&A (aged 17 years old and below); (4) were published in English or French. Including literature related to other similar disease outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV-1, enabled us to have a broader evidence base from which to obtain relevant information. Original research articles, reviews, and grey literature from reputable organizations (e.g., international and governmental organizations) were included, whereas commentaries, editorial texts, and non-peer reviewed original articles were excluded. Rayyan, a web-based application for systematic reviews (Ouzzani et al., 2016), was used by two research assistants to independently screen each abstract. A third reviewer was consulted to settle any disagreement regarding inclusion or exclusion of a document. Next, full-text screening of the identified records (n = 382) was undertaken independently by two research assistants, with disagreements settled by a third research assistant (see Supplementary File S2 for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses diagram). Reviews that didn’t meet at least five out of 10 criteria from the JBI’s critical appraisal checklist for systematic reviews were also excluded at this stage (Aromataris et al., 2015). The appraisal was performed by two research assistants, with disagreements settled with a researcher.

Data charting and analysis

A data charting table was developed in Excel by the researchers, in consultation with knowledge users. In addition to data directly related to our review questions, we charted data about contexts (e.g., other pandemics/epidemics vs. COVID-19, country (e.g., based on original study sites or country affiliation of first authors for reviews), study design, age of C&A, sex/gender, and type of mental health issues. Two research assistants were independently involved in data extraction for each article and inconsistencies were resolved through discussion. Within the table, we grouped the data as per vulnerability factors and mental health repercussions, and refined the analysis using the additional data charted. Data were then synthesized through the writing of narrative summaries and interpretive analyses, guided by our review aim. Co-researchers were consulted three times in the review process (during review design, data charting and analysis) and two knowledge users with clinical positions in child mental health provided feedback twice based on their clinical experience (Racine et al., 2019).

Findings

Descriptive review

Literature searches and screening procedures yielded a total of 66 included documents on C&A′ mental health repercussions, of which 31 documents addressed vulnerability factors (47%). Sixty-two articles (94.0%) were published in 2020 and had COVID-19 as study context, with other documents focusing on SARS-CoV-1 (n = 3, 4.5%) and H1N1 (n = 2, 3.0%) pandemics. Research from 19 different countries is represented in the review with most articles originating from Canada (n = 14, 21.2%), China (n = 14, 21.2%), and the United States (n = 9, 13.6%). See Supplementary File S2 for sample details, methodology, and key results for each included document.

Interpretive review

This section presents factors that increase vulnerability to adverse mental health repercussions and specific mental health repercussions of pandemics. Included documents are contextualized to situate readers and facilitate transferability. Several factors can increase C&A′ vulnerability to experience detrimental mental health repercussions during pandemics, many of the factors being intertwined (see Figure 1). Pandemic, pre-existing, and parental factors can interact with each other and increase C&A′ vulnerability to experiencing psychological distress. Psychological distress and a decrease in well-being are associated with periods of pandemics across age groups and contexts, with greater distress reported in adolescents compared to younger children (Duan et al., 2020; Hawke et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020; Saurabh and Ranjan, 2020; Yeasmin et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020b). Studies link this distress to school closures, limited peer contact, and related important disruptions in routines (Dubey et al., 2020; Oliveira et al., 2020; Loades et al., 2020; Racine et al., 2020). Psychological distress in C&A is likely to outlast the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and may last for several years (INESSS, 2020a; INESSS, 2020b; Gautam et al., 2020). Many articles identified other, more specific, mental health repercussions for C&A as part of, or in addition to the more general term “psychological distress,” which are highlighted further.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Factors that increase C&A’ vulnerability to experience detrimental mental health repercussions.

Factors increasing C&A′ vulnerability to detrimental mental health repercussions

Pandemic factors

Social Isolation. Confinement measures are directly linked to loneliness and social isolation, which increase risks of stress and psychological distress for C&A, especially for adolescents (Ellis et al., 2020; INESSS, 2020b; INESSS, 2020a; Oliveira et al., 2020). Loss of social contact, for example, through school closures, is associated to detrimental mental health outcomes and sadness in C&A (Camden et al., 2020). Confinement measures can also lead to C&A not being able to engage in using coping strategies, which can exacerbate C&A′ psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic (Marchini et al., 2020).

Exposure to Media Content. Exposure to pandemic-related media content leads to increased stress in C&A and can exacerbate their fears and nervousness (INESSS, 2020a). For adolescents, prolonged time spent on social media is related to more depressive symptoms (Ellis et al., 2020).

Illness Exposure, Contraction, or Death. Certain factors have the potential to increase anxiety, adjustment difficulties, or stress-related disorders, which include family members or friends’ illness or death due to the virus and having parents who are at high risk of exposure to the virus or needing to be quarantined (Duan et al., 2020; Dubey et al., 2020; Garcia De Avila et al., 2020; Kılınçel et al., 2020; Yeasmin et al., 2020).

Pre-existing factors

Diagnosed Mental Health Conditions and Neurodiversity. C&A with prior mental health conditions, such as anxiety or an underlying psychiatric illness (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders), and those who were referred for psychiatric treatment prior to the pandemic are considered at greater risk of experiencing negative repercussions, especially since confinement measures have led to greater difficulty in accessing usual mental health services (Dubey et al., 2020; Guessoum et al., 2020; INESSS, 2020b; Kılınçel et al., 2020; Camden et al., 2020). Neurodiverse C&A (e.g., autistic C&A and C&A diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder or intellectual disabilities) also face greater risks of increased psychological distress (Colizzi et al., 2020; Davis et al., 2020; Dubey et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020a). Adjusting to sanitary measures can be more difficult for neurodiverse C&A (Guessoum et al., 2020). For autistic C&A, especially those with prior behavior challenges, more intense and frequent externalizing behaviors compared to before the COVID-19 outbreak were noted by parents (Colizzi et al., 2020)

Low Socio-Economic Status. Living in a family with a low socio-economic status prior to a pandemic, or that is affected economically during a pandemic, increases C&A′ vulnerability to psychological distress (Camden et al., 2020; INESSS, 2020a; Gautam et al., 2020; OECD, 2020). Family financial losses or unmet basic needs are associated with high levels of psychological distress, greater anxiety, and depressive symptoms in C&A (Dubé et al., 2020; Racine et al., 2020; Saurabh and Ranjan, 2020).

Parental factors

Parental Distress or Pre-Existing Mental Health Conditions. C&A whose parents had pre-existing mental health difficulties or were distressed by the pandemic were more prone to detrimental mental health repercussions (INESSS, 2020b; Patrick et al., 2020; Racine et al., 2020). Children’s distress has been associated with parental distress during pandemics, including increased stress, mood changes, greater fear, decreased well-being, and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Camden et al., 2020; Guessoum et al., 2020; INESSS, 2020a; Patrick et al., 2020; Racine et al., 2020; Romero et al., 2020; Russell et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020a). C&A are more likely to have PTSD symptoms when their parents meet PTSD diagnostic cut-off levels (Sprang and Silman, 2013).

Increased Child Maltreatment and Intrafamilial Violence. Stress of having to live in isolation because of confinement measures is directly linked to increased risk of intrafamilial violence and child maltreatment (Guessoum et al., 2020; INESSS, 2020a; Oliveira et al., 2020). Confinement also decreases opportunities for C&A to flee or report their abuse (Gautam et al., 2020). Furthermore, a study supports that C&A who reported experiencing family abuse or neglect prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and had experienced or closely witnessed exposure to the virus (e.g., being infected themselves, or a family member, friend, or neighbor), showed elevated post-traumatic stress symptoms (Guo et al., 2020). Adverse childhood experiences can have lifetime negative repercussions, including C&A who have adverse experiences during a pandemic period (Guo et al., 2020).

Mental health repercussions

Anxiety, stress, fear, and post-traumatic symptoms

Data from original studies and reviews support the view that pandemics and their associated sanitary measures lead to greater stress, anxiety, and fear in C&A (Duan et al., 2020; INESSS, 2020b; Dubé et al., 2020; Racine et al., 2020; Russell et al., 2020; Orgilés et al., 2020). Compared to non-pandemic periods, children were generally found to be more nervous and fearful (Camden et al., 2020; Garcia De Avila et al., 2020; Idoiaga Mondragon et al., 2020; Sprang and Silman, 2013; Imran et al., 2020). Separation from loved ones as a response to sanitary measures can be significantly detrimental to children; it is associated with greater anxiety, fear, worry, and nervousness (Garcia De Avila et al., 2020; INESSS, 2020a; Koller et al., 2006; Saurabh and Ranjan, 2020; Singh et al., 2020). For younger children, reported repercussions include clinginess, feeling overwhelmed, and experiencing speech difficulties (INESSS, 2020b; Imran et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2020; Idoiaga Mondragon et al., 2020). Two systematic reviews support that adolescents are at-risk of having increased anxiety symptoms because of the COVID-19 pandemic (Guessoum et al., 2020; O’Reilly et al., 2020), with other studies also associating this pandemic context with stress and intrusive thoughts (Guessoum et al., 2020; Hou et al., 2020; O’Reilly et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020a).

Research on H1N1 and SARS pandemics show that C&A may also develop post-traumatic stress disorder (Sprang and Silman, 2013), as is the case in COVID-19 pandemic preliminary studies (Dubey et al., 2020; Guessoum et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2020; Hou et al., 2020).

Depressive symptoms

Symptoms associated with depression were reported to have developed and increased in C&A during pandemics. For instance, symptoms of depression were greater during than prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly for adolescents (Duan et al., 2020; Guessoum et al., 2020; Hawke et al., 2020; Hou et al., 2020; O’Reilly et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020b; Racine et al., 2020). Symptoms included sadness from being away from loved ones, feeling listless, and experiencing social and emotional withdrawal (Guessoum et al., 2020; Idoiaga Mondragon et al., 2020; Idoiaga et al., 2020; INESSS, 2020b; Imran et al., 2020; Koller et al., 2006; Orgilés et al., 2020; Saurabh and Ranjan, 2020). A study noted that COVID-19-related onset of depressive symptoms is mediated by the occurrence of negative emotional reactivity (Seçer and Ulaş, 2020).

Increased occurrences of adolescent self-harm, suicidal ideas, and suicidal acts have been reported in studies from North America, Europe, and China during the COVID-19 pandemic (Hou et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020b; Ellis et al., 2020).

Externalizing behaviors

Across all age groups, behavior changes were identified during the COVID-19 pandemic, including externalizing behavior such as increased irritability, annoyance, restlessness, expressions of anger, and aggression (Saurabh and Ranjan, 2020; INESSS, 2020b; Orgilés et al., 2020). School-aged children tend to exhibit anger, inattention, agitation, or hyperactivity (Idoiaga Mondragon et al., 2020; Idoiaga et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2020; Romero et al., 2020) although some studies report that more than half of children do not show a significant change in behavior (Romero et al., 2020). For vulnerable adolescents, externalizing behaviors can take the form of increased risk-taking behaviors, notably taking drugs, drinking alcohol, or having at-risk sexual relationships (Guessoum et al., 2020; INESSS, 2020b). While a study with both a clinical and community sample of youth reported that substance use had generally declined during the COVID-19 pandemic; a subset of youth mentioned using substances to cope, particularly those with depressive symptoms and a greater fear of COVID-19 (Dumas et al., 2020; Hawke et al., 2020).

Alterations in sleep habits

Pandemics and their associated sanitary measures can impact C&A’s sleep habits, with children experiencing disrupted sleep cycles, difficulties falling asleep, insomnia, agitation, frequent waking up, greater sleep duration, nightmares, and fatigue (Saurabh and Ranjan, 2020; Guessoum et al., 2020; INESSS, 2020b; INESSS, 2020a; Camden et al., 2020). In younger children, sleep disturbances varied, with some studies reporting more challenging bedtime routines and a decrease in sleep quality, and others in which children experienced fewer sleep disturbances (Camden et al., 2020; Dellagiulia et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2021).

Positive mental health repercussions

Certain studies highlighted positive mental health repercussions of pandemics for C&A. A parent-reported Spanish study raised the possibility that the sanitary measures could have benefitted some children to develop patterns of adaptation that have been positive: better routines for activities and self-care and increasing pro-social behaviors (Romero et al., 2020). Also, greater child–parent closeness and knowledge about the pandemic have been reported as being associated with less distress during the COVID-19 pandemic (Russell et al., 2020).

Discussion

This rapid scoping review highlights factors that increase C&A′ vulnerability to adverse mental health repercussions of pandemics and sanitary measures, such as social isolation, exposure to media content, illness exposure, contraction, or death, diagnosed mental health conditions and neurodiversity, low socio-economic status, parental distress or pre-existing mental health conditions, increased child maltreatment and intrafamilial violence. The model presented in Figure 1 emphasizes how these vulnerability factors are linked to psychological distress in C&A, which can take different forms. The model we propose highlights vulnerability factors directly related to the pandemic context and indirect factors (pre-existing or parental factors), which are linked to specific mental health repercussions such as anxiety, stress, depressive symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and alterations in sleep habits. Other recent reviews examined the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on C&A, with similar repercussions highlighted, such as anxiety, depressive symptoms, PTSD/stress, and sleep disturbances (Elharake et al., 2022; Hossain et al., 2022; Panchal et al., 2021)). This review is therefore more specific in highlighting the interrelationships between vulnerability factors and mental health repercussions, and could contribute to guide clinical practices to better support C&A′ mental health.

In addition to pandemic related factors, pre-existing factors, such as economic hardship, social insecurity, and diagnosed mental health conditions are important factors that are linked to significant negative mental health repercussions. It has been documented that there is a strong relationship between socio-economic deprivation and mental health difficulties, as early as in childhood years (OECD, 2020). These insecurities risk producing downstream effects on other factors that are detrimental to C&A′ mental health, such as parental mental health and exposure to stressful situations (OECD, 2020). Family context, including parenting practices and parents’ coping strategies, plays an important role on C&A′ mental health during times of crisis or disasters (Cobham et al., 2016). C&A with pre-existing mental health conditions often limit their everyday activities (including physical, school, and social activities), which becomes exacerbated in a pandemic context (Lawson et al., 2017). Tailored health services should therefore be put in place to better support these families (Patrick et al., 2020). This support could contribute to mitigate the negative mental health repercussions related to the COVID-19 pandemic both in the short and long terms.

Limitations

We adopted a rapid scoping review methodology, limited literature searches to three databases, and included documents published until the end of September 2020. Most included documents originated from Canada, China, and the United States, and the representation of other countries is more limited, varying between 1 and 5 studies per country. This review thus provides a partial account as to the potential mental health repercussions (both adverse and favorable) engendered by pandemics and may not reflect cultural differences. Literature grew exponentially between first and last search iterations, and continues to increase rapidly, as the COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed a rapid proliferation of articles, reviews, editorials, and opinion pieces. We contend, however, that the large sample of included documents acts as a solid basis for the model we propose, and we contextualize the studies within the Findings.

Recommendations for practice

The pathways in which various factors can increase C&A′ vulnerabilities to possible detrimental mental health repercussions of pandemics for C&A should be shared with healthcare providers to raise awareness of these factors and possible interactions. This can be achieved through diverse knowledge mobilization strategies such as media campaigns and webinars, the latter representing a knowledge transmission and dissemination strategy that can be used in pandemic contexts and has been demonstrated to be effective, acceptable, accessible, and sustainable (Yost et al., 2016; Chiswell et al., 2018; Yost et al., 2016). In a pandemic context, C&A could be screened within primary and specialized C&A services for the specific vulnerability factors applicable to patients they care for (e.g., based on age groups) as per their clinical judgment, in addition to performing a complete mental health assessment. In addition to screening for vulnerability factors, healthcare providers could promote protective factors for C&A and their families.

For C&A who had mental health conditions prior to the pandemic, changes in their condition should be thoroughly assessed, including the assessment of new symptoms and their family environment. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted and challenged the delivery of mental health and social services for all C&A (Davis et al., 2020; Fegert et al., 2020; Gautam et al., 2020; Walker and Tolentino, 2020). Mental health resources were transferred in certain cases to other departments (Fegert et al., 2020; Walker and Tolentino, 2020). A recent study involving a disadvantaged UK population has shown that, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a 50% decline in mental health diagnoses (anxiety disorders and depression), in comparison to estimates of the expected number of diagnoses based on data from the previous year, because the services were not available due to lockdown measures (Williams et al., 2020). Reviews, including ours and others, have shown that many individuals have suffered from these same mental health problems because of the COVID-19 pandemic (Elharake et al., 2022; Hossain et al., 2022; Panchal et al., 2021). In this context, remote assessment and intervention strategies present themselves as an opportunity, not only to reach C&A in a time when in-person services are drastically limited but also to expedite the diagnostic process for mental health disorders and offer timely support (Smith et al., 2017).

Future Research

Regarding remote interventions, namely telehealth interventions (the use of two-way communication technology for health care), there is still limited information on the outcomes with C&A (OECD, 2020). Preliminary studies have identified barriers to service delivery, such as technical difficulties, reduced rapport, or worse behavioral observations, although certain types of services were seen positively, like teleconsultation outpatient therapy (Frye et al., 2021). Additional research could be conducted on ways to support C&A′ mental health in a pandemic context, including research on the use of telehealth with C&A, as young people make frequent use of the internet and it could improve help-seeking behaviors (Pretorius et al., 2019). Training should be offered to support healthcare providers in this transition to remote services. However, there are also other major concerns surrounding telemental health, such the loss of personal/human contact, discomfort, poor experiences, etc. (Cowan et al., 2019; Hawke et al., 2021). It is important to study the perspectives and experiences of C&A when receiving remote services, which would be particularly important for families considered as socio-economically disadvantaged, considering the higher risks related to negative mental health repercussions, as noted in this review. Studies relating C&A and youths’ viewpoints are scarce, as their perspectives, views, and experiences can and should help shape and model telemental health services (namely phone calls and videoconferencing) if they are to become part of health delivery systems (Hawke et al., 2021).

Future studies should consider categorizing specific mental health symptoms, rather than using a broad definition of general psychological distress, encompassing and lumping many different mental health symptoms into one general category, as did many of the studies included, as these would serve to better document mental health repercussions. Baseline comparison levels should also be used. Furthermore, most documents grouped together vast age ranges, overlapping both children and adolescents, or did not specify ages but rather labels such as “children” or “adolescents.” While there are similarities in both groups, there are also differences. We have, in our results section, differentiated the mental health repercussions between children and adolescents whenever possible. However, moving forward, it would be beneficial to distinguish mental health repercussions for younger and older children, as different programs or policies could be tailored to specific groups.

Conclusion

In just a few months, following the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, vulnerability factors including having a pre-existing mental health condition and living in a family facing economic hardships and social inequities, as well as adverse mental health repercussions for many C&A have been documented. The vast majority of results from this review highlight how vulnerability factors, such as overexposure to media and social isolation, exacerbate detrimental mental health repercussions of pandemics for C&A. Addressing the different concerns underlined in the review could contribute to preventing further negative mental health repercussions of the pandemic for C&A and better prepare governments and professionals to address these highly challenging situations.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental Material - Children and adolescents’ mental health in pandemics and confinement: A scoping review of vulnerability factors and repercussions
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Supplemental Material for Children and adolescents’ mental health in pandemics and confinement: A scoping review of vulnerability factors and repercussions by Marjorie Montreuil, Chantal Camden, Christine Genest, Elsa Gilbert, Geneviève Piché, Jessica Rassy, Aline Bogossian, Emilie Laberge-Perrault, Lauranne Gendron-Cloutier and Geneveave Barbo in Journal of Child Health Care

Supplemental Material - Children and adolescents’ mental health in pandemics and confinement: A scoping review of vulnerability factors and repercussions
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Supplemental Material for Children and adolescents’ mental health in pandemics and confinement: A scoping review of vulnerability factors and repercussions by Marjorie Montreuil, Chantal Camden, Christine Genest, Elsa Gilbert, Geneviève Piché, Jessica Rassy, Aline Bogossian, Emilie Laberge-Perrault, Lauranne Gendron-Cloutier and Geneveave Barbo in Journal of Child Health Care

Supplemental Material - Children and adolescents’ mental health in pandemics and confinement: A scoping review of vulnerability factors and repercussions
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Supplemental Material for Children and adolescents’ mental health in pandemics and confinement: A scoping review of vulnerability factors and repercussions by Marjorie Montreuil, Chantal Camden, Christine Genest, Elsa Gilbert, Geneviève Piché, Jessica Rassy, Aline Bogossian, Emilie Laberge-Perrault, Lauranne Gendron-Cloutier and Geneveave Barbo in Journal of Child Health Care

Acknowledgements

Thank you to Kadiam Al-Roubaie, Cameron Coutu, and Michèle Desmarais who assisted with part of the work related to this manuscript.

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors received funding from Canadian Institutes of Health Research: COVID-19 and Mental Health Initiative for the conduct of this work (FRN: 171715). Marjorie Montreuil received funding from Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé, in collaboration with Unité de soutien SSA Québec (recipient of a junior 1 career award).

Supplemental Material: Supplemental material for this article is available online.

ORCID iDs

Marjorie Montreuil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-025X

Christine Genest https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2897-7003

Jessica Rassy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5050-3111

Geneveave Barbo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9410-9474

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