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. 2023 May 6;12(9):1331. doi: 10.3390/cells12091331

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of the 3× “combo” therapy on neurodegeneration markers, short- and long-term. (A,B) Tissue levels of glutamate in the rostral and caudal spinal cord segments respective to the lesion epicentrum at 8 DPL; (C) NEFL in the CSF at 8 DPL; (D,E) photographs of the entire spinal cord of vehicle ((D), upper; (E), left) and treated ((D), lower; (E), right) treated rats. (F) Rostrocaudal extension of the scar in vehicle and “combo”-treated rats. Data are presented as boxplots (glutamate N = 7 rats/group; NFL N = 7 rats/group; scar N = 5 rats/group). Statistical analysis: A: One-way ANOVA and F: Mann–Whitney test; * p < 0.05; p < 0.05 was considered significant. Abbreviations: DPL—day post lesion; NEFL—neurofilament.