Table 3.
Baseline household, mother, and child characteristics by intervention group among infants in 72 community sectors (n = 386) a.
| Characteristic | Responsive Caregiving (n = 87) |
Fortified Beverage (n = 98) |
Responsive Caregiving + Fortified Beverage (n = 105) |
Control (n = 96) |
p b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household | |||||
| Family ethnicity, n (%) indigenous | 14 (19%) | 14 (17%) | 10 (11%) | 12 (15%) | 0.59 |
| Food insecurity, n (%) | 52 (61%) | 55 (59%) | 55 (56%) | 55 (60%) | 0.90 |
| Household assets, n | 6.45 (2.66) | 6.9 (2.93) | 6.94 (3.14) | 7.06 (3.02) | 0.53 |
| Household CHAOS score | 14.12 (4.7) | 15.3 (5.79) | 13.49 (5.05) | 14.33 (5.41) | 0.12 |
| Mother | |||||
| Age, y | 27.62 (7.85) | 28.76 (8.87) | 26 (6.6) | 27.84 (8.75) | 0.10 |
| Married/in a relationship, n (%) | 75 (86%) | 82 (84%) | 93 (89%) | 80 (83%) | 0.69 |
| <Primary schooling | 17 (20%) | 16 (17%) | 20 (19%) | 20 (21%) | 1.0 |
| Completed primary schooling | 46 (53%) | 50 (53%) | 55 (52%) | 49 (51%) | |
| ≥Secondary schooling | 24 (28%) | 29 (31%) | 30 (29%) | 27 (28%) | |
| Child | |||||
| Age, months | 12.87 (4.37) | 12.78 (4.73) | 13.19 (4.81) | 13.02 (4.26) | 0.93 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 43 (49%) | 52 (53%) | 49 (47%) | 47 (49%) | 0.84 |
| LAZ | −1.6 (0.91) | −1.53 (1.05) | −1.37 (1.06) | −1.71 (1.01) | 0.14 |
| WAZ | −0.74 (0.93) | −0.79 (0.95) | −0.68 (0.92) | −0.96 (0.92) | 0.20 |
| WHZ | 0.02 (0.93) | −0.02 (1.1) | 0.01 (0.93) | −0.13 (0.95) | 0.73 |
| BMIZ | 0.23 (0.94) | 0.17 (1.15) | 0.2 (0.96) | 0.09 (0.94) | 0.82 |
| Child development | |||||
| Cognitive score | 91.73 (11.21) | 94.11 (11.55) | 93.18 (12.19) | 94.78 (12.22) | 0.35 |
| Language score | 84.04 (15.31) | 86.13 (14.73) | 84.07 (15.6) | 86.13 (14.21) | 0.62 |
| Motor score | 85.86 (10.78) | 87.46 (11.89) | 86.17 (12.33) | 88.34 (13.78) | 0.49 |
| Socioemotional competence | 10.4 (5.67) | 11.6 (5.64) | 11.15 (5.97) | 11.47 (6.05) | 0.62 |
| Socioemotional problems | 17.1 (9.34) | 19.7 (10.57) | 16.87 (8.58) | 17.86 (9.5) | 0.21 |
| Nutrition biomarkers | |||||
| Hemoglobin | 10.98 (1.32) | 10.86 (1.12) | 10.61 (1.49) | 10.76 (1.29) | 0.58 |
| Ferritin c | 10.4 (25.28) | 12.48 (18.99) | 8.05 (6.06) | 11.29 (15.10) | 0.05 * |
a Values are means (SDs) unless otherwise indicated. b p-value for baseline differences between groups from ANOVA. * p < 0.05. c Values are medians (IQRs). p-Value for baseline differences between groups from Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric ANOVA.