Table 3.
Maternal bean consumption during pregnancy by socio-demographics.
| Dried Bean | Chili | Bean Soup | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | n | Mean ± SD (Cups/Week) | Overall p-Value |
Pairwise Comparisons (LSD) * |
n | Mean ± SD (Cups/Week) | Overall p-Value | PairwiseComparisons (LSD) * |
n | Mean ± SD (Cups/Week) | Overall p-Value | Pairwise Comparisons (LSD) * |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.849 | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1160 | 0.28 ± 0.49 | a | 1159 | 0.14 ± 0.28 | a | 1160 | 0.10 ± 0.34 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 67 | 0.25 ± 0.38 | a | 67 | 0.33 ± 0.90 | b | 67 | 0.09 ± 0.41 | ||||
| Hispanic | 94 | 0.64 ± 1.06 | b | 94 | 0.15 ± 0.34 | a | 93 | 0.13 ± 0.36 | ||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander/Other | 69 | 0.37 ± 0.67 | a | 69 | 0.17 ± 0.31 | a | 69 | 0.11 ± 0.35 | ||||
| Education level | 0.086 | 0.011 | 0.210 | |||||||||
| 1–8 years grade school | 4 | 0.12 ± 0.21 | a, b | 4 | 0.57 ± 0.41 | a | 4 | 0.05 ± 0.11 | ||||
| High school | 271 | 0.28 ± 0.61 | a | 271 | 0.18 ± 0.37 | b | 270 | 0.07 ± 0.25 | ||||
| 1–3 years college | 519 | 0.28 ± 0.46 | a | 520 | 0.15 ± 0.37 | b, c | 519 | 0.08 ± 0.29 | ||||
| College graduate | 385 | 0.30 ± 0.51 | a | 385 | 0.11 ± 0.23 | c | 385 | 0.12 ± 0.45 | ||||
| Postgraduate | 121 | 0.43 ± 0.83 | b | 120 | 0.13 ± 0.32 | b, c | 121 | 0.12 ± 0.30 | ||||
| College education | 0.463 | 0.044 | 0.174 | |||||||||
| Did not attend college | 275 | 0.28 ± 0.60 | 275 | 0.18 ± 0.37 | 274 | 0.07 ± 0.25 | ||||||
| Attended college | 1025 | 0.31 ± 0.54 | 1025 | 0.14 ± 0.32 | 1025 | 0.10 ± 0.36 | ||||||
| Employment status | 0.464 | 0.339 | 0.601 | |||||||||
| Unemployed | 497 | 0.32 ± 0.62 | 498 | 0.17 ± 0.36 | 498 | 0.09 ± 0.29 | ||||||
| Employed | 898 | 0.30 ± 0.55 | 896 | 0.15 ± 0.34 | 896 | 0.10 ± 0.38 | ||||||
| Household size | 0.187 | 0.006 | 0.131 | |||||||||
| 1-2 people | 361 | 0.32 ± 0.56 | a, b | 361 | 0.17 ± 0.43 | a | 362 | 0.13 ± 0.48 | ||||
| 3 people | 527 | 0.28 ± 0.56 | a | 527 | 0.11 ± 0.23 | b | 525 | 0.09 ± 0.29 | ||||
| 4 people | 283 | 0.29 ± 0.49 | a, b | 282 | 0.19 ± 0.40 | a | 283 | 0.07 ± 0.27 | ||||
| ≥5 people | 230 | 0.38 ± 0.71 | b | 230 | 0.19 ± 0.34 | a | 229 | 0.13 ± 0.35 | ||||
| Annual household income level (USD) | 0.418 | 0.034 | 0.844 | |||||||||
| <25,000 | 312 | 0.27 ± 0.55 | 313 | 0.20 ± 0.51 | a | 313 | 0.11 ± 0.33 | |||||
| 25,000–<40,000 | 317 | 0.35 ± 0.63 | 317 | 0.14 ± 0.23 | b | 314 | 0.11 ± 0.44 | |||||
| 40,000–<60,000 | 318 | 0.32 ± 0.59 | 318 | 0.15 ± 0.28 | a, b | 317 | 0.10 ± 0.31 | |||||
| ≥60,000 | 454 | 0.31 ± 0.54 | 452 | 0.13 ± 0.32 | b | 455 | 0.09 ± 0.34 | |||||
| WIC recipient status | 0.665 | 0.018 | 0.775 | |||||||||
| Non-recipient | 824 | 0.32 ± 0.57 | 822 | 0.14 ± 0.29 | 824 | 0.10 ± 0.36 | ||||||
| Recipient | 577 | 0.30 ± 0.59 | 578 | 0.18 ± 0.41 | 575 | 0.10 ± 0.35 | ||||||
| Regions of residency | <0.001 | 0.037 | 0.600 | |||||||||
| New England | 68 | 0.26 ± 0.64 | a, b, c | 68 | 0.10 ± 0.24 | a | 68 | 0.13 ± 0.51 | a, b | |||
| Middle Atlantic | 166 | 0.31 ± 0.70 | b, c | 166 | 0.10 ± 0.26 | a | 165 | 0.14 ± 0.48 | a | |||
| East North Central | 281 | 0.22 ± 0.41 | a, b | 282 | 0.15 ± 0.26 | a, b | 281 | 0.07 ± 0.22 | b | |||
| West North Central | 136 | 0.15 ± 0.29 | a | 135 | 0.14 ± 0.31 | a, b | 136 | 0.07 ± 0.32 | a, b | |||
| South Atlantic | 232 | 0.36 ± 0.61 | c | 231 | 0.15 ± 0.52 | a, b | 231 | 0.10 ± 0.38 | a, b | |||
| East South Central | 79 | 0.43 ± 0.56 | c | 80 | 0.26 ± 0.36 | c | 80 | 0.10 ± 0.33 | a, b | |||
| West South Central | 152 | 0.42 ± 0.67 | c | 150 | 0.15 ± 0.27 | a, b | 152 | 0.10 ± 0.37 | a, b | |||
| Mountain | 137 | 0.32 ± 0.57 | b, c | 137 | 0.19 ± 0.36 | b, c | 136 | 0.11 ± 0.30 | a, b | |||
| Pacific | 150 | 0.38 ± 0.65 | c | 151 | 0.19 ± 0.35 | b, c | 150 | 0.13 ± 0.35 | a, b | |||
| Smoking during pregnancy | 0.122 | 0.623 | 0.344 | |||||||||
| No | 1243 | 0.32 ± 0.59 | 1242 | 0.15 ± 0.35 | 1242 | 0.10 ± 0.37 | ||||||
| Yes | 150 | 0.24 ± 0.47 | 150 | 0.17 ± 0.35 | 149 | 0.08 ± 0.28 | ||||||
| Vegetarian diet during pregnancy | <0.001 | 0.230 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| No | 1386 | 0.30 ± 0.56 | 1384 | 0.15 ± 0.36 | 1384 | 0.09 ± 0.35 | ||||||
| Yes | 51 | 0.61 ± 0.83 | 51 | 0.22 ± 0.36 | 51 | 0.30 ± 0.52 | ||||||
SD: standard deviation; WIC: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; LSD: Fisher’s least significant difference test method. * Labels a, b, c: for characteristics with 3 or more categories, bean consumption means sharing the same letters were not significantly different from each other. Bean consumption means having no letters in common were significantly different from each other.