Table 2.
Histopathology and perioperative course.
| Variable | Carcinoid syndrome (n = 139) | Noncarcinoid syndrome (n=2043) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Operation | (n = 138) | (n = 2039) | |
| Curative intent | 95 (68.8%) | 1856 (91.0%) | <.001 |
| Debulking/palliative | 43 (31.2%) | 183 (9.0%) | |
| Histopathology | |||
| Tumor size (largest lesion, cm) | 2.70 ± 2.22 (n = 102) | 2.81 ± 2.65 (n = 1728) | .682 |
| Tumor differentiation | (n = 89) | (n = 1489) | |
| Well dif. | 79 (88.8%) | 1321 (88.7%) | .754 |
| Mod dif. | 9 (10.1%) | 135 (9.1%) | |
| Poorly dif. | 1 (1.1%) | 33 (2.2%) | |
| Tumor grade | (n = 71) | (n = 1252) | |
| G1 | 51 (71.8%) | 814 (65.0%) | .330 |
| G2 | 19 (26.8%) | 383 (30.6%) | |
| G3 | 1 (1.4%) | 55 (4.4%) | |
| Ki67 (%) | 3.6 ± 4.1 (n = 52) | 5.6 ± 10.1 (n = 687) | .149 |
| Lymph node | (n = 139) | (n = 2043) | |
| N0 | 34 (24.5%) | 774 (37.9%) | .002 |
| N1 | 59 (42.4%) | 616 (30.2%) | |
| Nx | 46 (33.1%) | 653 (32.0%) | |
| Margins | ( n = 102) | (n = 1726) | |
| R0 | 70 (68.6%) | 1371 (79.4%) | <. 001 |
| R1 | 10 (9.8%) | 237 (13.7%) | |
| R2 | 22 (21.6%) | 118 (6.8%) | |
| Postop course | |||
| Any complication | 54 (38.8%) | 918 (45.5%) | .129 |
| Highest Clavien-Dindo classification | |||
| I -II | 527 (58.1%) | 31 (56.4%) | .814 |
| III-V | 382 (41.9%) | 24 (43.6%) | |
| Myocardial infarct | 1 (0.8%) | 7 (0.4%) | .410 |
| Respiratory failure | 3 (2.3%) | 56 (2.9%) | 1.0 0 0 |
| Carcinoid crisis | 2/128 (1.6%) | 0/1910 (0%) | .004 |
| Postoperative symptom improvement | 24/55 (43.6%) | 184/354 (52.0%) | .25 |
| Readmission | 20 (14.4%) | 373 (18.4%) | .231 |
| Recurrence | 28/102 (27.5%) | 355/1808 (19.6%) | .55 |
| Region of recurrence | (n = 28) | (n = 357) | |
| Locoregional | 5 (17.9%) | 88 (24.6%) | .713 |
| Locoregional/distant | 3 (10.7%) | 38 (10.6%) | |
| Distant only | 20 (71.4%) | 231 (64.7%) | |
| Death | 25/139 (18.0%) | 305/2039 (15.0%) | .335 |
| Other therapies | |||
| Chemotherapy | 6 (4.3%) | 104 (5.4%) | .687 |
| Radiotherapy | 1 (0.7%) | 24 (1.2%) | 1.000 |
| Somatostatin analog | 45 (32.8%) | 164 (8.2%) | <. 001 |
| Liver-directed* | 8 (5.8%) | 30 (1.5%) | <. 001 |