Fig. 2. Historically small populations have more deleterious genetic load in protein-coding genes.

Proportion of homozygous missense substitutions (A-B), heterozygous missense variants (C-D) and heterozygous loss-of-function variants (E-F) in genes as a function of historical N_e across species. Genes were classified by associated lethal or viable phenotypes in knockout mice. Proportions of heterozygous and homozygous missense mutations were negatively correlated with N_e (all p<0.052), whereas heterozygous loss-of-function alleles were not consistently correlated with N_e. Phylogenetically corrected p-values and coefficients (phylolm) are reported.