Skip to main content
EFSA Journal logoLink to EFSA Journal
. 2008 Jul 21;6(7):653. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.653

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
PMCID: PMC10193653  PMID: 37213838

The content is available as a PDF (512.4 KB).

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain on Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts, The EFSA Journal (2008) Journal number, 653, 1–131.

Panel members: Jan Alexander, Guðjón Atli Auðunsson, Diane Benford, Andrew Cockburn, Jean‐Pierre Cravedi, Eugenia Dogliotti, Alessandro Di Domenico, María Luisa Fernández‐Cruz, Johanna Fink‐Gremmels, Peter Fürst, Corrado Galli, Philippe Grandjean, Jadwiga Gzyl, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Niklas Johansson, Antonio Mutti, Josef Schlatter, Rolaf van Leeuwen, Carlos van Peteghem, Philippe Verger.

Acknowledgement: EFSA wishes to thank the working group members Diane Benford, Jacob de Boer, Angelo Carere, Alessandro Di Domenico, Niklas Johansson, Dieter Schrenk, Greet Schoeters, Pim de Voogt and ad hoc expert Elena Dellatte.

Adoption date: 21 February 2008

Published date: 21 July 2008

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2004‐163

References

  1. 3M Company , 1979. Technical report summary ‐ final comprehensive report: FC‐143. (U.S. EPA AR‐226 528).
  2. 3M Company , 1999. Perfluorooctane sulfonate: Current summary of human sera, health and toxicity data. 3M Company, 21 January 1999.
  3. 3M Company , 2000a. Determination of serum half‐lives of several fluorochemicals, June 8, 2000, 3M Company. FYI‐07000‐1378, 8(e) Supplemental Submission, 8EHQ‐0373/0374.
  4. 3M Company , 2000b. US EPA Administrative Record AR226‐0595, Publicly available at www.regulations.gov
  5. 3M Company , 2001. Analysis of PFOS, FOSA and PFOA From Various Food Matrices Using HPLC Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Report, June 21, 2001.
  6. 3M Company , 2003. Environmental and Health Assessment of Perfuorooctane Sulfonic Acid and its Salts. Prepared by 3M in consultation with Moore, J., DABT, Hollyhouse, Inc. Rodricks, J., DABT, and Turnbull, DABT D., Environ Corp. Warren‐Hicks, W. and colleagues, The Cadmus Group, Inc. August 20, 2003. [Google Scholar]
  7. 3M Environmental Laboratory 2001. Environmental Monitoring – Multi‐City Study – Water, Sludge, Sediment, POTW Effluent and Landfill Leachate Samples – Executive Summary, June 25, 2001.
  8. Abbott, B.D. , Wolf, C. J. , Schmid, J. E. , Das, K.P. , Zehr, R.D. , Helfant, L. , Nakayama, S. , Lindstrom, A.B. , Strynar, M.J. , and Lau, C. 2007. Perfluorooctanoic Acid Induced Developmental Toxicity in the Mouse is Dependent on Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor‐alpha. Toxicol.Sci. 98, 571–581. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Abdellatif, A.G. , Preat, V. , Taper, H.S. and Roberfroid, M. 1991. The modulation of rat liver carcinogenesis by perfluorooctanoic acid, a peroxisome proliferator. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 111, 530–537. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Alexander, B.H. 2001a. Mortality study of workers employed at the 3M Cottage Grove facility. Final Report. Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. April 26, 2001. US EPA AR226‐1030a018.
  11. Alexander, B.H. 2001b. Mortality study of workers employed at the 3M Decatur facility. Final Report. Division of Envvironmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. April 26, 2001. US EPA AR226‐1030a019.
  12. Alexander, B.H. , Olsen, G.W. , Burris, J.M. , Mandel, J.H. and Mandel, J.S. 2003. Mortality of employees of a perfluorooctanesulphonyl fluoride manufacturing facility. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60, 722–729. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Alexander, B.H. and Olsen, G.W. 2007. Bladder cancer in perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride manufacturing workers. Ann.Epidemiol. 17, 471–478. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Apelberg, B.J. , Goldman, L.R. , Calafat, A.M. , Herbstman, J.B. , Kuklenyik, Z , Heidler, J , Needham, L.L. , Halden, R.U. , and Witter, F.R. 2007a. Determinants of fetal exposure to polyfluoroalkyl compounds in Baltimore, Maryland. Environ.Sci.Technol. 41, 3891–3897. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Apelberg, B.J. , Witter, F.R. , Herbstman, J.B. , Calafat, A.M. , Halden, R.U. , Needham, L.L. , and Goldman, L.R. 2007b. Cord serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in relation to weight and size at birth. Environ.Health Perspect. 115, 1670–1676. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Austin, M.E. , Kasturi, B.S. , Barber, M. , Kannan, K. , MohanKumar, P.S. and MohanKumar, S.M.J. 2003. Neuroendocrine effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate in rats. Environ Health Perspect 111, 1485–1489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Barton C.A., Butler L.E., Zarzecki C.J., Flaherty J., and Kaiser M. 2006. Characterizing perfluorooctanoate in ambient air near the fence line of a manufacturing facility: comparing modeled and monitored values. Journal of Air Waste Management Association 56, 48–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bachmanov, A.A. , Reed, D.R. , Beauchamp, G.K. , Tordoff, M.G. 2002. Food intake, water intake, and drinking spout side preference of 28 mouse strains. Behav Genet. 32, 435–443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Beach, S.A. , Newsted, J.L. , Coady, K. , and Giesy, J.P. 2006. Ecotoxicological evaluation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Rev.Environ.Contam Toxicol. 186, 133–174. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Becker, W. and Pearson, M. 2002. Riksmaten 1997–98. Dietary habits and nutrient intake in Sweden 1997–98, in Swedish. National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden. Available under URL www.slv.se.
  21. Begley, T.H. , White, K. , Honigfort, P. , Twaroski, M.L. , Neches, R. and Walker R.A. 2005. Perfluorochemicals: Potential sources of and migration from food packaging. Food Additives and Contaminants 22 (10): 1023–1031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Berger, U. , Langlois, I. , Oehme, M. and Kallenborn, R. 2004. Comparison of three types of mass spectrometers for HPLC/MS analysis of perfluoroalkylated substances and fluorotelomer alcohols. Eur J Mass Spectrom 10: 579–588 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Berger, U. and Haukås, M. 2005. Validation of a screening method based on liquid 2chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry for analysis of perfluoroalkylated substances in biota. J Chromatogr A 1081 (2): 210–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Berger U., Holmström K., Glynn A., Berglund M., Ankarberg E., Törnkvist A. 2007. Perfluorinated alkyl substances in market basket food samples and fish from Lake Vättern and the Baltic Sea. Rapport till Naturvårdsverket Programområde Miljögiftssamordning Överenskommelse nr 219 0641 Dnr: 721–5953‐06Mm. Stockholm/Uppsala 2007–04‐03.
  25. Berglund M., Holmström K., Ask K,. Petersson‐Grawé K., Pickowa J. and Järnberg U. 2004. Resultatrapport, (kontrakt 215 0307, 215 0309, 215 0310). Report to the Swedish EPA, in Swedish only.
  26. BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung). 2006. Hohe Gehalte an perfluorierten organischen Tensiden (PFT) in Fischen sind gesundheitlich nicht unbedenklich Stellungnahme Nr. 035/2006 des BfR vom 27. Juli 2006. In German only. Available at URL: www.bfr.bund.de/cm/208/hohe_gehalte_an_perfluorierten_organischen_tensiden_in_fischen_sind_gesundheitlich_nicht_unbedenklich.pdf
  27. Biegel, L.B. , Liu, R.C.M. , Hurtt, M.E. and Cook, J.C. 1995. Effects of ammonium perfluoroctanoate on Leydig cell function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 134, 18–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Biegel, L.B. , Hurtt, M.E. , Frame, S.R. , O'Conner, J.C. and Cook J.C. 2001. Mechanisms of extrahepatic tumour induction by peroxisome proliferators in male CD rats. Toxicol Sci 60, 44–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Biesemeier, J.A. and Harris, D.L. 1974. Eye and Skin Irritation Report on Sample T‐1117. Report. Project No. 4102871, WARF Institute Inc.
  30. Bonesteel, J.A.K. and Kaiser, M.A. 2003. Workshop analytical methods for PFOA, Hamburg, Germany. PIM to you have more details for this reference e.g. date
  31. Boulanger, B. , Peck, A.M. , Schnoor, J.L. and Hornbuckle, Boulanger, B. , Peck, A.M. , Schnoor, J.L. and Hornbuckle, K.C. 2005. Mass budget of perfluorooctane surfactants in Lake Ontario. Environ Sci Technol 39, 74–79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Brooke D., Footitt A., and Nwaogu T.A. 2004. Environmental risk evaluation report: Perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS). Reseach Contrctor: Building Research Establishment Ltd, Risk and Policy Analysts Ltd. This report was produced by the Environment Agency's Science Group. Available at URL: www.environment‐agency.gov.uk/commondata/105385/pfos_rer_sept04_864557.pdf
  33. Burris, J.M. , Olsen, G. , Simpson, C. and Mandel, J. 2000. Determination of serum half‐lives of several fluorochemicals. 3M Company. Interim Report 2. January 11, 2002. U.S. EPA AR‐ 226‐1086.
  34. Burris, J.M. , Lundberg, J.K. , Olsen, G. , Simpson, C. and Mandel, J. 2002. Interim report No. 2, Determination of serum half‐lives of several fluorochemicals. St. Paul (MN), 3M Company. U.S.A EPA Docket AR‐226‐1086.
  35. Butenhoff, J. , Costa, G. , Elcombe, C. , Farrar, D. , Hansen, K. , Iwai, H. , Jung, R. , Kennedy, G. , Lieder, P. , Olsen, G. and Thomford, P. 2002. Toxicity of amonium perfluorooctanoate in male cynomolgus monkeys after oral dosing for 6 months, Toxicological Sciences 69: 244–257. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Butenhoff, John L ; Kennedy, Gerald L, Jr ; Frame, Steven R ; O'Connor, John C ; York, Raymond G. 2004. The reproductive toxicology of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) in the rat. Toxicology 196: 95–116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Calafat, A. , Kuklenyik, Z. , Reidy, J.A. , Tully, J.S. and Needham, L.L. 2005. Perfluorochemicals in residents of the United States in 2001 through 2002. ANA019 Calafat. “Fluoros” 9th International Symposium on Fluorinated Alkyl Organics in the Environment, Toronto, August 2005.
  38. Calafat, A.M. , Kuklenyik, Z , Reidy, J.A. , Caudill, S.P. , Tully, J.S. , and Needham, L.L. 2007. Serum concentrations of 11 polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the u.s. population: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES). Environ.Sci.Technol. 41, 2237–2242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Case, M.T. , York, R.G. , Christian, M.S. 2001. Rat and rabbit oral developmental toxicology studies with two perfluorinated compounds. Int J Toxicol. 20, 101–109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Chang, S.C. , Thibodeaux, J.R. , Eastvold, M.L. , Ehresman, D.J. , Bjork, J.A. , Froehlich, J.W. , Lau, C.S. , Singh, R.J. , Wallace, K.B. , and Butenhoff, J.L. 2007. Negative bias from analog methods used in the analysis of free thyroxine in rat serum containing perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Toxicology 234, 21–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Christian, M.S. , Hoberman, A.M. and York, R.G. 1999. Combined Oral (gavage) Fertility, Developmental and Perinatal/Postnatal Reproduction Toxicity Study of PFOS in Rats. Argus Research Laboratories, Inc., Horsham, PA U.S EPA. Docket 8EHQ‐0200‐00374. [Google Scholar]
  42. Christopher, B. and Martin, J. W. 1977. 28‐Day oral toxicity study with FC‐143 in albinomice. 8532–10655, T‐1742CoC. Industrial Bio‐Test Laboratories, Inc.
  43. Cifone, M.A. , 1999. Unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat liver primary cell cultures with PFOS. 20780–0‐447. Covance Laboratories Inc.
  44. Cook, J.C. , Hurtt, M.E. , Frame, S.R. and Biegel, L.B. 1994. Mechanisms of extrahepatic tumour induction by peroxisome proliferators in Crl: CD BR(CD) rats. Toxicologist 14: 301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Corning Hazleton, Inc. 1993. Mutagenicity test on T‐5710 in an in vivo rat micronucleus assay. No 15516–0‐454.
  46. COT (Committee on toxicity of chemicals in food, consumer products and the environment). 2006 a. Statement on the tolerable daily intake for Perfluorooctane sulphonate. Expressed on 8 November 2006. Available at URL: www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/cotstatementpfos200609.pdf
  47. COT (Committee on toxicity of chemicals in food, consumer products and the environment). 2006 b. Statement on the tolerable daily intake for Perfluorooctanoic acid. Expressed on 8 November 2006. Available at URL: www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/cotstatementpfoa200610.pdf
  48. Covance Laboratories, Inc. 2000. Rapport final. L5178Y TK+ mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay with a confirmatory assay with N‐EtFOSE, T‐6316. No 20785–0‐431 ICH.
  49. CSL (Central Science Laboratory). 2006. Perfluoroctane sulphonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and related compounds in food, development and validation of a method and analysis of Total Diet Study samples. CSL report, FD 05/23. Central Science Laboratory.
  50. Cunha I., Hoff P., van de Vijver K., Guilhermino L., Esmans E., and de Coen W. 2005. Baseline study of perfluorooctane sulfonate occurrence in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, from north‐central Portuguese estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50, 1128–1132 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. de Voogt, P. and Sáez, M. 2006. Analytical chemistry of perfluoroalkylated substances. Trends Anal Chem. 25, 326–342. [Google Scholar]
  52. de Voogt P, Berger U, de Coen W, de Wolf W, Heimstad E, McLachlan M, van Leeuwen S, van Roon A 2006a. Perfluorinated organic compounds in the European environment (Perforce). Report to the EU, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL. pp1‐126.
  53. de Voogt P., Sàez M., Serné P., Fahner W., van Roon A., and Mons M.N. 2006b. Perfluorinated alkilated substances in surface waters of the Netherlands. Poster presented at the: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam.SETAC Europe Annual Metting‐The Hague. [Google Scholar]
  54. Dean, W.P. and Jessup, A.C. 1978, Acute oral toxicity (LD50) study in rats International research and development corporation, Study 137–091, 1978, USEPA AR226‐0419.
  55. Dean, W.P. , Jessup, D.C. , Thompson G., Romig, G. and Powell, D. 1978. Fluorad Fluorochemical Surfactant FC‐95 Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) Study in Rats. Study No. 137–083, International Research and Development Corporation.
  56. Dellatte, E. , Fattore E., Turrini A., and Di Domenico A. 2006. Assessment of the PFOS and PFOA intake through drinking water and fish consumption in the Italian general population. Organohalogen Compounds 68, 1692–1695. [Google Scholar]
  57. Dinglasan‐Panlilio, M.J. and Mabury, S.A. 2006. Significant Residual Fluorinated Alcohols Present in Various Fluorinated Materials. Environ. Sci.Technol. 40, 1447–1453. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. DNFCS (Dutch National Food Consumption Survey) , 1998.: Zo eet Nederland: resultaten van de Voedselconsumptiepeiling, 1997–1998. Den Haag: Voedingscentrum. 1998. (The Hague: Nutrition Centre, 1998). [Google Scholar]
  59. DuPont Company , 2003a. Adsorption/desorption of ammonium perfluoroctanoate to soil (OECD 106). Dupont EMSE report No 17‐03.
  60. DuPont Company , 2003b. Epidemiology surveillance report: Cancer incidence for Washington works site 1959–2001. U.S. EPA AR226‐1307.
  61. DuPont Company , 2005. U.S. EPA Administrative record AR 226–1914. Available at URL:www.regulations.gov. U.S.
  62. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) 2005. a: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request related to a 9th list of substances for food contact materials. Question No EFSA‐Q‐2004‐071, EFSA‐Q‐2004‐094, EFSA‐Q‐2003‐214, EFSA‐Q‐2003‐222. Adopted on 29 June 2005. Available at URL
  63. www.efsa.eu.int/science/afc/afc_opinions/1056/afc_op_ej248_9thlist_en2.pdf
  64. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2005b. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to Exposure Assessments. Adopted on 22 June 2005. www.efsa.eu.int/science/sc_commitee/sc_opinions/1028_en.html.
  65. Ehresman, D. J. , Froelich, J. W. , Olsen, G. W , Changa, S‐C. , John L. Butenhoff, J. L , 2007, Comparison of human whole blood, plasma, and serum matrices for the determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and other fluorochemicals. Environ. Res. 103: 176–184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Elcombe, CR , Elcombe BM, Foster JR, Farrar DG. 2007. Characterization of the hepatomegaly induced by ammonium perfluorooctanoic acid (APFO) in rats. The Toxicologist, Abstract # 867.
  67. Ellis, D.A. and Mabury, S.A. 2003. Chemical ionization pathways of polyfluorinated chemicals‐a connection to environmental atmospheric processes. J.Am.Soc.Mass Spectrom. 14, 1177–1191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Ellis, D.A. , Martin, J.W. , De Silva, A.O., Mabury, S.A. , Hurley, M.D. , Sulbaek Andersen, M.P., and Wallington, T.J. 2004. Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols: a likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids. Environ.Sci.Technol. 38, 3316–3321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Ericson, I. , Gomez, M , Nadal, M , Van, B.B. , Lindstrom, G. , and Domingo, J.L. 2007. Perfluorinated chemicals in blood of residents in Catalonia (Spain) in relation to age and gender: a pilot study. Environ.Int. 33, 616–623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Falandysz, J. , Taniyasu, S , Yamashita, N , Jecek, L , Rostkowski, P , Gulkowska, A , Mostrag, A , Walczykiewicz, B , Zegarowski, L , Falandysz, J. , and Zalewski, K. 2006. Perfluorinated chemicals in the environment, food and human body. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 57, 113–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Fasano, W.J. , Carpenter, S.C. , Gannon, S.A. , Snow, T.A. , Stadler, J.C. , Kennedy, G.L. , Buck, R.C. , Korzeniowski, S.H. , Hinderliter, P.M. , Kemper, R.A. 2006. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of 8–2 fluorotelomer alcohol in the rt. Toxicol Sci. 91, 341–355. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Fei, C. , McLaughlin, J.K. , Tarone, R.E. , Olsen, J. 2007. Perfluorinated Chemicals and Fetal Growth: A Study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 11, 1677–1682. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. FMG (Fluoropolymer Manufacturing Group) , 2002. U.S. EPA Administrative Record AR226‐1094 Publicly available at www.regulations.gov.
  74. Fluoros Report 2006. 2nd Worldwide Interlaboratory Study on PCFs. December 2006.
  75. Frame, S.R. and McConnell, E.E. 2003. Review of the proliferative lesions of the exocrine pancreas in two chronic studies in rats with ammonium perfluorooctanoate. DuPont‐13788. Oct. 16, 2003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  76. Fromme, H. , Midasch, O. , Twardella, D. , Angerer, J. , Boehmer, S. , Liebl, B. 2007a. Occurrence of perfluorinated substances in an adult German population in southern Bavaria. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 80, 313–319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Fromme, H. ; Schlummer, M. , Möller, A. , Gruber, L. , Wolz, G. ; Ungewiß, J. , Böhmer, S. , Dekant, W. 2007b. Exposure of an adult population to perfluorinated substances using duplicate diet portions and biomonitoring data. Environ. Sci. Techn., 41, 7928–7933. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Furdui, V.I. , Stock, N. , Whittle, D.M. , Crozier, P. , Reiner, E. , Muir, D.C.G. and Mabury, S.A. 2005a. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in lake trout from the Great Lakes. ENV024 Furdui. “Fluoros” 9th International Symposium on Fluorinated Alkyl Organics in the Environment, August 2005, Toronto, Canada.
  79. Furdui V.I., Crozier P., Reiner E., and Mabury S.A. 2005b. Direct measurement of perfluoroalkylated surfactants in Great Lakes water samples. Presented at the 9th International Symposium on Fluorinated Alkyl Organics in the Environment, August 18–20 (Toronto, Canada). ANA031 Furdui.
  80. Garry, V.F. and Nelson R.L.. 1981. An assay of cell transformation and cytotoxicity in C3H10T1/2 clonal cell line for the test on chemical T‐2942 CoC. Stone Research Laboratories, Minneapolis, MN, March 4, 1981. US EPA AR226‐0428.
  81. Giesy, J.P. and Kannan, K. 2001. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ Sci Technol 35: 1339–1342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Gilliland, F.D. and Mandel, J.S. 1993. Mortality among employes of a perfluorooctanoic acid production plant. J Occup Med 35 (9):, 950–954. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Gilliland, F.D. and Mandel, J.S. 1996. Serum perfluorooctanoic acid and hepatic enzymes, lipoproteins, and cholesterol: a study of occupationally exposed men. Am.J.Ind.Med. 29, 560–568. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Glaza, S. 1995. Acute dermal toxicity study of T‐6342 in rabbits. Coming Hazelton Inc., Madison, WI., 3M Company, St Paul. USEPA AR226‐0427. [Google Scholar]
  85. Glaza, S.M. , 1997. Acute oral toxicity study of T‐6669 in rats. Corning Hazalton Inc. CHW 61001760. Sponsored by 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota. January 10. USEPA AR226‐0420.
  86. Goldenthal, E.I. 1978a. Final report, ninety day subacute Rhesus monkey toxicity study. 137–090. International Research and Development Corporation. [Google Scholar]
  87. Goldenthal, E.I. , 1978b. Final Report, Ninety Day Subacute Rat Toxicity Study on Fluorad Fluorochemical FC‐143, International Research and Development Corporation, Study No. 137–089, November 6, 1978. U.S. EPA Public Docket AR‐226‐441 [Google Scholar]
  88. Goldenthal, E.I. , Jessup, D.C. , Geil, R.G. , Mehring, J.S. 1978a. Ninety‐day subacute rat toxicity study. 137‐085. International Research and Development Corporation.
  89. Goldenthal, E.I. , Jessup, D.C. , Geil, R.G. , Mehring, J.S. 1978b. Ninety‐day subacute rhesus monkey toxicity study. 137‐092. Internation Research and Development Corporation.
  90. Goldenthal, E.I. , Jessup, D.C. , Geil, R.G. , Mehring, J.S. 1979. Ninety‐day subacute rhesus monkey toxicity study. 137–087. International Research and Development Corporation; (aborted study!). [Google Scholar]
  91. Gortner, E.G. 1980. Oral Teratology Study of FC‐95 in Rats. Riker Laboratories, Inc. Experiment Number: 0680TR0008, December, 1980. AR‐226 226‐0016. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
  92. Gortner, E.G. 1981. Oral Teratology Study of T‐2998CoC in Rats. Report prepared by Safety Evaluation Laboratory and Riker Laboratories, Inc. Experiment No. 0681TR0110. AR226‐1136. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
  93. Gortner, E.G. , 1982. Oral teratology study of T‐3141CoC in rabbits. Experiment Number 0681TB0398. Safety Evaluation Laboratory and Riker Laboratories, Inc., St. Paul, MN. USEPA Public Docket AR‐226‐0465.
  94. Grasty, R.C. , Grey, B.E. , Lau, C. and Rogers, J.M. 2003. Prenatal window of susceptibility to perfluorooctane sulfonate‐induced neonatal mortality in the Sprague Dawley rat. Birth Defects Res 68 Part B: 465‐471. [DOI] [PubMed]
  95. Grasty, R.C. , Bjork, J.A. , Wallace, K.B. , Wolf, D.C. , Lau, C.S. , and Rogers, J.M. 2005. Effects of prenatal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure on lung maturation in the perinatal rat. Birth Defects Res.B Dev.Reprod.Toxicol. 74, 405–416. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Griffith, F.D. and Long, J.E. 1980. Animal toxicity studies with ammonium perfluorooctanoate. American Industrial Hygiene Association 41: 576–583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Grottenmuller R, Knaup, W , Probst A, Dullinger K (2002) European Patent 1172350 Clariant, GmbH.
  98. Gulkowska A., Jiang Q., So M.K., Taniyasu S., Lam P.K.S., Yamashita N. 2006. Persistent perfluorinated acids in seafood collected from two cities of China. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 3736–3741. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Guruge, K.S. , Yeung, L.W. , Yamanaka, N , Miyazaki, S , Lam, P.K. , Giesy, J.P. , Jones, P.D. , and Yamashita, N. 2006. Gene expression profiles in rat liver treated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Toxicol.Sci. 89, 93–107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Han, X. , Snow, T.A. , Kemper, R.A. , and Jepson, G.W. 2003. Binding of perfluorooctanoic acid to rat and human plasma proteins. Chem.Res.Toxicol. 16, 775–781. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Han, X. , Kemper, R.A. , and Jepson, G.W. 2005. Subcellular distribution and protein binding of perfluorooctanoic acid in rat liver and kidney. Drug Chem.Toxicol. 28, 197–209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Hanhijarvi, H. , Ophaug, R.H. and Singer, L. 1982. The sex‐related difference in perfluorooctanoate excretion in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 171, 50–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Hansen, K.J. , Clemen, L.A. , Ellefson, M.E. and Johnson, H.O. 2001. Compound‐specific, quantitative characterisation of organic fluorochemicals in biological matrices. Environ Sci Technol 35, 766–770 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Hansen K.J., Johnson H.O., Eldridge J.S., Butenhoff J.L., and Dick L.A. 2002. Quantitative characterisation of trace levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Tennessee river. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 1681–1685. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Harada, K. , Saito, N. , Sasaki, K. , Inoue, K. and Koizumi, A. 2003. Perfluorooctane sulfonate contamination of drinking water in the Tama River, Japan: estimated effects on resident serum levels. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 71, 31–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Harada, K. , Saito, N. , Inoue, K. , Yoshinaga, T. , Watanabe, T. , Sasaki, S. , Kamiyama, S. , and Koizumi, A. 2004. The influence of time, sex and geographic factors on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in human serum over the last 25 years. J.Occup.Health 46, 141–147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Harada K., Nakanishi S., Saito N., Tsutsui T., Koizumi A. 2005. Airborne perfluorooctanoate may be a substantial source contamination in Kyoto area, Japan. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 74, 64–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Harada K., Nakanishi S., Sasaki K., Furuyama K., Nakayama S., Saito N., Yamakawa K., and Koizumi A. 2006. Particle size distribution and respiratory deposition estimates of airborne perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in Kyoto area, Japan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 76, 306–310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Haughom, B. and Spydevold, O. 1992. The mechanism underlying the hypolipemic effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOSA) and clofibric acid. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1128, 65–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Health Canada, 2004. Perfluoroocate sulfonate, its Salts, and its precursors that contain the C8F17SO2 or C8F17SO3 moiety. Screening Assessment Report, Health Canada (Ottawa). Available at URL: www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/documents/subs_list/pfos.pdf
  111. Hekster, F.M. P. de Voogt, A.M. , Pijinenburg C.M and Laane R.W.P.M., 2002. Perfluoroalkylated substances – aquatic environmental assessment. Report RIKZ/2002.043. Prepared at the University of Amsterdam and RIKZ (The State Institute for Coast and Sea), July 1, 2002. 99 pp.
  112. Hekster, F.M. , Laane, R.W.P.M. and de Voogt, P. 2003. Environmental and toxicity effects of perfluoroalkylated substances. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 179, 99–121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Henderson, W.M. and Smith, M.A. 2007. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorononanoic acid in fetal and neonatal mice following in utero exposure to 8–2 fluorotelomer alcohol. Toxicol.Sci. 95, 452–461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Higgins, C.P. and Luthy, R.G. 2006. Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediments. Environ.Sci.Technol. 40, 7251–7256. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Hinderliter, P.M. , Mylchreest, E. , Gannon, S.A. , Butenhoff, J.L. and Kennedy, Jr. G.L. 2005. Perfluorooctane: Placental and lactational transport pharmacokinetics in rats. Toxicology 211, 139–148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Hinderliter, P.M. , Han, X. , Kennedy, G. L. , and Butenhoff, J.L. 2006. Age effect on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) plasma concentration in post‐weaning rats following oral gavage with ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO). Toxicology 225, 195–203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Hoff, P.T. , van de Vijver, K. , van Dongen, W. , Esmans, E.L. , Blust, R. and de Coen, W.M. 2003. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in bib (Trisopterus luscus) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) from the Western Scheldt and the Belgian North Sea: Distribution and biochemical effects. Environ Toxicol Chem. 22, 608–614. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Hoff, P.T. , Scheirs, J. , van de Vijver, K. , van Dongen, W. , Esmans, E.L. , Blust, R. and de Coen, W. 2004. Biochemical effect evaluation of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid contaminated Wood Mice (Apodemicus sylvaticus). Environ Health Perspect 112, 681–686. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Holmström, K.E. , Berglund, M. and Järnberg, U. 2005a. Exposure to perfluorinated acids in 108 Swedish women in relation to methylmercury and fish consumption. Poster ANA003. Fluoros” 9th International Symposium on Fluorinated Alkyl Organics in the Environment, August 2005, Toronto, Canada.
  120. Hori, H. , Hayakawa, E. , Yamashita, N. , Taniyasu, S. , Nakata, F. , Kobayashi, Y. 2004. Highperformance liquid chromatography with conductimetric detection of perfluorocarboxylic acids and perfluorosulfonates. Chemosphere. 57, 273–282. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Hosokawa, M. and Satoh, R. 1993. Differences in the induction of carboxylesterase isozymes in rat liver microsomes by perfluorinated fatty acids. Xenobiotica 23, 1125–1133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Hu, W. , Jones, P. D. , Upham, B. L. , Trosko, J. E. , Lau, C. , and Giesy, J. P. (2002). Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by perfluorinated compounds in rat liver and dolphin kidney epithelial cell lines in vitro and Sprague‐Dawley rats in vivo. Toxicol. Sci. 68, 429–436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Ikeda, T. , Aiba, K. and Fukuda, K. 1985. The induction of peroxisome proliferation in rat liver by perfluorinated fatty acids, metabolically inert derivatives of fatty acids J Biochem. 98, 475–482. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Ikeda, T. , Fukuda, K. and Mori, I. 1986. Induction of cytochrome‐P‐450 and peroxisome proliferation in rat‐liver by perfluorinated octane sulfonic acid (PFOS) Eur J Cell Biol. 41, 20. cant find it is this the one below then change in text. ? [Google Scholar]
  125. Inoue, K. , Okada, F. , Ito, R. , Kato, S. , Sasaki, S. , Nakajima, S. , Uno, A. , Saijo, Y. , Sata, F. , Yoshimura, Y. and Kishi, R. 2004. Nakazawa H. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related perfluorinated compounds in human maternal and cord blood samples: assessment of PFOS exposure in a susceptible population during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 112, 1204–1207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Jahnke, A. , Ahrens, L. , Ebinghaus, R. , Berger, U. , Barber, J.L. , Temme, C. 2007. An improved method for the analysis of volatile polyfluorinated alkyl substances in environmental air samples. Anal Bioanal Chem. 387, 965–975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Jernbro, S. , Rocha, P.S. , Keiter, S. , Skutlarek, D. , Farber, H. , Jones, P.D. , Giesy, J.P. , Hollert, H. , and Engwall, M. 2007. Perfluorooctane sulfonate increases the genotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in the micronucleus assay with V79 cells. Further proof of alterations in cell membrane properties caused by PFOS. Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.Int. 14, 85–87. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Johansson, N. , Fredriksson, A. , and Eriksson, P. 2008. Neonatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) causes neurobehavioural defects in adult mice. Neurotoxicology 29, 160–169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Johnson, J.D. , Gibson, S.J. and Ober, R.F. 1979a. Absorption of FC‐95‐14C in rats after a single oral dose. Project No. 890310200.Riker Laboratories, Inc., Subsidiary of 3M, St. Paul, MN. (U.S. EPA Docket No. 8(e)HQ‐1180‐00374).
  130. Johnson, J.D. , Gibson, S.J. and Ober, R.E. 1979b. Extent and Route of Excretion and Tissue Distribution of Total Carbon‐14 in Rats after a Single Intravenous Dose of FC‐95‐14C. Project No. 8900310200, Riker Laboratories, Inc., Subsidiary of 3M, St. Paul, MN. (U.S. EPA Docket No. 8(e)HQ‐1180‐00374).
  131. Kallenborn R., Berger U., and Järnberg U. 2004. Perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAs) in the nordic environment. A TemaNord report of the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) (Kjeller, Norway) and the Institute for Applied Environmental Research (ITM), Stockholm University (Stockholm, Sweden).
  132. Kannan, K. , Corsolini, S. , Falandysz, J. , Oheme, G. , Focardi, S. and Giesy, J.P. 2002a. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammals, fishes, and birds from coasts of the Baltic and the Mediterranean seas. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 3210–3216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Kannan, K. , Hansen, K.J. , Wade, T.L. and Giesy, J.P. 2002b. Perfluorooctane sulfonate in oysters, Crassostrea virginica, from the Gulf of Mexico and the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42,: 313–318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Kannan, K. , Corsolini, S. , Falandysz, J. , Fillmann, G. , Kumar, K.S. , Loganathan, B.G. , Mohd, M.A. , Olivero, J. , van Wouwe, N. , Yang, J.H. and Aldous, K.M. 2004. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood from several countries. Environmental Science and Technology 38,: 4489–4495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Kannan K., Tao L., Sinclair E., Pastva S.D., Jude D.J., and Giesy J.P. 2005. Perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels in a Great Lakes food chain. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48, 559–566. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Kärrman, A. , van Bavel, B. , Järnberg, U. , Hardell, L. and Lindström, G. 2004. Levels of perfluoroalkylated compounds in whole blood from Sweden. Organohalogen Compounds 66,: 4058–4062. [Google Scholar]
  137. Kärrman A, Ericson I, van Bavel B, Lindström G. 2006. Levels of Perfluorinated chemicals in matched samples of human breast milk and serum. Organohalogen Compounds 68, 544–547. [Google Scholar]
  138. Kärrman, A. , Ericson I., van Bavel B., Darnerud P.O., Aune M., Glynn A., Lignell S., Lindström G.. 2007b. Exposure of perfluorinated chemicals through lactation: levels of matched human milk and serum and temporal trend, 1996–2004, in Sweden. Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 226–230. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Kärrman, A. , Langlois, I. , van Bavel, B. , Lindström, G. , Oehme, M. 2007a. Identification and pattern of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) isomers in human serum and plasma. Environ. Internat. 33, 782–788. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. KEMI (Kemikalieninspektionen) , 2004a. PFOS‐relaterade ämnen. Strategi för utfasning. Avaialble at URL: www.kemi.se/upload/Trycksaker/Pdf/Rapporter/Rapport3_04.pdf. In Swedish. Summary in English
  141. KEMI (Kemikalieninspektionen) , 2004b. Riskbedömning för PFOS Bilaga 3. Avaialble at URL: www.kemi.se/upload/Trycksaker/Pdf/Rapporter/Bilaga3_Rapport3_04.pdf In Swedish.
  142. Kemper, R.A. , Jepson, G.W. , 2003a. Perfluorooctanoic Acid: Toxicokinetics in the Rat. Unpublished Report, DuPont‐7473.
  143. Kemper, R.A. and Jepson, G.W. 2003b. Pharmacokinetics of perfluorooctanoic acid in male and female rats. Toxicologist 72:, 148. [Google Scholar]
  144. Kemper, R.A. and Nabb, D.L. 2005. In vitro studies in microsomes from rat and human liver, kidney, and intestine suggest that perfluorooctanoic acid is not a substrate for microsomal UDP‐glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Chem.Toxicol. 28, 281–287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Kennedy, G.L., Jr. 1985. Dermal toxicity of ammonium perfluorooctanoate. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 81, 348–355. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Kennedy, G.L. , Hall, G.T. , Brittelli, M.R. , Barnes, J.R. and Chen, H.C. 1986. Inhalation toxicity of ammonium perfluorooctanoate. Food Chem Toxicol. 24, 1325–1329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Kissa, E. 1986. Determination of organofluorine in air. Environ Sci Technol. 20, 1254–1257. [Google Scholar]
  148. Kozuka, H. , Yamada, J. , Horie, S. , Watanabe, T. , Suga, T. and Ikeda, T. 1991. Characteristics of induction of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation‐related enzymes in rat liver by drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 41, 617–623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Kubwabo C., Stewart B., Zhu J., and Marro L. 2005. Occurrence of perfluorosulfonates and other perfluorochemicals in dust from selected homes in the city of Ottawa, Canada. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 7, 1074–1078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Kudo, N. and Kawashima, Y. 2001. Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid on the Synthesis of Phosphorlipids in the Liver of Mice Fed a Dietary Soybean Oil, Perilla Oil or Fish Oil. Jof Health Sci. 47, 168–174. [Google Scholar]
  151. Kudo, N. , Katakura, M. , Sato, Y. and Kawashima, Y. 2002. Sex hormone‐regulated renal transport of perfluorooctanoic acid. Chem Biol Interact 139, 301–316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Kudo, N. , Iwase, Y. , Okayachi, H. , Yamakawa, Y. , Kawashima, Y. 2005. Induction of hepatic peroxisome proliferation by 8–2 telomer alcohol feeding in mice: formation of perfluorooctanoic acid in the liver. Toxicol Sci. 86, 231–238. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Kudo, N. , Sakai, A , Mitsumoto, A , Hibino, Y , Tsuda, T. , and Kawashima, Y. 2007. Tissue distribution and hepatic subcellular distribution of perfluorooctanoic acid at low dose are different from those at high dose in rats. Biol.Pharm.Bull. 30, 1535–1540. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Langlois, I. and Oehme, M. 2004. Identification of the isomer composition in technical perfluorooctane sulfonate solution by LC‐ESI(‐)‐IT‐MS2. Organohalogen Compounds 66, 4023–4028. [Google Scholar]
  155. Larsen, B.S. , Kaiser, M.A. , Botelho, M. , Wooler, G.R. and Buxton, L.W. 2005. Comparison of pressurised solvent and reflux extraction methods for the determination of perfluorooctanoic acid in polytetrafluoroethylene polymers using LC‐MS‐MS. Analyst 130, 59–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Lau, C. , Thibodeaux, J.R. , Hanson, R.G. , Rogers, J.M. , Grey, B.E. , Stanton, M.E. , Butenhoff, J.L. and Stevenson, L.A. 2003. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse: II. Postnatal evaluation. Toxicol Sci. 74, 382–392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Lau, C. , Butenhoff, J.L. and Rogers, J.M. 2004, The developmental toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids and their derivatives. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 198, 231–241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Lau, C. , Thibodeaux, J.R. , Hanson, R.G. , Narotsky, M.G. , Rogers, J.M. , Lindstrom, A.B. , and Strynar, M.J. 2006. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure during pregnancy in the mouse. Toxicol.Sci. 90, 510–518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Lau, C. , Anitole, K , Hodes, C. , Lai, D , Pfahles‐Hutchens, A. , and Seed, J. 2007. Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings. Toxicol.Sci. 99, 366–394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Lawlor, T.E. 1995. Mutagenicity test with T‐6342 in the Salmonella‐Escherichia coli/mammalian microsome reverse mutation assay. Laboratory Number: 17073–0‐409. Corning Hazleton, Inc., Vienna, VA. 3M Company St. Paul, MN. US E.PA. AR226‐0436.
  161. Lawlor, T.E. 1996. Mutagenicity test with T‐6564 in the Salmonella‐Escherichia coli/mammalian‐microsome reverse mutation assay. with a confirmatory assay. Corning Hazleton Inc., Final Report. CHV Study Number: 17750–0‐409R. Septembero 13, 1996.U.S. EPA AR226‐0432.
  162. Leonard, R.C. , Kreckmann, K.H. , Lineker, G.A. , Marsh, G , Buchanich, J. , and Youk, A. 2007. Comparison of standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) obtained from use of reference populations based on a company‐wide registry cohort to SMRs calculated against local and national rates. Chem.Biol.Interact. 166, 317–322. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Leonard, R.C. , Kreckmann, K.H. , Sakr, C.J. , Symons, J.M. 2008. Retrospective cohort mortality study of workers in a polymer production plant including a reference population of regional workers. Ann Epidemiol. 18, 15–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Litton Bionetics, Inc . 1978. Mutagenicity evaluation of T‐2014 CoC in the Ames Salmonella/microsome plate test. No 20838.
  165. Loos, R. , Wollgast, J , Huber, T. , and Hanke, G. 2007. Polar herbicides, pharmaceutical products, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and nonylphenol and its carboxylates and ethoxylates in surface and tap waters around Lake Maggiore in Northern Italy. Anal.Bioanal.Chem. 387, 1469–1478. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Loveless, S.E. , Finlay, C , Everds, N.E. , Frame, S.R. , Gillies, P.J. , O'Connor, J.C. , Powley, C.R. , and Kennedy, G.L. 2006. Comparative responses of rats and mice exposed to linear/branched, linear, or branched ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO). Toxicology 220, 203–217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Luebker, D.J. , Hansen, K.J. , Bass, N.M. , Butenhoff, J.L. and Seacat, A.M. 2002. Interactions of fluorchemicals with rat liver fatty acid‐binding protein. Toxicology 176, 175–185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Luebker, D.J. , Case, M.T. , York, R.G. , Moore, J.A. , Hansen, K.J. , and Butenhoff, J.L. 2005a. Two‐generation reproduction and cross‐foster studies of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in rats. Toxicology 215, 126–148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Luebker, D.J. , York, R.G. , Hansen, K.J. , Moore, J.A. , and Butenhoff, J.L. 2005b. Neonatal mortality from in utero exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in Sprague‐Dawley rats: dose‐response, and biochemical and pharamacokinetic parameters. Toxicology 215, 149–169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Maloney, E.K. and Waxman, D.J. 1999. Trans‐Activation of PPAR‐alfa and PPAR‐gamma by structurally diverse environmental chemicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 161, 209–218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Mann, P.C. and Frame, S.R. 2004. FC‐143: Two‐year oral toxicity‐oncogenicity study in rats: Peer review of ovaries. DuPont Project ID 15621, June 25, 2004. U.S. EPA AR226.
  172. Martin, J.W. , Muir, D.C.G. , Kwan, W.C. , Moody, C.A. , Solomon, K.R. and Mabury, S.A. 2002. Collection of Airborne Fluorinated Organics and Analysis by Gas Chromatography‐Chemical Ionisation‐Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 74: 584–590. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Martin, J.W. , Mabury, S.A. , Solomon, K.R. , and Muir, D.C. 2003. Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 22, 196–204. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Martin, J.W. , Whittle, D.M. , Muir, D.C.G. and Mabury, S.A. 2004a. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in a food web from lake Ontario. Environ Sci Technol. 38, 5379–5385. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Martin, J.W. , Smithwick, M.M. , Braune, B.M. , Hoekstra, P.F. , Muir, D.C.G. and Mabury, S.A. 2004b. Identification of long‐chain perfluorinated acids in biota from the Canadian Arctic. Environ Sci Technol 38, 373–380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Martin, J.W. , Kannan, K. , Berger, U. , de Voogt, P. , Field, J. , Giesy, J.P. , Harner, T. , Muir, D.C.G. , Scott, B.F. , Kaiser, M. , Järnberg, U. , Jones, K.C. , Mabury, S.A. , Schroeder, H. , Simcik, M. , Sottani, C. , Vanbavel, B. , Kärrman, A. , Lindström, G. and van Leeuwen, S. 2004c. Analytical challenges hamper perfluoroalkyl research. Feature Article. Environ Sci Technol. 38: 248A–255A. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Martin, M.T. , Brennan, R.J. , Hu, W , Ayanoglu, E , Lau, C , Ren, H , Wood, C.R. , Corton, J.C. , Kavlock, R.J. , and Dix, D.J. 2007. Toxicogenomic study of triazole fungicides and perfluoroalkyl acids in rat livers predicts toxicity and categorizes chemicals based on mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicol.Sci. 97, 595–613. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Masunaga, S. , Kannan, K. , Doi, R. , Nakanishi, J. , Giesy, J.P. 2002. Levels of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and other related compounds in the blood of Japanese people. Paper presented at Dioxin 2002, August 11–16, Barcelona, Spain. Organohalogen Compd. 59, 319–322. [Google Scholar]
  179. Mawn, M.P. , McKay, R.G. , Ryan, T.W. , Szostek, B. , Powley, C.R. and Buck, R.C. 2005. Determination of extractable perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water, sweat simulant, saliva simulant, and methanol from textile and carpet samples by LC/MS/MS. Analyst 130, 670–678. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Mecchi, M. S. 1999. Salmonella ‐ Eschericia coli/mammalian‐microsome reverse mutation assay with PFOS. 20784–0‐409. Covance Laboratories Inc.
  181. Metrick, M. and Marias, A.J. 1977. 28‐Day oral toxicity study with FC‐143 in Albino rats. 8532–10654, T‐1742CoC. Industrial Bio‐Test Laboratories, Inc.
  182. Midasch, O. , Schettgen, T. , and Angerer, J. 2006. Pilot study on the perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate exposure of the German general population. Int.J.Hyg.Environ.Health 209, 489–496. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Midasch, O. , Drexler, H. , Hart, N. , Beckmann, M.W. , Angerer, J. 2007. Transplacental exposure of neonates to perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate: a pilot study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 80, 643–648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Moriwaki, H. , Takata, Y. and Arakawa R.. 2003. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in vacuum cleaner dust collected in Japanese homes. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 5, 753–757. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Mortimer D.N., Clarke D.B., Gem M., Rose M. 2006. Perfluorinated compounds in the UK 2004 Total Diet. Organohalogen Compounds 68, 371–374. [Google Scholar]
  186. Murli, H. 1996a. Mutagenicity test on T‐6295 in an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. 17403‐0‐455. Corning Hazleton Inc.
  187. Murli, H. 1996b. Mutagenicity test on T‐6564 in an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Corning Hazleton Inc., Vienna, VA. Study Number: 17750‐0‐455, November 1, 1996. U.S. EPA AR226‐0430. [Google Scholar]
  188. Murli, H. 1996c. Mutagenicity test on T‐6564 measuring chromosomal aberrations in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells with a confirmatory assay with multiple harvests. Corning Hazleton Inc., Vienna, VA. Study Number: 17750‐0‐437CO, September 16, 1996. U.S EPA. AR226‐0433. [Google Scholar]
  189. Murli, H. 1996d. Mutagenicity test on T‐6342 measuring chromosomal aberrations in human whole blood lymphocytes with a confirmatory assay with multiple harvests. Corning Hazleton, Inc., Vienna, VA. Study Number: 17073–0‐449CO, November 1, 1996. U.S. EPA AR226‐0433. [Google Scholar]
  190. Murli, H. 1996e. Mutagenicity test on T‐6342 measuring chromosomal aberrations in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells with a confirmatory assay with multiple harvests. Corning Hazleton Inc., Vienna VA. Study Number: 17073–0‐437CO, September 16, 1996. U.S. EPA AR226‐0434. [Google Scholar]
  191. Nabb, D.L. , Szostek, B , Himmelstein, M.W. , Mawn, M.P. , Gargas, M.L. , Sweeney, L.M. , Stadler, J.C. , Buck, R.C. , and Fasano, W.J. 2007. In vitro metabolism of 8–2 fluorotelomer alcohol: interspecies comparisons and metabolic pathway refinement. Toxicol.Sci. 100, 333–344. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Nakata H., Kannan K., Nasu T., Cho H., Sinclair E., and Takemura A. 2006. Perfluorinated Contaminants in Sediments and Aquatic Organisms Collected from Shallow Water and Tidal Flat Areas of the Ariake Sea, Japan: Environmental Fate of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Aquatic Ecosystems. Environ Sci Technol. 40, 4916–4921. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Nakayama S., Harada K., Inoue K., Sasaki K., Seery B., Saito N., and Koizumi A. 2005. Distributions of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in Japan and their toxicities. Environ Sci. 12, 293–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. NCEHS (United Kingdom National Centre for Ecotoxicology and Hazardous Substances) , 2001, Review of occurrence and hazards of perfluoroalkylated substances in the UK: A non‐confidential overview. Unpublished report. United Kingdom.
  195. NDNS (U.K. National Diet and Nutrition Survey) , 20012. Adults aged 19 to 64, Volume 1. Initial findings on food intake from a survey of the diet and nutrition of adults aged 19 to 64 years living in private households in Great Britain, carried out between July 2000 and June 2001. Available at URL: www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/ndnsprintedreport.pdf
  196. Nilsson, R. , Beije, B. , Preat, V. , Erixon, K. and Ramel, C. 1991. On the mechanism of the hepatocarcinogenicity of peroxisome proliferators. Chem.‐Biol. Interact. 78: 235–250. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Noker, P.E. and Gorman, G.S. 2003. A pharmacokinetic study of potassium perfluorooctanoate in the cynomolgus monkey. Southern Research Institute. Unpublished report. Available on U.S. EPA Administrative Record 226.
  198. NOTOX , 1994a. Evaluation of the mutagenic activity of T‐5874 in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test (with independent repeat). No 115932.
  199. NOTOX , 1994b. Evaluation of the mutagenic activity of T‐5874 in an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test with L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells (with independent repeat). No 115921.
  200. NOTOX , 1994c. Evaluation of the ability of T‐5874 to induce chromosome aberrations in cultured peripheral human lymphocytes (with independent repeat). No 115919.
  201. NOTOX , 2000. Evaluation of the ability of T‐7524 to induce chromosome aberrations in cultured peripheral human lymphocytes. NOTOX Project Number 292062. Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.
  202. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development) , 2002. Hazard assessment of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its salts. ENV/JM/RD(2002)17/FINAL. Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides, and Biotechnology, Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (Paris). Available at URL www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/18/2382880.pdf
  203. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development) , 2004. Results of survey on production and use of PFOS, PFAS AND PFOA, related substances and products/mixtures containing these substances. Joint meeting of the chemicals committee and the working party on chemicals committee and the working party on chemicals, pesticides and Biotechnology. Available at the URL: www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2005doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT0000097A/FILE/JT00176885.PDF
  204. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development) , 2005a. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFAS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) draft lists. ENV/JM(2005)6. Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides, and Biotechnology, Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (Paris).
  205. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development) , 2005b. Draft lists of PFOS, PFAS, PFOA, and PFCA, and their respective related compounds. ENV/JM/RD(2005)7. Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides, and Biotechnology, Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (Paris).
  206. Ohya, T. , Kudo, N. , Suzuki, E. and Kawashima, Y. 1998. Determination of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in biological samples by high‐performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 710, 1–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Olsen, G.W. , Gilliland, F.D. , Burlew, M.M. , Burris, J.M. , Mandel, J.S. and Mandel, J.H. 1998. An epidemiological investigation of reproductive hormones in men with occupational exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid. J Occ Env Med 40, 614–622. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Olsen, G.W. , Burris, J.M. , Mandel, J.H. and Zobel, L.R. 1999. Serum perfluorooctane sulfonate and hepatic and lipid clinical chemistry tests in fluorochemical production employees. J Occup Environ Med 41, 799–806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Olsen, G.W. , Burris, J.M. , Burlew, M.M. , Mandel, J.H. 2000. Plasma cholecystokinin and hepatic enzymes, cholesterol and lipoproteins in ammonium perfluorooctanoate production workers. Drug Chem Toxicol. 23, 603–620. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Olsen, G.W. , Burlew, M.M. , Hocking, B.B. , Skratt, J.C. , Burris, J.M. and Mandel, J.H. 2001. An epidemiologic analysis of episodes of care of 3M Decatur chemical and film plant employees, 1993–1998. Final Report May 18, 2001.
  211. Olsen, G.W. , Burris, J.M. , Lundberg, J.K. , Hansen, K.J. , Mandel, J.H. , and Zobel, L.R. 2002a. Identification of fluorochemicals in human sera. I American Red Cross adult. 3M company. Final report. February 25, 2002. U.S. EPA AR226‐1083.
  212. Olsen, G.W. , Burris, J.M. , Lundberg, J.K. , Hansen, K.J. , Mandel, J.H. , and Zobel, L.R. 2002b. Identification of fluorochemicals in human sera. II Elderly participants of the Adult changes in thought study, Seattle, Wahsington. 3M company. Final report. February 25, 2002. U.S. EPA AR226‐1084.
  213. Olsen, G.W. , Burris, J.M. , Lundberg, J.K. , Hansen, K.J. , Mandel, J.H. , and Zobel, L.R. 2002c. Identification of fluorochemicals in human sera. III Pediatric participants in a group A streptococci clinical trial investigation. 3M company. Final report. February 25, 2002. U.S. EPA AR226‐1085.
  214. Olsen, G.W. , Burris, J.M. , Burlew, M.M. and Mandel, J.H. 2003a. Epidemiologic assessment of worker serum perfluoroctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations and medical surveillance examinations. J Occup Environ Med 45, 260–270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Olsen, G.W. , Church, T.R. , Miller, J.P. , Burris, J.M. , Hansen, K.J. Lundberg, J.K. , Armitage, J.B. , Herron, R.M. , Medhdisadehkashi, Z. , Nobiletti, J.B. , O'Niell, E.M. , Mandel, J.H. and Zobel, L.R. 2003b. Perfluorocatanesulfonate and other fluorochemicals in the serum of American Red Cross adult blood donors. Environ Health Perspect 111: 1892–1901. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Olsen, G.W. , Hansen, K.J. , Stevenson, L.A. , Burris, J.M. and Mandel, J.H. 2003c. Human donor liver and serum concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate and other perfluorochemicals. Environ Sci Technol 37: 888–891. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Olsen, G.W. , Buttenhoff, J.L. and Mandel, J.N. 2003d. Assessment of lipid, hepatic and thyroid function in relation to an occupational biologic limit value for perfluorooctanoate. 3M Company. Final Report. June 9, 2003. U.S. EPA AR226‐1351.
  218. Olsen, G.W. , Church, T.R. , Larson, E.B. , van Belle, G. , Lundberg, J.K. , Hansen, K.J. , Burris, J.M. , Mandel, J.H. and Zobel, L.R. 2004. Serum concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate and other fluorochemicals in an elderly population from Seattle, Washington. Chemosphere 54, 1599–611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Olsen, G.W. , Huang, H.‐Y. , Helzlsouer, K.J. , Hansen, K.J. , Butenhoff, J.L. and Mandel, J.H. 2005a. Historical Comparison of Perfluorooctanesulfonate, Perfluorooctanoate, and Other Fluorochemicals in Human Blood. Environmental Health perspectives 113, 539–545. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Olsen, G. , Ehresman, D. , Froehlich, J. , Burris, J. and Butenhoff, J. 2005b. Evaluation of the half‐life (t1/2) of elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) from human serum. TOX017 Olsen. “Fluoros” 9th International Symposium on Fluorinated Alkyl Organics in the Environment, August 2005, Toronto, Canada.
  221. Olsen, G.W. and Zobel, L.R. 2007. Assessment of lipid, hepatic, and thyroid parameters with serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations in fluorochemical production workers. Int.Arch.Occup.Environ.Health 81, 231–246. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Ophaug, R.H. and Singer, L. 1980. Metabolic handling of perfluorooctanoic acid in rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 163, 19–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. OSPAR , 2002. Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the north east atlantic. List of substances of possible concern. Revised September 2005. URL: www.ospar.org/eng/html/welcome.html.
  224. Palazzolo, M.J. 1993. 13‐Week toxicity study with T‐5180, ammonium perfluorooctanoate (CAS No. 3825–25‐1) in male rats. Report No. HWI 6329–100, Hazleton Wisconsin, Madison, WI. USEPA Public Docket AR‐226‐0449 and AR‐226‐0450.
  225. Pastoor, T.P. , Lee, K.P. , Perri, M.A. and Gillies, P.J. 1987. Biochemical and morphological studies of ammonium perfluoroctanate‐induced hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation. Exp Mol Pathol 47, 98–109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Perkins, R.G. , Butenhoff, J.L. , Kennedy, G.L. and Palazzolo, M. 2004. 13‐week dietary toxicity study of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) in male rats. Drug Chem Toxicol. 27, 361–378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Powley, C.R. and Buck, R.C. 2005. Matrix‐effect free analytical methods for determination of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in biological samples, 15th Annual Meeting of SETAC Europe, May 2005, Lille, France. [DOI] [PubMed]
  228. Powley C.R., George, S.W. , Ryan, T.W. , Buck, R.C. , 2005. Matrix‐effect free analytical methods for determination of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in environmental matrixes Anal. Chem. 77, 6353–6358. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Prevedouros, K. , Cousins, I.T. , Buck, R.C. , Korzeniowski, S.H. 2006. Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol. 40, 32–44. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Raloff, J. 2005. Nonstick Taints: Fluorochemicals are in us all. Science News 168, 341. [Google Scholar]
  231. Renner, R. 2001. Growing concern over perfluorinated chemicals. Environ Sci Technol 35, 154A–160A. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Renner R., 2007. PFOA in People. Food wrappers may be an important, overlooked source of perfluorochemicals in humans. Environmental Science& Technology Online News, May 23, 2007.
  233. Rosen, M.B. , Thibodeaux, J.R. , Wood, C.R. , Zehr, R.D. , Schmid, J.E. , Lau, C. 2007. Gene expression profiling in the lung and liver of PFOA‐exposed mouse fetuses. Toxicology. 239, 15–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Rusch, G.M. , Rinehart, W.E. and Bozak, C.A. 1979. An Acute Inhalation Toxicity Study of T‐2306 CoC in the Rat. Project No. 78–7185, Bio/dynamics Inc.
  235. Sadhu, D. 2002. CHO/HGPRT forward mutation assay. Corning Hazleton Inc., Vienna, VA. Study Number: 17750–0‐437CO, September 16, 1996. U.S. EPA AR226‐0433. [Google Scholar]
  236. Saito, N. , Sasaki, K. , Nakatome, K. , Harada, K. , Yoshinaga, T. and Koizumi, A. 2003. Perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 45, 149–158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Saito, N. , Harada, K. , Inoue, K. , Sasaki, K. , Yoshinaga, T. and Koizumi, A. 2004. Perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan. J Occup Health 46, 49–59. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. Sakr, C.J. , Kreckmann, K.H. , Green, J.W. , Gillies, P.J. , Reynolds, J.L. , and Leonard, R.C. 2007a. Cross‐sectional study of lipids and liver enzymes related to a serum biomarker of exposure (ammonium perfluorooctanoate or APFO) as part of a general health survey in a cohort of occupationally exposed workers. J.Occup.Environ.Med. 49, 1086–1096. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. Sakr, C.J. , Leonard, R.C. , Kreckmann, K.H. , Slade, M.D. , and Cullen, M.R. 2007b. Longitudinal study of serum lipids and liver enzymes in workers with occupational exposure to ammonium perfluorooctanoate. J.Occup.Environ.Med. 49, 872–879. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Sasaki, K. , Harada, K. , Saito, N. , Tsutsui, T. , Nakanishi, S. , Tsuzuki, H. and Koizumi, A. 2003. Impact of airborne perfluorooctane sulfonate on the human body burden and the ecological system. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 71, 408–413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. Schlummer, M. , Gruber, L. , Ungewiss, J. and Fromme, H. 2005. Human exposure to perfluorinated compounds via food. ANA036 Schlumme. 9th Fluoros International symposium on fluorinated alkyl organics in the environment. August 2005, Toronto, Canada.
  242. Seacat, A.M. , Thomford, P.J. , Hansen, K.J. , Olsen, G.W. , Case, M.T. and Butenhoff, J.L. 2002. Subchronic toxicity studies on perfluoroctanesulfonate potassium salt in cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicol Sci. 68, 249–264. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Seacat, A.M. , Thomford, P.J. , Hansen, K.J. , Clemen, L.A. , Eldridge, S.R. , Elcombe, C.R. and Butenhoff, J.L. 2003. Sub‐chronic dietary toxicity of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate in rats. Toxicology 183, 117–131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Shabalina, I.G. , Panaretakis, T. and Bergstrand, A. 1999. Effects of the rodent peroxisome proliferator and hepatocarcinogen, perfluorooctanoic acid, on apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Carcinogenesis 20, 2237–2246. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. Shen, Y.W. and Taves, D.R. 1974. Fluoride concentrations in the human placenta and maternal and cord blood. Am J Obstet Gynecol 119, 205–207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Shipley, J.M. , Hurst, C.H. , Tanaka, S.S. , DeRoos, F.L. , Butenhoff, J.L. , Seacat, A.M. and Waxman, D.J. 2004. Trans‐activation of PPARalpha and induction of PPARalpha target genes by perfluorooctane‐based chemicals. Toxicol Sci. 80, 151–160. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Sibinski, L.J. 1987. Final report of a two‐year oral (diet) toxicity and carcinogenicity study of fluorochemical FC‐143 (perfluorooctanane ammonium carboxylate) in rats. Vol. 1–4, 3M Company/RIKER, Exp. No. 0281CR0012; 8 EHQ‐1087‐0394, October 16, 1987. [Google Scholar]
  248. Sinclair E., Taniyasu S., Yamashita N., and Kannan K. 2004. Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Michigan and New York Waters. Organohalogen Compounds 66, 4019–4023 [Google Scholar]
  249. Sinclair E., Mayack D.T., Roblee K., Yamashita N., and Kannan K. 2006. Occurrence of Perfluoroalkyl Surfactants in Water, Fish, and Birds from New York State. Archives of Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 50, 398–410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  250. Skutlarek D., Exner M., Farber H. 2006. Perfluorinated surfactants in surface and drinking waters. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 13, 299–307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. So M.K., Taniyasu S., Lam P.K.S., Zheng G.J., Giesy J.P., and Yamashita N. 2006a. Alkaline digestion and solid phase extraction method for perfluorinated compounds in mussels and oysters from south China and Japan. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 50, 240–248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. So M.K., Yamashita N., Taniyasu S., Jiang Q., Giesy J.P., Chen K., Lam P.K.S., and Lam, P.K.S. 2006b. Health risks in infants associated with exposure to perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from Zhoushan, China. Environ Sci Technol. 40, 2924–2929. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  253. So, M.K. , Miyake, Y , Yeung, W.Y. , Ho, Y.M. , Taniyasu, S , Rostkowski, P , Yamashita, N , Zhou, B.S. , Shi, X.J. , Wang, J.X. , Giesy, J.P. , Yu, H. , and Lam, P.K. 2007. Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China. Chemosphere 68, 2085–2095. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Sohlenius, A.K. , Andersson, K. and DePierre, J.W. 1992b. The effects of perfluoro‐octanoic acid on hepatic peroxisome proliferation and related parameters show no sex‐related differences in ice. Biochem J 285, 779–783. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Sohlenius, A.K. , Lundgren, B. and DePierre, J.W. 1992a. Perfluorooctanoic acid has persistent effects on peroxisome proliferation and related parameters in mouse liver. J Biochem Toxicol. 7, 205–212. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Sohlenius, A.K. and Eriksson, A.M. 1993. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid is a potent inducer of peroxisomal fatty acid b‐oxidation and other activities known to be affected by peroxisome proliferators in mouse liver. Pharmacol Toxicol. 72, 90–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. SRI International , 1982. In vitro microbiological mutagenicity assays of 3M Company's compound T‐3209CoC. No LSC‐3145.
  258. SRI International , 1985. In vitro microbiological mutagenicity assays of 3M Company's compound T‐3727 and T‐3752. No LSC‐3145.
  259. Staples, R.E. and Burgess, B.A. 1984. The embryo‐fetal toxicity and teratogenic potential of ammonium perflurooctanoate in the rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 4, 429–440. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. Suchenwirth, R.H. , Jürling, H. , Huppmann, R. , Bücking, M. 2006: Perfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) in Muttermilch. Ergebnisse und vorläufige Bewertungen einer Pilotstudie des Niedersächsischen Landesgesundheitsamtes. Report in German. Available at URL: www.nlga.niedersachsen.de/servlets/download?C=23217451&L=20
  261. Sweetser, P.B. 1965. Decomposition of organic fluorine compounds by Wickbold oxyhydrogen flame combustion method. Anal Chem 28, 1766–1768. [Google Scholar]
  262. Takacs, M.L. and Abbott, B.D. 2007. Activation of mouse and human peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (alpha, beta/delta, gamma) by perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. Toxicol.Sci. 95, 108–117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Takagi, A. , Umemura, T. , Hasegawa, R. and Kurokawa, Y. 1991. Short‐term exposure to the peroxisome proliferators perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorodecanoic acid causes significant increase of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine in liver DNA of rats. Cancer Letters 57, 55–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Takagi, A. , Sai, K. , Ummemura, T. , Hasegawa, R. and Kurogawa, Y. 1992. epatomegaly is an early biomarker for hepatocarcinogenesis induced by peroxisome proliferators. J Environ Toxicol Pathol 11, 45–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Tanaka S., Fujii S., Lien N.P.H., Nozoe M., Fukagawa H., Wirojanagud W., Anton A. and Lindstrom G. 2006. A simple pre‐treatment procedure in PFOS and PFOA water analysis and its' application in several countries. Organohalogen Compounds 68, 527–530. [Google Scholar]
  266. Taniyasu S., Kannan K., Horii Y., Hanari N., and Yamashita N. 2003. A survey of perfluorooctane sulfonate and related perfluorinated organic compounds in water, fish, birds, and humans from Japan. Environmental Science and Technology 37, 2634–2639. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. Taves, D.R. 1968. Electrophoretic mobility of serum fluoride. Nature 217: 1050–1051. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. Thibodeaux, J.R. , Hanson, R.G. , Rogers, J.M. , Grey, B.E. , Barbee, B.D. , Richards, J.H. , Butenhoff, J.L. , Stevenson, L.A. and Lau, C. 2003. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse: I. Maternal and prenatal evaluations. Toxicol Sci 74, 369–381. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Thomford, P. J. 2002. 104‐week dietary chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity study with perfluorooctane sulfonic acid potassium salt (PFOS; T‐6295) in rats. 6329‐183. Covance Laboratories Inc.
  270. Tittlemier, S.A. , Edwards, L. and Pepper, K. 2003. Concentrations and temporal trends of two perfluorooctyl sulfonamides in fast food composites collected during the Canadian total diet study Food. Organohalogen Compounds 62, 315–318. [Google Scholar]
  271. Tittlemier, S.A. , Pepper, K. , Tomy, G. and Chan, L. 2005. Examination of dietary exposure to polyfluorinated compounds via consumption of traditional foods. Organohalogen Compounds 67, 1794–1796. [Google Scholar]
  272. Tittlemier S.A., Moisey J., Seymour C., Pepper K. 2006. Concentrations of perfluorinated carboxylates and related compounds in Canadian Total Diet Study food composites and food packaging. Organohalogen Compounds 68, 539–542. [Google Scholar]
  273. Tittlemier, S.A. , Pepper, K , Seymour, C. , Moisey, J , Bronson, R , Cao, X.L. , and Dabeka, R.W. 2007. Dietary exposure of Canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging. J.Agric.Food Chem. 55, 3203–3210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Tomy, G.T. , Budakowski, W. , Halldorson, T. , Helm, P.A. , Stern, G.A. , Friesen, K. , Pepper, K. , Tittlemier, S.A. and Fisk, A.T. 2004. Fluorinated organic compounds in an eastern Arctic marine food web. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 6475–6481. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Tseng C., Liu L., Chen C., and Ding W. 2006. Analysis of perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in water and biological tissue samples by liquid chromatography‐ion trap mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1105, 119–126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Turrini A, Saba A, Perrone D, Cialfa E, D'Amicis A. 2001: Food consumption patterns in Italy: the INN‐CA Study 1994–1996. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 55, 571–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  277. Ubel, F.A. , Sorenson, S.D. , Roach, D.E. , 1980) Health status of plant workers exposed to fluorochemicals ‐ a preliminary report. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 41: 584–589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  278. UK DEFRA (United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) , 2004. Proposal for Regulations on PFOS‐Related Substances Partial Regulatory Impact Assessment. Prepared by Risk & Policy Analysts Limited and BRE Environment for Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Chemicals and GM Policy Division, United Kingdom.Project J454/PFOS RRS. Available at URL: www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/pfos.uk.impact.statement.pdf
  279. UK FSA (United Kingdom Food Standards Agency) , 2006. Fluorinated chemicals: UK dietary intakes 11/06 June 2006. Available at : food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/fsisbranch2006/fsis1106
  280. U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) , 1996. Exposure Factors Handbook Volume I: General Factors. Review Draft EPA/600/P‐95/002Ba. August 1996. Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC:20460.
  281. U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) , 2000. Draft Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds. Part I: Estimating Exposure to Dioxin‐Like Compounds. Volume IV: Site‐Specific Assessment Procedures – chapter 2. EPA/600/P‐00/001Bd. September 2000. Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC:20460.
  282. U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) , 2002. Draft hazard assessment of perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts, February 20, 2002. Washington DC, USA. [Google Scholar]
  283. U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) , 2003. Preliminary risk assessment of the developmental toxicity associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment Division, April 10, 2003. Washington DC, USA. [Google Scholar]
  284. U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) , 2005. Draft risk assessment on the potential human health effects associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts. US EPA. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Risk Assessment Division. Washington DC, USA. [Google Scholar]
  285. U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) , 2006. PFAS‐Proposed Significant New Use Rule, 40CFR721. U.S. Federal Register: Vol 71 (No 47), March 10, 2006. [Google Scholar]
  286. Uy‐Yu N, Kawashima Y, and Kozuka H 1990. Comparative studies on sex‐related difference in biochemical response s of livers to perfluorooctanoic acid between rats and mice. Biochem Pharmacol 39, 1492–1495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Van de Vijver K.I., Hoff P.T., van Dongen W., Esmans E.L., Blust R., and de Coen W.M. 2003. Exposure patterns of perfluorooctane sulfonate in aquatic invertebrates from the Western Scheldt estuary and the southern North sea. Environ Toxicol Chem 22, 2037–2041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  288. van de Vijver K.I., Blust R., de Coen W. 2005. Toxicity identification of perfluorinated compounds in the Western Scheldt estuary. FLUOROS Ninth International Symposium on Fluorinated Alkyl Organics in the Environment, Toronto, Canada, August 2005. Poster TOX007.
  289. van den Heuvel, J.P. , van Rafelghem, M.J. , Manahan, L.A. and Peterson, R.E. 1989. Isolation and purification of perfluorodecanoic and perfluorooctanoic acids from rat tissues. Lipids 24, 526–531. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. van den Heuvel, J.P. , Kuslikis, B.I. , van Rafelghem, M.J. and Peterson, R.E. 1991. Tissue distribution, metabolism, and elimination of perfluorooctanoic acid in male and female rats. J Biochem Toxicol 6: 83–92. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. van den Heuvel, J.P. , Davis, J.W. , Sommers, R. , and Peterson, R.E. 1992. Renal excretion of perfluorooctanoic acid in male rats: inhibitory effect of testosterone. J.Biochem.Toxicol. 7, 31–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. van den Heuvel J.; Thompson J.; Frame S.; Gillies P.; J 2006. Differential activation of nuclear receptors by perfluorinated fatty acid analogs and natural fatty acids: a comparison of human, mouse, and rat peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐alpha, ‐beta, and ‐gamma, liver X receptor‐beta, and retinoid X receptor‐alpha, Toxicol Sci. 92, 476–489 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. van Leeuwen, S. , Kärrman, A. , Zammit, A. , van Bavel, B. , van der Veen, I. , Kwadijk, C. , de Boer, J. and Lindström G. 2005. First worldwide interlaboratory study on perfluorinated compounds in human and environmental matrices. Joint report of the Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research (ASG‐RIVO) (The Netherlands), Man‐Technology‐Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Sweden, and Institute of Water Technology Laboratory, Malta.
  294. van Leeuwen, S.P.J. van der Veen, I. , Leonards, P.E.G. , de Boer, J. 2006. Perfluorinated compounds in edible dutch fish. Organohalogen Compounds 68, 535–538. [Google Scholar]
  295. Vejrup, K.V. and Lindblom, B. 2002. Survey of chemical substances in consumer products – Analysis of perfluorooctanesulfonate compounds in impregnating agents, wax, and floor polish products. Survey No. 17. Department of Environmental Chemistry, National Environmental Research Institute, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Danish Ministry of the Environment (Denmark). [Google Scholar]
  296. Vésine, E Bossoutrot, V , Mellouki, A , Le Bras, G, Wenger, J and Sidebottom, H. (2000). Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of OH‐ and Cl‐Initiated Oxidation of Two Unsaturated HFCs: C4F9CH=HH2 and C6F13CH=HH2. J. Phys.Chem. A, 104, 8512–8520, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  297. Völkel, W. , Genzel‐Boroviczeny, O. , Demmelmair, H. , Gebauer, C. , Koletzko, B. , Twardella, D. , Raab, U. , Fromme, H. (2007). Perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) in human breast milk: results of a pilot study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 211, 440–446. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  298. Wang, N. , Szostek, B , Buck, R.C. , Folsom, P.W. , Sulecki, L.M. , Capka, V , Berti, W.R. , and Gannon, J.T. 2005a. Fluorotelomer alcohol biodegradation‐direct evidence that perfluorinated carbon chains breakdown. Environ.Sci.Technol. 39, 7516–7528. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Wang, N. , Szostek, B , Folsom, P.W. , Sulecki, L.M. , Capka, V. , Buck, R.C. , Berti, W.R. , and Gannon, J.T. 2005b. Aerobic biotransformation of 14C‐labeled 8–2 telomer B alcohol by activated sludge from a domestic sewage treatment plant. Environ.Sci.Technol. 39, 531–538. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Washburn, S.T. , Bingman, T.S. , Braithwaite, S.K. , Buck, R.C. , Buxton, W. , Clewell, H.J. , Haroun, L.A. , Kester, J.E. , Rickard, R.W. and Shipp, A.M. 2005. Exposure assessment and risk characterisation for perfluorooctanoate in selected consumer articles. Environ.Sci.Technol. 39, 3904–3910. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  301. Weremiuk A.M., Gerstmann S., Hartmut F. (2006). Quantitative determination of perfluorinated surfactants in water by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS. J Sep Sci. 29, 2251–2255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  302. Wetzel, L.T. , 1983. Rat teratology study, T‐3351, final report. Hazelton Laboratories America, Inc. Project Number: 154–160, December 19, 1983. US EPA AR‐226 226‐0014.
  303. White, S.S. , Calafat, A.M. , Kuklenyik, Z , Villanueva, L , Zehr, R.D. , Helfant, L , Strynar, M.J. , Lindstrom, A.B. , Thibodeaux, J.R. , Wood, C. , and Fenton, S.E. 2007. Gestational PFOA exposure of mice is associated with altered mammary gland development in dams and female offspring. Toxicol.Sci. 96, 133–144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  304. WHO/GEMS/Food‐EURO (World Health Organization) , 1995. Second workshop on reliable evaluation of low level contamination of food. Kulmbach (Germany), May 26‐27. URL: www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/chem/lowlevel_may1995/en/index.html.
  305. Wolf, C.J. , Fenton, S.E. , Schmid, J.E. , Calafat, A.M. , Kuklenyik, Z , Bryant, X.A. , Thibodeaux, J , Das, K.P. , White, S.S. , Lau, C.S. , and Abbott, B.D. 2007. Developmental toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid in the CD‐1 mouse after cross‐foster and restricted gestational exposures. Toxicol.Sci. 95, 462–473. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  306. Xie, W. , Kania‐Korwel, I. , Bummer, P.M. , and Lehmler, H.J. 2007. Effect of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorooctanoate and octanesulfonate on the phase transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1768, 1299–1308. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Yang, Q. , Xie, Y ; Depierre, J W. 2000. Effects of peroxisome proliferators on the thymus and spleen of mice, Clinical And Experimental Immunology, 122, 219–226. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  308. Yang, Q. , Xie, Y. , Alexson, S.E. , Nelson, B.D. , and DePierre, J.W. 2002. Involvement of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha in the immunomodulation caused by peroxisome proliferators in mice. Biochem.Pharmacol. 63, 1893–1900. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  309. Yao, X. , and Zhong, L. , 2005. Genotoxic risk and oxidative DNA damage in HepG2 cells exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid. Mutat.Res. 587, 38–44. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  310. Yin Yeung, W, Guruge, K.S. Yamanaka, N , Miyazaki, S. , Lam, P.K.S. , Yamashita, N. and Geisy. 2005. Gene expression profiles in rat liver treated with pentadecafluorooctanic acid (PFOA). TOX003 Yin Yuen. 9th “Fluoros” International Symposium on Fluorinated Alkyl Organics in the Environment, Toronto, Canada.
  311. Ylinen, M. , Hanhijarvi, H. , Peura, P. , Ramo, O. 1985. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14, 713–716. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  312. Ylinen M, Kojo A, Hanhijarvi H, and Peura P 1990. Disposition of perfluorooctanoic acid in the rat after single and subchronic administration. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 44, 46–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from EFSA Journal are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES