Abstract
Quantifying health status and identifying modifiable factors are essential for effective and individualized prevention of age-related conditions and for promoting health during aging. The ME-BYO concept from Kanagawa Prefecture, one of Japan’s largest prefectures, can be used to establish a healthy aging society. In disease etiology, ME-BYO considers the status of an individual’s body and mind as changing continuously from healthy to sick instead of being a dichotomy between the two. ME-BYO conceptualizes the entire process of this change. The ME-BYO index was developed in 2019 to comprehensively and numerically measure and visualize an individual’s current health status and future disease risk by quantifying data on the four domains of metabolic function, locomotor function, cognitive function, and mental resilience. The ME-BYO index has been implemented in the personal health management application “My ME-BYO.” However, scientific validation of this index and the development of a practical application using healthcare data remain to be completed. In 2020, our research team started a project to refine the ME-BYO index using data from the Kanagawa ME-BYO prospective cohort study, which is a large population-based genomic cohort study. This project will scientifically evaluate the ME-BYO index and develop a practical application for promoting healthy aging.
Keywords: healthy aging, intrinsic capacity, quality of life, activities of daily living, smartphone, non-communicable disease
1. Introduction
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) tend to be caused by a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors and are among the most concerning global issues in healthcare (1). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs accounted for 71% of global deaths in 2015 (2). The WHO has promoted a “Healthy Aging” policy focused on maintaining an individual’s functional ability, which combines their intrinsic capacity and environmental characteristics (3). The prevention of NCDs may reduce the risk of intrinsic capacity decline. As one of the most-aged countries, Japan has worked to prevent the spread of NCDs. In 2000, the Ministry of Health and Welfare introduced “Health Japan 21,” a national health promotion policy aimed at prolonging healthy life expectancy by preventing NCDs through lifestyle improvement (4). The following six categories of detailed target values and prevention strategies are set in Health Japan 21: nutrition and dietary habits, physical activity and exercise, rest, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and oral health (5).
Multiple factors, including lifestyle, determine an individual’s health status. Therefore, both quantifying a person’s health status and identifying modifiable factors are essential for effectively and individually preventing age-related conditions and promoting health during aging. Kanagawa Prefecture, one of Japan’s largest prefectures, is pursuing the “Healthcare New Frontier” policy initiative, which aims to establish a society where everyone can live a long and healthy life (6). In the Kanagawa Prefecture ME-BYO concept of disease etiology, the body and mind states are considered to shift continuously between healthy and sick instead of being a dichotomy between the two. ME-BYO measures and visualizes the entire change process and can incentivize a patient to change their behavior. ME-BYO can be translated as “no disease” and viewed as a dynamic stage of transitioning from being healthy to the onset of full-blown disease and disability. At this stage, preventive measures may effectively maintain or reverse the disease trajectory. The ME-BYO index was developed in 2019 to comprehensively and numerically measure an individual’s current health status and future disease risk by quantifying data on the four domains of metabolic function, locomotor function, cognitive function, and mental resilience. The ME-BYO index is implemented in the personal health management application “My ME-BYO personal health record” (7).
The ME-BYO index was developed based on expert discussions. However, to promote changes in individual behavior effectively, it is necessary to refine the index further by analyzing high-quality data from well-established cohorts of older adults, evaluating the predictive value of the index, and examining associations between health behavior and lifestyles. In addition, the index should be scientifically validated, and its practical applications require development. In 2020, our research team started a project to refine the ME-BYO index. Since then, we have promoted behavioral changes in the prefecture residents by conducting demonstrations and refined the ME-BYO index to add predictive functions based on analysis of the Kanagawa ME-BYO Prospective Cohort Study (8), a population-based genome cohort study. A prospective cohort study is the only study design to achieve this refinement of ME-BYO because it can collect data on the process of healthy people contracting some diseases.
In this study, we review the concept of ME-BYO, present a study design for refining the ME-BYO index, and discuss the use of this index for establishing a healthy aging society (3).
2. The ME-BYO index
2.1. The ME-BYO concept
The “Healthcare New Frontier Policy” of Kanagawa Prefecture aims to create a society where everyone can live healthily in a super-aged society (6). This policy comprises mainly the following two approaches: (1) realizing personalized health through facilitating cutting-edge medicine and technology and (2) reviewing personal lifestyles through improving individuals’ ME-BYO. The ME-BYO concept focuses on integrated health status, which resists a future decline in intrinsic capacity.
2.2. Development of the ME-BYO index
Healthy behavior and lifestyle are essential for improving ME-BYO status when people are at risk of developing an NCD; however, encouraging people to change their behavior requires time and effort. The Health Belief Model evaluates health behavior using the following six key concepts: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cue to action, and self-efficacy (9). Based on this model, it is necessary to perceive the risk accurately and understand the benefits of behavior change to induce ME-BYO-improving behavior. The ME-BYO index was developed in 2019 to promote behavioral changes by visualizing an individual’s ME-BYO status. The ME-BYO index was designed to assist users in understanding their current and projected ME-BYO states.
The ME-BYO index is scored based on a 15-item measure across the following four domains: metabolic function, locomotor function, cognitive function, and mental resilience. The WHO categorizes intrinsic capacity into the following five parts: physical mobility, vitality, psychosocial, sensory, and cognitive (10). The ME-BYO index was designed using this approach; it is calculated by summing the weighted partial scores that assess the status of the four domains. Various scientifically-based indicators were collected using a survey to build a scoring formula for domain-specific assessments. The following measurement indices were used to calculate the ME-BYO index (Table 1): the three-question version of the Mini-Cog (11–13) was used to evaluate cognitive function; the five-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale questionnaire (14) and walking speed measured by smartphone, were used to assess living function; and individual voice information was used to evaluate mental health and stress. The Mind Monitoring System (MIMOSYS; PST Inc., Yokohama, Japan) has been recently developed (15–17) and implemented to evaluate mental resilience using smartphone applications.
Table 1.
Current version of the ME-BYO index.
| Domains | Items |
|---|---|
| Metabolic function | Sex, age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure |
| Cognitive function | Mini-Cog (3 questions) |
| Locomotor function | locomotive syndrome questionnaire (Locomo 5; 5 questions), walking speed |
| Mental resilience | MIMOSYS (voice) |
MIMOSYS, the Mind Monitoring System.
3. Design of the Kanagawa ME-BYO prospective cohort study
3.1. Background of the Kanagawa ME-BYO prospective cohort study
Research on gene–environment interactions has led to the development of personalized preventive medicine that considers both environmental and genetic factors and the characteristics of each patient (18, 19). One of the aims of the Kanagawa ME-BYO prospective cohort study (ME-BYO cohort) is to clarify gene–environmental interactions in NCDs in collaboration with the J-MICC Study (20). Details of the ME-BYO cohort and the J-MICC Study and the relationship between the two have been described in detail elsewhere (20, 21). The ME-BYO cohort was designed to perform original research on disease-prevention methods that are more efficacious than conventional measures to contribute to Kanagawa Prefecture’s healthy-aging policy based on the ME-BYO concept. The original ME-BYO cohort study aimed to evaluate the risks of developing diseases, which can damage an individual’s quality of life (QOL), include genetic factors related to NCDs, and use data from the ME-BYO cohort to develop an effective strategy for healthy aging based on the ME-BYO concept.
3.2. Study design
People aged 18–95 years who are residents of, or are working in, Kanagawa Prefecture were recruited as participants in the ME-BYO cohort; baseline recruitment and surveying began in 2016 and will continue until 2023. Participants were recruited during health-checkup run by municipalities or companies. We recruited some participants to the baseline survey directory. In addition, the baseline survey included a self-administered questionnaire and health examinations of the ME-BYO cohort. The self-administered questionnaire collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, including sleeping, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, psychological stress, use of medications and supplements, diet, personal and family disease history, personality and psychological state, social relationships, relationship to mass media, mobility, QOL, defecation, and female reproductive history. Data were also collected from physical check-ups and laboratory findings, including blood chemistry and complete blood cell count data. For genomic analysis and bio-banking, blood was drawn into plain tubes for serum assays and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid-containing tubes for plasma and buffy coat assays. Urine samples and stool samples were collected from some of the participants.
The target sample size was 5,000 people. The ME-BYO cohort was originally started to investigate gene-environmental interaction. The sample-size requirements in prospective cohort studies were already calculated (19). It indicated the large sample size needed. We will collaborate with J-MICC or other large cohort studies in Japan to conduct such investigations requiring a large sample size.
Follow-up data is planned to be collected through the population-based Kanagawa Cancer Registry (22, 23), where questionnaires are mailed to the participants, questionnaires are administered at follow-up visits to health check-up facilities, and information from death certificates and health insurance data will be collected. The endpoints of the follow-up study will be incident disease diagnoses, which include cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and death from any cause. Biological phenotypes and biomarkers, including laboratory test findings, were also used.
4. Development and validation of the ME-BYO index
4.1. Retrospective analysis using the ME-BYO cohort
We are planning to analyze data from the ME-BYO cohort using structural equation modeling analysis as a previous study about intrinsic capacity used (24). The main aim of the analysis is to verify the concept and existence of the ME-BYO index. Our hypothetical model is shown in Figure 1. Briefly, the ME-BYO index is treated as a latent variable in the analysis, which comprises observed variables that are the domains of the current scoring method. Cognitive function is excluded since it is not collected in the ME-BYO cohort. MIMOSYS is not collected either; therefore, Kessler’s Psychological Scale (K6) (25) was used as a substitute for the MIMOSYS. We hypothesized that four domains are affected by the ME-BYO management activities, and we also assumed that the ME-BYO management activities, diet, physical activity, and social factors affect each other. We will select the outcomes, shown as a latent variable in Figure 1, to estimate the ME-BYO status that also reflects the intrinsic capacity. For example, for QOL-related measures, such as the EQ-5D-5L (26, 27) and one-item subjective happiness, the participants were asked, “How happy do you feel about your life?” (28) and about laughter frequency. Data that are to be collected in the follow-up survey are planned to be used in the analysis.
Figure 1.
An example of a structural equation model. Domains of the ME-BYO index using explained variables and structural equation models with quality of life (QOL)-related indicators as outcome variables are shown. BMI, body mass index.
4.2. Prospective analysis using the ME-BYO cohort
A validation study performing the Mini-Cog and walking test on a smartphone has been conducted (11, 29); these comprise the ME-BYO index. The ME-BYO index, evaluated on smartphones or tablets, has been included in the baseline survey since 2020. A follow-up survey was performed to obtain data on the long-term QOL outcomes, activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, healthy life expectancy, medical costs, and nursing care costs. These are the endpoints of the ME-BYO index. A 1-year follow-up survey of baseline survey participants will examine the relationship between changes in the ME-BYO index and activities that improve wellness (diet, exercise, and social participation) and QOL. Subsequently, we will consider implementing a more precise MY-BYO index than that has already been adopted in the smartphone application. Some additional analysis that would be important in healthy aging can be conducted in the future, including the impact of education programs using the ME-BYO index on healthy lifestyles and emotional health and the financial and social impact of investing in improvements in the quality of an aging population, such as the “Healthcare New Frontier Policy” of Kanagawa Prefecture. In all those analyses, a p < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.
5. Discussions and future directions
This article presents the concept of the ME-BYO index and its validation using a genomic-cohort study. This project will clarify the scientific validity of the ME-BYO index and its significance in establishing healthy aging. However, several issues remain to be addressed. First, the endpoint of the index should be defined clearly. The ultimate endpoint is to show that a higher score on the ME-BYO index is associated with healthy longevity; this requires a follow-up period of at least 10 years. Although EuroQol 5 Dimension and subjective happiness could be used as alternative endpoints, they might not necessarily be a good substitute for this ultimate goal. The project plans to obtain future data on nursing care and medical costs, which will enable us to analyze this relationship. However, the optimal endpoint may differ among subgroups; for example, it may naturally differ between generations or between males and females. Therefore, an exploratory analysis using cohort studies is required to evaluate these potential differences.
The weighting strategy for each domain should be re-evaluated. The first version of the ME-BYO index was calculated using weights based on published studies of healthy aging; however, new data-based weights can be derived from the actual data of the ME-BYO cohort. The individualization or stratification of the weighting strategy should also be investigated. The ME-BYO index’s clinical or public health significance will probably vary depending on sex, and the purposes for which the ME-BYO index is used may differ significantly. Notably, excessive individualization may reduce the advantage of the indicator, which is comprehensive and universal to everyone, and the optimal approach may vary depending on the intended use.
A practical application for healthy aging should be developed for the ME-BYO index. The most significant advantage of this index is its ability to measure an individual’s health status. Measuring the effects of preventive medical interventions, such as exercise and diet therapy, is a promising method for using the index compared to a conventional health check comprising a blood test and physical examination by a medical doctor. Therefore, we plan to evaluate the significance of various preventive medical interventions in the future.
Author contributions
SN, RW, and HN wrote the manuscript. SN, RW, YS, KW, HN, and U-iC contributed to the study conception and design. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
Kanagawa Prefectural Government, Japan, supported this ME-BYO index development project. The ME-BYO cohort was in part supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant (no. 16H06277 (CoBiA)) from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Acknowledgments
We thank Editage (https://www.editage.jp) for English editing.
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