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. 2023 May 11;11:e100783. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.11.e100783

Insect fauna including unrecorded species in Ulleungdo, South Korea

Min Hyeok Won 1,2, Jae Won Choi 2,1, WooJun Bang 3, DongYeol Lee 2, Min Ki Moon 2, Young-Kun Kim 4, Donguk Kim 4, Dooyoung Kim 4, Sang Jae Suh 4,5, Kwang Shik Choi 6,2,1,✉
PMCID: PMC10200020  PMID: 37220534

Abstract

Background

Ulleungdo harbours a unique ecosystem owing to its isolation from the mainland alongside its maritime climate. The island, formed via volcanic activity, is the largest island in the East Sea of Korea and retains a primeval forest. The ecosystems are being destroyed owing to increasing human activity on the island. Therefore, through the investigation of the insect fauna of Ulleungdo, we tried to provide information that can be the basis for understanding the island ecology of Ulleungdo. This survey was conducted four times between April and October in 2020 at Seonginbong.

New information

The findings of the survey regarding insect fauna at Seonginbong, Ulleungdo included 10 orders, 105 families, 216 genera and 212 species, of which 12 families, two subfamilies, 13 genera and 74 species were previously unrecorded. The data have been registered in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; www.GBIF.org).

Keywords: Insecta, island, diversity, database, new records, Palearctic

Introduction

In general, island ecosystems are isolated and have limited resources, which consequently results in simpler food chains than those in inland ecosystems (Polis et al. 1997). Therefore, the interrelationship between predators and prey in island ecosystems can be compared more clearly than in inland where the relationship is complex (Simberloff 1974). In addition, the biota of island regions is expectedly distinct from inland biota as the former is affected by oceanic climates, unlike inland ecosystems, which are affected by continental climates. However, islands surrounded by oceans are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels due to global warming, changes in temperature and precipitation, increasing incidences of unpredictable tropical cyclones and El Nino (Ahn 2011). In case such climate change continues in Korea, boreal plants in temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere are expected to become extinct, whereas the distribution of temperate plants is expected to expand rapidly (Kim et al. 2022). Furthermore, human activities, such as island development and the influx of foreign species have added to the threat of biodiversity reduction in island ecosystems (Veron et al. 2019). For this reason, island ecosystems require constant monitoring.

Ulleungdo and its subsidiary islands are the sole island areas located in the East Sea of Korea, thereby representing the only island ecosystem in the East Sea. Ulleungdo is located in the southwest of the East Sea (37°30'N, 130°52'E) and at a distance of 130 km from the Korean Peninsula. The island was formed via volcanic activity and is an ocean island that has never been connected to land. Seonginbong (984 m) is located at the centre of Ulleungdo. The primeval forest of Seonginbong is an ecologically stable climax forest and includes plants that are unique to Ulleungdo (Cho et al. 1993).

An investigation about the insect fauna of Ulleungdo was first conducted by Cho, who reported four families and 16 species of butterflies (Cho 1929). Subsequent studies have identified various taxa, including 95 families and 345 species (Kim 1971), 125 families and 574 species (Lee and Kwon 1981), 141 families and 691 species (Kwon et al. 1996), 154 families and 828 species (Lee and Jung 2001), 153 families and 841 species (Lee et al. 2006), 81 families and 242 species (Lim and Lee 2012) and 96 families and 433 species (Lim et al. 2013). According to Lim et al. (2013), a total of 18 orders, 179 families and 1,177 species of insects were recorded on Ulleungdo during the survey period from 1929 to 2013. In addition, a recent survey by the National Institute of Biological Resources (National Institute of Biological Resources 2021b) involving aquatic insects in Ulleungdo identified 32 species of aquatic insects, including Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Plecoptera. Given its distinct geography as an island region, Ulleungdo has poor accessibility. In addition, owing to severe weather disturbances, such as typhoons and high waves, periodic insect fauna surveys have been difficult to conduct. Although there have been several surveys in the past, the overall insect fauna survey has not been carried out since the study of Lim et al. (2013) and the most recent survey (National Institute of Biological Resources 2021b) was not a general survey of insect fauna, but the aquatic environment. Therefore, there is a need to update the insect fauna data and it is possible that there are still many unrecorded insect species on Ulleungdo. Herein, a comprehensive survey of the insect fauna inhabiting Seonginbong in Ulleungdo was conducted using different collection methods and a species list, including that of previously unrecorded species, was prepared.

Sampling methods

Study extent

Throughout 2020 (April, July, August and October) four expeditions were carried out to collect data at Seonginbong (37°29'52.81''N, 130°52'03.72''E) in Ulleungdo (Fig. 1). Fifteen collection points were designated along the altitude of Seonginbong and four collection methods were used: light trap, molasses traps, pit-fall traps and sweeping.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Location of Ulleungdo, Korea.

Sampling description

Light trap was conducted at collection point 1 (lowland), collection point 6 (midland) and collection point 15 (highland). After fixing a tripod (height: 1 m) inside a tent (height: 1.7 m), a 400 W high-voltage mercury lamp was connected with a tripod. Samples attracted by ultra-violet light from a mercury lamp were collected by a hand-collecting method. Light trap was operated after 20:00 h when the sun had completely set and it was operated for about 1 hour at each point.

Molasses traps were conducted at all 15 collection points. The distance between each collection point is about 50 m. Tissue soaked in attractant was put in a mesh net and hung on a tree. The attracted samples were collected by a hand-collecting method. Molasses, made by mixing sugar, glacial acetic acid and grape juice, was used as an attractant (Scheller 1984, Singh et al. 2013, Dar et al. 2020). Molasses traps were installed at 15 points by altitude and maintained for 24 hours. Insects attached to the traps were collected one day after traps installation.

Pit-fall traps were also conducted in all 15 collection points. A plastic cup (diameter: 9.2 cm; height: 13.5 cm; volume: about 475 cm3) containing an attractant was buried at the same level as the ground. Molasses, pork and octopus were used as attractant and, in the case of molasses, the same molasses as the molasses trap were used. Each attractant was separately put into a plastic cup and three types of pit-fall traps were installed at regular intervals of 3 m. Three pit-fall traps were installed for each attractant at one point and a total of 45 traps were installed at 15 points. Pit-fall traps, like molasses traps, installed at 15 points by altitude, were maintained for 24 hours from the time of installation and then the insects in the traps were collected next day.

Sweeping was conducted continuously while going up from collection site 1 to 15 and samples were collected by sweeping an insect net (pole: 2.5 m; net diameter: 50 cm; net length: 110 cm). Sweeps were performed at least 50 times for each point. The samples collected in the insect net were transferred into the conical tube using an insect aspirator. Sweeping was carried out while climbing the Seounginbong during the daytime.

Collected samples were stored in conical tubes containing 70% ethanol. Large insects, such as some Lepidoptera species, were stored in glassine paper and frozen to prevent damage. Afterwards, the collected samples were moved to the Animal Systematics & Taxonomy Laboratory at Kyungpook National University. The species were identified by referring to various references (Hardy and Takahashi 1960, Shin 2001, Park et al. 2012, An 2013, Cho 2015a, Cho 2015b, Cho 2015c, Jang et al. 2015, Baek 2016, Dong 2017, National Institute of Biological Resources 2021a). In order to confirm that the identified species are unrecorded species of Ulleungdo, they were checked through the references which including a list of insect species previously investigated on Ulleungdo (Kim 1971, Lee and Kwon 1981, Lee et al. 2006, Lim and Lee 2012, Lim et al. 2013).

Database update: A list of 212 insect species collected from Ulleungdo in 2020 was prepared and the data were registered in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

Geographic coverage

Description

This survey was conducted at Seonginbong, Ulleungdo.

Coordinates

37°29'10'' and 37°29'54''N Latitude; 130°52'03'' and 130°53'39''E Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage

Taxa included

Rank Scientific Name Common Name
kingdom Animalia Animals
phylum Arthropoda Arthropods
class Insecta Insects
order Blattodea
order Coleoptera
order Dermaptera
order Diptera
order Hemiptera
order Hymenoptera
order Lepidoptera
order Mantodea
order Orthoptera
order Trichoptera
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Usage licence

Usage licence

Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)

Data resources

Data package title

2020_Ulleungdo_insect_list

Resource link

https://doi.org/10.15468/bvxcjq

Number of data sets

1

Data set 1.

Data set name

2020_Ulleungdo_insect_list

Data format

CSV.

Download URL

https://www.gbif.org/dataset/b2ccb272-cd23-4c1e-8c07-660ff0099fff

Description

The dataset (Kyungpook National University Animal Systematics & Taxonomy Laboratory 2023) included 10 orders, 105 families, 216 genera and 212 species of insects. This survey was prepared four times (28/04/2020-03/05/2020, 05/07/2020-08/07/2020, 28/08/2020-31/08/2020, 01/10/2020-04/10/2020) at Seonginbong of Ulleungdo. The collection methods used include sweeping, light trap, pit-fall trap and molasses trap.

Data set 1.
Column label Column description
taxonID An identifier for the set of taxon information (data associated with the Taxon class).
scientificName Full scientific name.
taxonRank The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName.
kingdom The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified.
phylum The full scientific name of the phylum or division in which the taxon is classified.
class The full scientific name of the class in which the taxon is classified.
order The full scientific name of the order in which the taxon is classified.
family The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified.
genus The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified.
specificEpithet The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName.
infraspecificEpithet The name of the lowest or terminal infraspecific epithet of the scientificName, excluding any rank designation.
vernacularName Common or vernacular name in Korea.
occurrenceID Unique identifier of the occurrence.
basisOfRecord State of the recorded specimen.
countryCode Country code.
stateProvince Province in which the specimen was collected.
county County in which the specimen was collected.
locality Locality in which the specimen was collected.
decimalLatitude Geographic latitude of the collection site.
decimalLongitude Geographic longitude of the collection site.
geodeticDatum The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based.
coordinateUncertaintyInMetres The horizontal distance (in metres) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location.
eventDate Date of sampling period.
identifiedBy Identifier for the specimen.
recordedBy A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations responsible for recording the original Occurrence.
identificationRemarks Comments or notes about the Identification.
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Additional information

Results and Discussion

This survey identified 10 orders, 105 families, 216 genera and 212 species of insects (Table 1, Fig. 2). This list includes 12 families, two subfamilies, 13 genera and 74 species that have not been previously recorded on Ulleungdo.

Table 1.

Ulleungdo insect list in 2020.

Order Family Subfamily Scientific name Newly-recorded
Family Subfamily Genus Species
Blattodea
Ectobiidae
Blattellanipponica
Coleoptera
Anthribidae
Anthribidae sp.
Aphodiidae
Saprositesjaponicus O
Bostrichidae
Bostrichidae sp. O
Brentidae
Apioninae
Apioninae sp. O
Buprestidae
Agrilus sp.
Agriluschujoi
Carabidae
Parena sp.
Synuchus sp.
Anisodactylus (Pseudanisodactylus) signatus
Amara (Curtonotus) giganteus
Amara (Amara) ussuriensis
Gyrochaetostylusatricomes O
Harpalus (Harpalus) chalcentus
Harpalus (Zangoharpalus) tinctulus luteicornoides O
Lesticus (Triplogenius) magnus
Metacolpodesbuchannani
Nipponoharpalusdiscrepans O
Cerambycidae
Acaloleptasejunctasejuncta O
Anaglyptus (Aglaophis) colobotheoides
Arhopaloscelisbifasciata
Arhopalusrusticusrusticus
Egesina (Niigimaia) bifasciana bifasciana
Mimectatinadivaricatadivaricata
Saperdaoctomaculata O
Scarabaeidae
Blitoperthaorientalis O
Protaetialugubris O
Sericania sp.
Sericaniafuscolineata
Sophropsstriata O
Chrysomelidae
Chrysomelidae sp.
Cryptocephalus sp.
Alticaoleraceaoleracea O
Argopistestsekooni
Bruchidiusjaponicus O
Demotinamodesta O
Gallerucidabifasciata
Pagriasignata
Paridea (Paridea) angulicollis O
Synetaadamsi O
Coccinellidae
Calviamuiri
Epilachnaquadricollis O
Harmoniaaxyridis
Illeis (Illeis) koebelei koebelei
Curculionidae
Curculionidae sp. O
Bradybatus sp.
Orchestes sp. O
Entiminae
Entiminae sp.
Pseudocneorhinus sp. O
Pseudoedophryshilleri
Elateridae
Elateridae sp.
Melanotus sp.
Drasteriusagnatus
Pectocerafortunei
Endomychidae
Ancylopuspictusasiaticus
Hydrophilidae
Spaeridiinae
Spaeridiinae sp.
Leiodidae
Leiodidae sp. O
Catops sp. O
Lucanidae
Dorcusrectusrectus
Meloidae
Meloidae sp.
Meloe (Meloe) proscarabaeus proscarabaeus
Mordellidae
Mordellidae sp.
Nitidulidae
Nitidulidae sp.
Epuraea (Epuraea) oblonga O
Glischrochilus (Librodor) rufiventris O
Ipidia (Ipidia) variolosa variolosa O
Meligethesflavicollis O
Neopallodesomogonis O
Omositadiscoidea O
Rhynchitidae
Aspidobyctiscus (Aspidobyctiscus) lacunipennis O
Salpingidae
Salpingusdepressifrons O
Scraptiidae
Scraptiidae sp.
Silphidae
Necrophila (Eusilpha) jakowlewi jakowlewi
Silvanidae
Uleiotaarboreus O
Staphylinidae
Staphylinidae sp.
Aleochara (Aleochara) curtula
Tachyporinae
Tachyporinae sp.
Tenebrionidae
Allecula (Upinella) melanaria O
Gonocephalum (Gonocephalum) pubens
Lagria (Lagria) nigricollis O
Lagria (Lagria) rufipennis O
Lupropsorientalis
Mycetochara (Ernocharis) orientalis O
Dermaptera
Anisolabididae
Euborelliaannulata O
Forficulidae
Anechurajaponica
Anisolabididae
Anisolabellamarginalis
Diptera
Agromyzidae
Agromyzidae sp. O
Anisopodidae
Sylvicolajaponicus
Anthomyiidae
Anthomyiidae sp.
Deliaplatura
Fucelliaapicalis
Asilidae
Ommatiinae
Ommatiinae sp.
Bibionidae
Bibio sp.1 O
Bibio sp.2 O
Bibiotenebrosus O
Calliphoridae
Calliphoridae sp.
Lucilia sp.
Cecidomyiidae
Cecidomyiidae sp. O
Chloropidae
Chloropidae sp. O
Coelopidae
Coelopafrigida O
Dolichopodidae
Condylostylusnebulosus O
Dolichopodinae
Dolichopodinae sp. O
Drosophilidae
Drosophilidae sp.
Drosophila sp.
Scaptomyza sp.
Ephydridae
Ephydridae sp. O
Fanniidae
Fannia sp.
Heleomyzidae
Heleomyzidae sp. O
Suillia sp. O
Suilliabrunneipennis O
Suillialineitergum O
Suillianartshukella
Lauxaniidae
Lauxaniidae sp.
Homoneura sp. O
Homoneurafiliola O
Homoneurahaejuana O
Sciasmomyiasupraorientalis O
Lonchopteridae
Lonchoptera sp. O
Muscidae
Atherigona sp. O
Muscinae
Muscinae sp.
Coenosiinae
Lispe sp.
Phaoniinae
Phaoniinae sp.
Dichaetomyiabibax O
Mycetophilidae
Mycetophilidae sp. O
Phoridae
Phoridae sp.1 O
Phoridae sp.2 O
Platystomatidae
Euprosopiagrahami O
Rivelliaalini
Rivellianigroapicalis
Psilidae
Psila sp. O
Psychodidae
Psychodidae sp.
Sarcophagidae
Sarcophagidae sp.
Sarcophaginae
Sarcophaginae sp.
Scatophagidae
Scathophaga sp.
Scathophagamellipes O
Scathophaga Stercoraria
Sciaridae
Sciaridae sp. O
Simuliidae
Simulium sp.
Sphaeroceridae
Sphaeroceridae sp 1. O
Sphaeroceridae sp 2. O
Stratiomyidae
Allognostavagans O
Syrphidae
Syrphidae sp.
Tachinidae
Tachinidae sp.
Tachina sp.
Tephritidae
Tephritidae sp.
Campiglossa sp.
Acanthonevratrigona O
Anomoiapurmunda
Hemiptera
Acanthosomatidae
Acanthosomatidae sp.
Acanthosomacrassicaudum
Acanthosomadenticaudum
Acanthosomaforficula
Elasmostethusnubilus
Sastragalascutellata
Achilidae
Erradanawae
Alydidae
Alyduscalcaratus O
Paraplesiusunicolor O
Riptortusclavatus
Aphididae
Aphididae sp.
Aphrophoridae
Obiphoraintermedia
Cicadellidae
Cicadellidae sp.
Cicadellaviridis
Drabescusnigrifemoratus O
Drabescusnitobei O
Idiocerus (Bicenarus) ishiyamae
Neotituriakongosana
Phlogotettixcyclops
Cicadidae
Meimunaopalifera
Coreidae
Homoeocerus (Tliponius) dilatatus
Cydnidae
Macroscytusjaponensis
Delphacidae
Delphacidae sp.
Stenocranus sp.
Sogatellafurcifera
Lygaeidae
Lygaeidae sp.
Neolethaeusdallasi
Nysiusplebejus
Miridae
Miridae sp.
Castanopsides sp. O
Charagochilus (Charagochilus) angusticollis O
Bryocorismontanus O
Monalocorisfilicis
Nabidae
Nabis (Milu) apicalis O
Nabis (Nabis) stenoferus
Pentatomidae
Aeliafieberi
Aeliaklugii
Glauciassubpunctatus
Leliadecempunctata
Menidascotti
Plautiastali
Zicronacaerulea
Psyllidae
Psyllidae sp.
Reduviidae
Reduviidae sp.
Gardenabrevicollis O
Ricaniidae
Orosangajaponica
Tingidae
Physatocheilafieberi O
Hymenoptera
Andrenidae
Andrenidae sp.
Apidae
Apidae sp.
Apismellifera
Bombus (Pyrobombus) ardens ardens
Bombusspeciosus
Braconidae
Braconidae sp.
Formicidae
Camponotus sp.
Camponotusitoi
Camponotusjaponicus
Camponotuskiusiuensis O
Formicalemani O
Lasiusalienus
Lasiushayashi O
Lasiusspathepus
Nylanderiaflavipes
Stigmatommasilvestrii
Technomyrmexgibbosus O
Myrmicinae
Myrmicinae sp.
Temnothorax sp. O
Pheidolefervida
Pristomyrmexpunctatus
Stenammaowstoni O
Temnothoraxspinosior O
Tetramoriumtsushimae
Ponerinae
Ponerinae sp.
Cryptoponesauteri O
Ichneumonidae
Ichneumonidae sp.
Coelichneumon (Coelichneumon) cyaniventris O
Vespidae
Vespasimillimasimillima
Vespulaflavicepsflaviceps
Lepidoptera
Callidulidae
Pterodectafelderi
Crambidae
Glyphodespryeri
Glyphodesquadrimaculalis
Haritalodesderogata
Herpetogrammaluctuosalis
Paligaauratalis
Palpitanigropunctalis
Pataniachlorophanta O
Drepanidae
Nordstromiajaponica
Thyatirabatisbatis
Erebidae
Erebidae sp. O
Barsinestriata
Catocalalara O
Catocalanubila
Chionarctianivea
Hypenaamica
Hypocalasubsatura O
Manuleajaponica O
Miltochristaminiata O
Spilarctiaseriatopunctata
Thyasjuno O
Geometridae
Geometridae sp.
Abraxasfulvobasalis
Bistonrobustum O
Caberagriseolimbata
Deilepteniaribeata
Dysstromajaponica
Epirrhoesupergressa
Gandaritisfixseni
Lobogonodeserectaria
Lomographabimaculata
Lomographatemerata
Odontoperaarida
Orthocaberatinagmaria
Ourapteryxkoreana
Pachyligiadolosa O
Phthonosematendinosaria
Problepsisdiscophora O
Lycaenidae
Cupidoargiades
Pseudozizeeriamaha
Noctuidae
Noctuidae sp.
Amyna sp. O
Amphipyralivida
Antoculeoralocuples
Athetislineosa
Callopistriarepleta
Chasminodesalbonitens
Chrysodeixiseriosoma
Ctenoplusiaalbostriata
Diarsiacanescens
Diarsiadeparca O
Dictyestradissecta O
Dimorphicosmiavariegata O
Dypterygiacaliginosa
Euplexialucipara O
Orthosiaaskoldensis O
Orthosiacarnipennis
Sineugrapheoceanica
Xestiac-nigrum
Xestiaefflorescens
Notodontidae
Epodontalineata
Euhampsoniacristata
Spataliaplusiotis
Nymphalidae
Kaniskacanace
Minoisdryas
Pieridae
Anthocharisscolymus
Pierisrapae
Pyralidae
Pyralidae sp.
Saturniidae
Samiacynthia
Sphingidae
Acosmeryxnaga
Ambulyxjaponicakoreana
Callambulyxtatarinovii
Tortricidae
Tortricidae sp.
Mantodea
Mantidae
Tenoderasinensis
Orthoptera
Acrididae
Shirakiacrisshirakii
Trilophidiaannulata
Gryllidae
Gryllidae sp.
Oecanthuslongicauda
Teleogryllus (Brachyteleogryllus) emma O
Rhaphidophoridae
Paratachycines (Paratachycines) ussuriensis
Tachycines (Tachycines) coreanus
Tetrigidae
Tetrixjaponica
Tettigoniidae
Tettigoniidae sp.
Ducetiajaponica
Hexacentrusjaponicus
Phaneropterafalcata
Phaneropteranigroantennata
Trichoptera
Trichoptera sp.
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Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Newly-recorded insect species from Seonginbong, Ulleungdo in 2020. Aa. Bostrichidae sp.; Ab. Apioninae sp.; Ac. Colpodes (Gyrochaetostylus) atricomes; Ad. Nipponoharpalusdiscrepans; Ae. Harpalus (Zangoharpalus) tinctulus luteicornoides; Af. Saperdaoctomaculata; Ba. Acaloleptasejunctasejuncta; Bb. Protaetialugubris; Bc. Paridea (Paridea) angulicollis; Bd. Meligethesflavicollis; Be. Bruchidiusjaponicus; Bf. Demotinamodesta; Ca. Alticaoleraceaoleracea; Cb. Synetaadamsi; Cc. Epilachnaquadricollis; Cd. Orchestes sp.; Ce. Pseudocneorhinus sp.; Cf. Bradybatus sp.; Da. Leiodidae sp.; Db. Catops sp.; Dc. Sophropsstriata; Dd. Omositadiscoidea; De. Epuraea (Epuraea) oblonga; Df. Neopallodesomogonis; Ea. Glischrochilus (Librodor) rufiventris; Eb. Ipidia (Ipidia) variolosa variolosa; Ec. Aspidobyctiscus (Aspidobyctiscus) lacunipennis; Ed. Blitoperthaorientalis; Ee. Salpingusdepressifrons; Ef. Uleiotaarboreus; Fa. Allecula (Upinella) melanaria; Fb. Lagrianigricollis; Fc. Mycetochara (Ernocharis) orientalis; Fd. Lagriarufipennis; Fe. Euborelliaannulata; Ff. Agromyzidae sp.; Ga. Bibio sp.1; Gb. Bibio sp.2; Gc. Bibiotenebrosus; Gd. Cecidomyiidae sp.; Ge. Chloropidae sp; Gf. Coelopafrigida; Ha. Condylostylusnebulosus; Hb. Dolichopodinae sp.; Hc. Ephydridae sp.; Hd. Suilliabrunneipennis; He. Suillialineitergum; Hf. Heleomyzidae sp.; Ia. Suillia sp.; Ib. Homoneurafiliola; Ic. Homoneurahaejuana; Id. Sciasmomyiasupraorientalis; Ie. Homoneura sp.; If. Lonchoptera sp.; Ja. Dichaetomyiabibax; Jb. Atherigona sp.; Jc. Mycetophilidae sp.; Jd. Phoridae sp.1; Je. Phoridae sp.2; Jf. Euprosopiagraham; Ka. Psila sp.; Kb. Scathophagamellipes; Kc. Sciaridae sp.; Kd. Sphaeroceridae sp. 1; Ke. Sphaeroceridae sp. 2; Kf. Allognostavagans; La. Acanthonevratrigona; Lb. Alyduscalcaratus; Lc. Paraplesiusunicolor; Ld. Drabescusnigrifemoratus; Le. Drabescusnitobei; Lf. Charagochilus (Charagochilus) angusticollis; Ma. Bryocorismontanus; Mb. Castanopsides sp.; Mc. Nabis (Milu) apicalis; Md. Gardenabrevicollis; Me. Physatocheilafieberi; Mf. Technomyrmexgibbosus; Na. Lasiushayashi; Nb. Camponotuskiusiuensis; Nc. Formicalemani; Nd. Stenammaowstoni; Ne. Cryptoponesauteri; Nf. Temnothoraxspinosior; Oa. Temnothorax sp.; Pa. Coelichneumon (Coelichneumon) cyaniventris; Pb. Pataniachlorophanta; Pc. Manuleajaponica; Pd. Thyasjuno; Pe. Catocalalara; Pf. Miltochristaminiata; Qa. Hypocalasubsatura; Qb. Erebidae sp.; Qc. Problepsisdiscophora; Qd. Pachyligiadolosa; Qe. Bistonrobustum; Qf. Orthosiaaskoldensis; Ra. Diarsiadeparca; Rb. Dictyestradissecta; Rc. Euplexialucipara; Rd. Dimorphicosmiavariegate; Re. Amyna sp.; Rf. Teleogryllus (Brachyteleogryllus) emma. Scale bars: Aa-Af, Bc-Mc, Me-Oa = 1.0 mm; Ba, Bb, Md, Pa-Rf = 1.0 cm.

The largest number of unrecorded species belonged to Coleoptera (28 species), followed by Lepidoptera (14 species), Diptera (13 species), Hemiptera (9 species) and Hymenoptera (8 species). Additionally, one previously unrecorded species each of Dermaptera and Orthoptera were found. In Diptera, 11 families, one subfamily and seven genera that have not been classified to the species level were identified. If all of these were to be identified at the species level, at least 32 unrecorded species would be recorded. Furthermore, Diptera appears to be the taxon with the highest possibility of unrecorded species being discovered. In the Braconidae family of Hymenoptera, Pyralidae family of Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, identification to the species level was difficult owing to the lack of experts. If accurate identification could be achieved, further previously unrecorded species would be identified.

The unrecorded species identified in this survey include pests, such as Aspidobyctiscuslacunipennis and Euplexialucipara, which infest crops, such as grapes and beans and Bistonrobustum, Pachyligiadolosa and Pataniachlorophanta, which infest forests, such as oak, camellia and persimmon (Lim et al. 2013, National Institute of Biological Resources 2022, Korea Forest Service 2022). The results of this survey highlight the necessity of obtaining the latest insect fauna data in Ulleungdo, updating the insect fauna through continuous monitoring, preventing the introduction of pests and implementing efforts to minimise damage to crops and forest resources.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2016R1A6A1A05011910).

Author contributions

MHW, JWC, WJB, DYL and MKM conducted sample collection. MHW, JWC, DUK and DYK identified Coleoptera, SJS and Y-KK identified Diptera, MHW and JWC identified other Orders. KSC helped to analyse the data and improved the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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