Full text
PDF






Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Albertini R. E., Harrell J. H., Moser K. M. Management of arterial hypoxemia induced by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Chest. 1975 Feb;67(2):134–136. doi: 10.1378/chest.67.2.134. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Allonen H., Ziegler G., Klotz U. Midazolam kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981 Nov;30(5):653–661. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1981.217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Andreasen P. B., Hendel J., Greisen G., Hvidberg E. F. Pharmacokinetics of diazepam in disordered liver function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1976 Jun 15;10(2):115–120. doi: 10.1007/BF00609469. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bardhan K. D., Morris P., Taylor P. C., Hinchliffe R. F., Harris P. A. Intravenous sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: diazepam versus midazolam. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 Apr 7;288(6423):1046–1046. doi: 10.1136/bmj.288.6423.1046. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bell G. D., Bown S., Morden A., Coady T., Logan R. F. Prevention of hypoxaemia during upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy by means of oxygen via nasal cannulae. Lancet. 1987 May 2;1(8540):1022–1024. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92282-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bell G. D., Morden A., Coady T., Lee J., Logan R. F. A comparison of diazepam and midazolam as endoscopy premedication assessing changes in ventilation and oxygen saturation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1988 Nov;26(5):595–600. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1988.tb05300.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bell G. D., Reeve P. A., Moshiri M., Morden A., Coady T., Stapleton P. J., Logan R. F. Intravenous midazolam: a study of the degree of oxygen desaturation occurring during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987 Jun;23(6):703–708. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03104.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bell G. D., Spickett G. P., Reeve P. A., Morden A., Logan R. F. Intravenous midazolam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a study of 800 consecutive cases relating dose to age and sex of patient. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987 Feb;23(2):241–243. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03037.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berggren L., Eriksson I., Mollenholt P., Wickbom G. Sedation for fibreoptic gastroscopy: a comparative study of midazolam and diazepam. Br J Anaesth. 1983 Apr;55(4):289–296. doi: 10.1093/bja/55.4.289. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bodenham A., Brownlie G., Dixon J. S., Park G. R. Reversal of sedation by prolonged infusion of flumazenil (Anexate, Ro 15-1788). Anaesthesia. 1988 May;43(5):376–378. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1988.tb09016.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boldy D. A., Lever L. R., Unwin P. R., Spencer P. A., Hoare A. M. Sedation for endoscopy: midazolam or diazepam and pethidine? Br J Anaesth. 1988 Dec;61(6):698–701. doi: 10.1093/bja/61.6.698. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bower S., Hull C. J. Comparative pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Br J Anaesth. 1982 Aug;54(8):871–877. doi: 10.1093/bja/54.8.871. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Branch R. A., Morgan M. H., James J., Read A. E. Intravenous administration of diazepam in patients with chronic liver disease. Gut. 1976 Dec;17(12):975–983. doi: 10.1136/gut.17.12.975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carter A. S., Coady T., Bell G. D., Lee J., Morden A. Monitoring during sedation for endoscopy. BMJ. 1989 Jan 14;298(6666):114–114. doi: 10.1136/bmj.298.6666.114-a. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chauvin M., Salbaing J., Perrin D., Levron J. C., Viars P. Clinical assessment and plasma pharmacokinetics associated with intramuscular or extradural alfentanil. Br J Anaesth. 1985 Sep;57(9):886–891. doi: 10.1093/bja/57.9.886. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Credle W. F., Jr, Smiddy J. F., Elliott R. C. Complications of fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974 Jan;109(1):67–72. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1974.109.1.67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dorward A. J., Berkin K. E., Elliott J. A., Stack B. H. A double-blind controlled study comparing temazepam with papaveretum as premedication for fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Br J Dis Chest. 1983 Jan;77(1):60–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dreisin R. B., Albert R. K., Talley P. A., Kryger M. H., Scoggin C. H., Zwillich C. W. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the teaching hospital. Yield and complications. Chest. 1978 Aug;74(2):144–149. doi: 10.1378/chest.74.2.144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dubrawsky C., Awe R. J., Jenkins D. E. The effect of bronchofiberscopic examination on oxygenation status. Chest. 1975 Feb;67(2):137–140. doi: 10.1378/chest.67.2.137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dundee J. W., Collier P. S., Carlisle R. J., Harper K. W. Prolonged midazolam elimination half-life. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Apr;21(4):425–429. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb05217.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dundee J. W., Samuel I. O., Toner W., Howard P. J. Midazolam: a water-soluble benzodiazepine. Studies in volunteers. Anaesthesia. 1980 May;35(5):454–458. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb03821.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Efthimiou J., Higenbottam T., Holt D., Cochrane G. M. Plasma concentrations of lignocaine during fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Thorax. 1982 Jan;37(1):68–71. doi: 10.1136/thx.37.1.68. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ferrier C., Marty J., Bouffard Y., Haberer J. P., Levron J. C., Duvaldestin P. Alfentanil pharmacokinetics in patients with cirrhosis. Anesthesiology. 1985 Apr;62(4):480–484. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198504000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Forster A., Morel D., Bachmann M., Gemperle M. Respiratory depressant effects of different doses of midazolam and lack of reversal with naloxone--a double-blind randomized study. Anesth Analg. 1983 Oct;62(10):920–924. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goroszeniuk T., Nicholas I. H., Marchant P., Turner J. A., Johnson N. M. Premedication for fibreoptic bronchoscopy: fentanyl, diazepam, and atropine compared with papaveretum and hyoscine. Br Med J. 1980 Aug 16;281(6238):486–486. doi: 10.1136/bmj.281.6238.486. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grant I. W. Hazards of bronchoscopy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Aug 2;293(6542):286–287. doi: 10.1136/bmj.293.6542.286. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green J. R., Ravenscroft M. M., Swan C. H. Diazepam or midazolam for endoscopy? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 May 5;288(6427):1383–1383. doi: 10.1136/bmj.288.6427.1383. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Groeger J. S., Inturrisi C. E. High-dose naloxone: pharmacokinetics in patients in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 1987 Aug;15(8):751–756. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hamdy N. A., Kennedy H. J., Nicholl J., Triger D. R. Sedation for gastroscopy: a comparative study of midazolam and Diazemuls in patients with and without cirrhosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Dec;22(6):643–647. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02952.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Helmers H., Van Peer A., Woestenborghs R., Noorduin H., Heykants J. Alfentanil kinetics in the elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1984 Aug;36(2):239–243. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1984.169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- JOHANNESSON T., MILTHERS K. Morphine and normorphine in the brain of rats. A comparison of subcutaneouos, intraperitoneal, and intravenous administration. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1962;19:241–246. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1962.tb01700.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jones D. A., McBurney A., Stanley P. J., Tovey C., Ward J. W. Plasma concentrations of lignocaine and its metabolites during fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Br J Anaesth. 1982 Aug;54(8):853–857. doi: 10.1093/bja/54.8.853. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kangas L., Kanto J., Forsström J., Iisalo E. The protein binding of diazepam and N-demethyldiazepam in patients with poor renal function. Clin Nephrol. 1976 Mar;5(3):114–118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Katz A. S., Michelson E. L., Stawicki J., Holford F. D. Cardiac arrhythmias. Frequency during fiberoptic bronchoscopy and correlation with hypoxemia. Arch Intern Med. 1981 Apr;141(5):603–606. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kirkegaard L., Knudsen L., Jensen S., Kruse A. Benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788. Antagonism of diazepam sedation in outpatients undergoing gastroscopy. Anaesthesia. 1986 Dec;41(12):1184–1188. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb13001.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klotz U., Antonin K. H., Brügel H., Bieck P. R. Disposition of diazepam and its major metabolite desmethyldiazepam in patients with liver disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1977 Apr;21(4):430–436. doi: 10.1002/cpt1977214430. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klotz U., Avant G. R., Hoyumpa A., Schenker S., Wilkinson G. R. The effects of age and liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam in adult man. J Clin Invest. 1975 Feb;55(2):347–359. doi: 10.1172/JCI107938. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klotz U., McHorse T. S., Wilkinson G. R., Schenker S. The effect of cirrhosis on the disposition and elimination of meperidine in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1974 Oct;16(4):667–675. doi: 10.1002/cpt1974164667. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LASAGNA L., DE KORNFELD T. J. Analgesic potency of normorphine in patients with postoperative pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1958 Nov;124(3):260–263. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lieberman D. A., Wuerker C. K., Katon R. M. Cardiopulmonary risk of esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Role of endoscope diameter and systemic sedation. Gastroenterology. 1985 Feb;88(2):468–472. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90508-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lukas S. E., Griffiths R. R. Precipitated withdrawal by a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist (Ro 15-1788) after 7 days of diazepam. Science. 1982 Sep 17;217(4565):1161–1163. doi: 10.1126/science.6287579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MacGilchrist A. J., Birnie G. G., Cook A., Scobie G., Murray T., Watkinson G., Brodie M. J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous midazolam in patients with severe alcoholic cirrhosis. Gut. 1986 Feb;27(2):190–195. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.2.190. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Macnab M. S., Macrae D. J., Guy E., Grant I. S., Feely J. Profound reduction in morphine clearance and liver blood flow in shock. Intensive Care Med. 1986;12(5):366–369. doi: 10.1007/BF00292927. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Magni V. C., Frost R. A., Leung J. W., Cotton P. B. A randomized comparison of midazolam and diazepam for sedation in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Br J Anaesth. 1983 Nov;55(11):1095–1101. doi: 10.1093/bja/55.11.1095. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McConnell J. B., Curry S. H., Davis M., Williams R. Clinical effects and metabolism of diazepam in patients with chronic liver disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 1982 Jul;63(1):75–80. doi: 10.1042/cs0630075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mitchell D. M., Emerson C. J., Collyer J., Collins J. V. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy: ten years on. Br Med J. 1980 Aug 2;281(6236):360–363. doi: 10.1136/bmj.281.6236.360. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morel D. R., Forster A., Bachmann M., Suter P. M. Effect of intravenous midazolam on breathing pattern and chest wall mechanics in human. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984 Oct;57(4):1104–1110. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1984.57.4.1104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nimmo W. S., Forrest J. A., Heading R. C., Finlayson N. D., Prescott L. F. Premedication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comparative study of flunitrazepam, diazepam and neuroleptanalgesia. Endoscopy. 1978 Aug;10(3):183–186. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1098290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Osborne R. J., Joel S. P., Slevin M. L. Morphine intoxication in renal failure: the role of morphine-6-glucuronide. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Jun 14;292(6535):1548–1549. doi: 10.1136/bmj.292.6535.1548. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Patterson J. R., Blaschke T. F., Hunt K. K., Meffin P. J. Lidocaine blood concentrations during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1975 Jul;112(1):53–57. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1975.112.1.53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pearce S. J. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy: is sedation necessary? Br Med J. 1980 Sep 20;281(6243):779–780. doi: 10.1136/bmj.281.6243.779. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pereira W., Jr, Kovnat D. M., Snider G. L. A prospective cooperative study of complications following flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Chest. 1978 Jun;73(6):813–816. doi: 10.1378/chest.73.6.813. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Power S. J., Morgan M., Chakrabarti M. K. Carbon dioxide response curves following midazolam and diazepam. Br J Anaesth. 1983 Sep;55(9):837–841. doi: 10.1093/bja/55.9.837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rees P. J., Hay J. G., Webb J. R. Premedication for fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Thorax. 1983 Aug;38(8):624–627. doi: 10.1136/thx.38.8.624. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ricou B., Forster A., Brückner A., Chastonay P., Gemperle M. Clinical evaluation of a specific benzodiazepine antagonist (RO 15-1788). Studies in elderly patients after regional anaesthesia under benzodiazepine sedation. Br J Anaesth. 1986 Sep;58(9):1005–1011. doi: 10.1093/bja/58.9.1005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rinetti M., Ascalone V., Colombi Zinelli L., Cisternino M. A pharmacokinetic study on midazolam in compensated liver cirrhosis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1985;5(6):405–411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roncari G., Ziegler W. H., Guentert T. W. Pharmacokinetics of the new benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 in man following intravenous and oral administration. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Oct;22(4):421–428. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02912.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rozen P., Fireman Z., Gilat T. Arterial oxygen tension changes in elderly patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. II. Influence of the narcotic premedication and endoscope diameter. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1981;16(2):299–303. doi: 10.3109/00365528109181972. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rozen P., Fireman Z., Gilat T. The causes of hypoxemia in elderly patients during endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1982 Nov;28(4):243–246. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(82)73101-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rozen P., Oppenheim D., Ratan J., Laniado S., Gilat T. Arterial oxygen tension changes in elderly patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. I. Possible causes. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1979;14(5):577–581. doi: 10.3109/00365527909181392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salisbury B. G., Metzger L. F., Altose M. D., Stanley N. N., Cherniack N. S. Effect of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on respiratory performance in patients with chronic airways obstruction. Thorax. 1975 Aug;30(4):441–446. doi: 10.1136/thx.30.4.441. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shelly M. P., Cory E. P., Park G. R. Pharmacokinetics of morphine in two children before and after liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth. 1986 Nov;58(11):1218–1223. doi: 10.1093/bja/58.11.1218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shelly M. P., Dixon J. S., Park G. R. The pharmacokinetics of midazolam following orthotopic liver transplantation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1989 May;27(5):629–633. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1989.tb03428.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shimomura K., Kamata O., Ueki S., Ida S., Oguri K. Analgesic effect of morphine glucuronides. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1971 Sep;105(1):45–52. doi: 10.1620/tjem.105.45. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Simpson F. G., Arnold A. G., Purvis A., Belfield P. W., Muers M. F., Cooke N. J. Postal survey of bronchoscopic practice by physicians in the United Kingdom. Thorax. 1986 Apr;41(4):311–317. doi: 10.1136/thx.41.4.311. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith M. T., Heazlewood V., Eadie M. J., Brophy T. O., Tyrer J. H. Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in the aged. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;26(3):381–388. doi: 10.1007/BF00548771. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith R. B. Letter: Uptake of lidocaine from the trachea. Anesthesiology. 1976 Mar;44(3):269–269. doi: 10.1097/00000542-197603000-00023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Suratt P. M., Smiddy J. F., Gruber B. Deaths and complications associated with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Chest. 1976 Jun;69(6):747–751. doi: 10.1378/chest.69.6.747. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Szeto H. H., Inturrisi C. E., Houde R., Saal S., Cheigh J., Reidenberg M. M. Accumulation of normeperidine, an active metabolite of meperidine, in patients with renal failure of cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1977 Jun;86(6):738–741. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-86-6-738. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thomson P. D., Melmon K. L., Richardson J. A., Cohn K., Steinbrunn W., Cudihee R., Rowland M. Lidocaine pharmacokinetics in advanced heart failure, liver disease, and renal failure in humans. Ann Intern Med. 1973 Apr;78(4):499–508. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-78-4-499. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Traeger S. M., Haug M. T., 3rd Reduction of diazepam serum half life and reversal of coma by activated charcoal in a patient with severe liver disease. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1986;24(4):329–337. doi: 10.3109/15563658608992597. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van Peer A., Vercauteren M., Noorduin H., Woestenborghs R., Heykants J. Alfentanil kinetics in renal insufficiency. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;30(2):245–247. doi: 10.1007/BF00614313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whitwam J. G., Al-Khudhairi D., McCloy R. F. Comparison of midazolam and diazepam in doses of comparable potency during gastroscopy. Br J Anaesth. 1983 Aug;55(8):773–777. doi: 10.1093/bja/55.8.773. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams R. L., Blaschke T. F., Meffin P. J., Melmon K. L., Rowland M. Influence of viral hepatitis on the disposition of two compounds with high hepatic clearance: lidocaine and indocyanine green. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1976 Sep;20(3):290–299. doi: 10.1002/cpt1976203290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]