Skip to main content
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 1995 May;50(5):567–576. doi: 10.1136/thx.50.5.567

AIDS and the lung: update 1995. 4. Role of the human immunodeficiency virus within the lung.

J R Clarke 1, D S Robinson 1, R J Coker 1, R F Miller 1, D M Mitchell 1
PMCID: PMC1021233  PMID: 7597675

Full text

PDF
567

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Afessa B., Greaves W., Green W., Olopoenia L., Delapenha R., Saxinger C., Frederick W. Autopsy findings in HIV-infected inner-city patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1992;5(2):132–136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Agostini C., Poletti V., Zambello R., Trentin L., Siviero F., Spiga L., Gritti F., Semenzato G. Phenotypical and functional analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes in patients with HIV infection. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Dec;138(6):1609–1615. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/138.6.1609. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Agostini C., Semenzato G. Does analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid provide a tool to monitor disease progression or to predict survival in patients with HIV-1 infection? Thorax. 1994 Sep;49(9):848–851. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.9.848. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Agostini C., Trentin L., Zambello R., Bulian P., Caenazzo C., Cipriani A., Cadrobbi P., Garbisa S., Semenzato G. Release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by alveolar macrophages in the lung of HIV-1-infected patients. A mechanism accounting for macrophage and neutrophil accumulation. J Immunol. 1992 Nov 15;149(10):3379–3385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Agostini C., Trentin L., Zambello R., Semenzato G. HIV-1 and the lung. Infectivity, pathogenic mechanisms, and cellular immune responses taking place in the lower respiratory tract. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Apr;147(4):1038–1049. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.4.1038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Agostini C., Zambello R., Trentin L., Poletti V., Spiga L., Gritti F., Cipriani A., Salmaso L., Cadrobbi P., Semenzato G. Prognostic significance of the evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations in patients with HIV-1 infection and pulmonary involvement. Chest. 1991 Dec;100(6):1601–1606. doi: 10.1378/chest.100.6.1601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Aldhous M. C., Watret K. C., Mok J. Y., Bird A. G., Froebel K. S. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and CD8 subpopulations in children at risk of HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 Jul;97(1):61–67. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06580.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Ameisen J. C. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) and cell survival regulation: relevance to AIDS and cancer. AIDS. 1994 Sep;8(9):1197–1213. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199409000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Autran B., Mayaud C. M., Raphael M., Plata F., Denis M., Bourguin A., Guillon J. M., Debre P., Akoun G. Evidence for a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte alveolitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. AIDS. 1988 Jun;2(3):179–183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Autran B., Mayaud C. M., Raphael M., Plata F., Denis M., Bourguin A., Guillon J. M., Debre P., Akoun G. Evidence for a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte alveolitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. AIDS. 1988 Jun;2(3):179–183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bloom B. R., Salgame P., Diamond B. Revisiting and revising suppressor T cells. Immunol Today. 1992 Apr;13(4):131–136. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(92)90110-S. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bozzette S. A., Sattler F. R., Chiu J., Wu A. W., Gluckstein D., Kemper C., Bartok A., Niosi J., Abramson I., Coffman J. A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. California Collaborative Treatment Group. N Engl J Med. 1990 Nov 22;323(21):1451–1457. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199011223232104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Broder C. C., Dimitrov D. S., Blumenthal R., Berger E. A. The block to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated membrane fusion in animal cells expressing human CD4 can be overcome by a human cell component(s). Virology. 1993 Mar;193(1):483–491. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Buseyne F., Blanche S., Schmitt D., Griscelli C., Rivière Y. Detection of HIV-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the peripheral blood from infected children. J Immunol. 1993 Apr 15;150(8 Pt 1):3569–3581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Callebaut C., Krust B., Jacotot E., Hovanessian A. G. T cell activation antigen, CD26, as a cofactor for entry of HIV in CD4+ cells. Science. 1993 Dec 24;262(5142):2045–2050. doi: 10.1126/science.7903479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Chayt K. J., Harper M. E., Marselle L. M., Lewin E. B., Rose R. M., Oleske J. M., Epstein L. G., Wong-Staal F., Gallo R. C. Detection of HTLV-III RNA in lungs of patients with AIDS and pulmonary involvement. JAMA. 1986 Nov 7;256(17):2356–2359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Chesebro B., Buller R., Portis J., Wehrly K. Failure of human immunodeficiency virus entry and infection in CD4-positive human brain and skin cells. J Virol. 1990 Jan;64(1):215–221. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.1.215-221.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Clapham P. R., Blanc D., Weiss R. A. Specific cell surface requirements for the infection of CD4-positive cells by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and by Simian immunodeficiency virus. Virology. 1991 Apr;181(2):703–715. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90904-P. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Clark S. J., Saag M. S., Decker W. D., Campbell-Hill S., Roberson J. L., Veldkamp P. J., Kappes J. C., Hahn B. H., Shaw G. M. High titers of cytopathic virus in plasma of patients with symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 1991 Apr 4;324(14):954–960. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199104043241404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Clarke J. R., Coker R. J., Harris J. R., Mitchell D. M. Rapidly evolving HIV-1 infection in lung of AIDS patient. Lancet. 1994 Sep 3;344(8923):679–680. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92110-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Clarke J. R., Fleming J., Donegan K., Moss F. M., Nieman R., Williamson J. D., Mitchell D. M. Effect of HIV-1 and cytomegalovirus in bronchoalveolar lavage cells on the transfer factor for lung carbon monoxide in AIDS patients. AIDS. 1991 Nov;5(11):1333–1338. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199111000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Clarke J. R., Gates A. J., Coker R. J., Douglass J. A., Williamson J. D., Mitchell D. M. HIV-1 proviral DNA copy number in peripheral blood leucocytes and bronchoalveolar lavage cells of AIDS patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 May;96(2):182–186. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06539.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Clarke J. R., Krishnan V., Bennett J., Mitchell D., Jeffries D. J. Detection of HIV-1 in human lung macrophages using the polymerase chain reaction. AIDS. 1990 Nov;4(11):1133–1136. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199011000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Clarke J. R., Mitchell D. Evidence for human immunodeficiency virus infection of the lung. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1993 Aug;48(4):360–365. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Clarke J. R., Taylor I. K., Fleming J., Nukuna A., Williamson J. D., Mitchell D. M. The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection of the lung in AIDS patients. AIDS. 1993 Apr;7(4):555–560. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199304000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Clarke J. R., Taylor I. K., Fleming J., Williamson J. D., Mitchell D. M. Relation of HIV-I in bronchoalveolar lavage cells to abnormalities of lung function and to the presence of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-I seropositive patients. Thorax. 1993 Dec;48(12):1222–1226. doi: 10.1136/thx.48.12.1222. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Clarke J. R., Williamson J. D., Mitchell D. M. Comparative study of the isolation of human immunodeficiency virus from the lung and peripheral blood of AIDS patients. J Med Virol. 1993 Mar;39(3):196–199. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890390304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Clerici M., Hakim F. T., Venzon D. J., Blatt S., Hendrix C. W., Wynn T. A., Shearer G. M. Changes in interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 production in asymptomatic, human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive individuals. J Clin Invest. 1993 Mar;91(3):759–765. doi: 10.1172/JCI116294. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Collin M., Gordon S. The kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcription are slower in primary human macrophages than in a lymphoid cell line. Virology. 1994 Apr;200(1):114–120. doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Collin M., Illei P., James W., Gordon S. Definition of the range and distribution of human immunodeficiency virus macrophage tropism using PCR-based infectivity measurements. J Gen Virol. 1994 Jul;75(Pt 7):1597–1603. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-7-1597. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Cooper D. A., Gold J., Maclean P., Donovan B., Finlayson R., Barnes T. G., Michelmore H. M., Brooke P., Penny R. Acute AIDS retrovirus infection. Definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion. Lancet. 1985 Mar 9;1(8428):537–540. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91205-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Dalgleish A. G., Beverley P. C., Clapham P. R., Crawford D. H., Greaves M. F., Weiss R. A. The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus. Nature. 1984 Dec 20;312(5996):763–767. doi: 10.1038/312763a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Dean N. C., Golden J. A., Evans L. A., Warnock M. L., Addison T. E., Hopewell P. C., Levy J. A. Human immunodeficiency virus recovery from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with AIDS. Chest. 1988 Jun;93(6):1176–1179. doi: 10.1378/chest.93.6.1176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Denis M., Ghadirian E. Alveolar macrophages from subjects infected with HIV-1 express macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha): contribution to the CD8+ alveolitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 May;96(2):187–192. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06540.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Dolei A., Serra C., Arca M. V., Toniolo A. Acute HIV-1 infection of CD4+ human lung fibroblasts. AIDS. 1992 Feb;6(2):232–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Donaldson Y. K., Bell J. E., Holmes E. C., Hughes E. S., Brown H. K., Simmonds P. In vivo distribution and cytopathology of variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 showing restricted sequence variability in the V3 loop. J Virol. 1994 Sep;68(9):5991–6005. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.9.5991-6005.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fantini J., Yahi N., Delezay O., Gonzalez-Scarano F. GalCer, CD26 and HIV infection of intestinal epithelial cells. AIDS. 1994 Sep;8(9):1347–1348. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199409000-00022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fenyö E. M., Morfeldt-Månson L., Chiodi F., Lind B., von Gegerfelt A., Albert J., Olausson E., Asjö B. Distinct replicative and cytopathic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus isolates. J Virol. 1988 Nov;62(11):4414–4419. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.11.4414-4419.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. French P. D., Cunningham D. A., Fleming J., Donegan C., Harris J. R., Shaw R. J., Mitchell D. M. Low carbon monoxide transfer factor (TLCO) in HIV-infected patients without lung disease. Respir Med. 1992 May;86(3):253–256. doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(06)80064-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Gao F., Yue L., Robertson D. L., Hill S. C., Hui H., Biggar R. J., Neequaye A. E., Whelan T. M., Ho D. D., Shaw G. M. Genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: evidence for distinct sequence subtypes with differences in virus biology. J Virol. 1994 Nov;68(11):7433–7447. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.11.7433-7447.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Gendelman H. E., Baca L. M., Husayni H., Turpin J. A., Skillman D., Kalter D. C., Orenstein J. M., Hoover D. L., Meltzer M. S. Macrophage-HIV interaction: viral isolation and target cell tropism. AIDS. 1990 Mar;4(3):221–228. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Graziosi C., Pantaleo G., Gantt K. R., Fortin J. P., Demarest J. F., Cohen O. J., Sékaly R. P., Fauci A. S. Lack of evidence for the dichotomy of TH1 and TH2 predominance in HIV-infected individuals. Science. 1994 Jul 8;265(5169):248–252. doi: 10.1126/science.8023143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Guillon J. M., Autran B., Denis M., Fouret P., Plata F., Mayaud C. M., Akoun G. M. Human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphocytic alveolitis. Chest. 1988 Dec;94(6):1264–1270. doi: 10.1378/chest.94.6.1264. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Guillon J. M., Autran B., Denis M., Fouret P., Plata F., Mayaud C. M., Akoun G. M. Human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphocytic alveolitis. Chest. 1988 Dec;94(6):1264–1270. doi: 10.1378/chest.94.6.1264. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Gómez A. M., Smaill F. M., Rosenthal K. L. Inhibition of HIV replication by CD8+ T cells correlates with CD4 counts and clinical stage of disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 Jul;97(1):68–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06581.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Harmsen A. G., Stankiewicz M. Requirement for CD4+ cells in resistance to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice. J Exp Med. 1990 Sep 1;172(3):937–945. doi: 10.1084/jem.172.3.937. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Heinzel F. P., Sadick M. D., Holaday B. J., Coffman R. L., Locksley R. M. Reciprocal expression of interferon gamma or interleukin 4 during the resolution or progression of murine leishmaniasis. Evidence for expansion of distinct helper T cell subsets. J Exp Med. 1989 Jan 1;169(1):59–72. doi: 10.1084/jem.169.1.59. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Holt P. G. Down-regulation of immune responses in the lower respiratory tract: the role of alveolar macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol. 1986 Feb;63(2):261–270. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Holt P. G., Schon-Hegrad M. A., Phillips M. J., McMenamin P. G. Ia-positive dendritic cells form a tightly meshed network within the human airway epithelium. Clin Exp Allergy. 1989 Nov;19(6):597–601. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02752.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Hsieh C. S., Heimberger A. B., Gold J. S., O'Garra A., Murphy K. M. Differential regulation of T helper phenotype development by interleukins 4 and 10 in an alpha beta T-cell-receptor transgenic system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jul 1;89(13):6065–6069. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.13.6065. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Huang Z. B., Eden E. Effect of corticosteroids on IL1 beta and TNF alpha release by alveolar macrophages from patients with AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest. 1993 Sep;104(3):751–755. doi: 10.1378/chest.104.3.751. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Javaherian K., Langlois A. J., LaRosa G. J., Profy A. T., Bolognesi D. P., Herlihy W. C., Putney S. D., Matthews T. J. Broadly neutralizing antibodies elicited by the hypervariable neutralizing determinant of HIV-1. Science. 1990 Dec 14;250(4987):1590–1593. doi: 10.1126/science.1703322. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Jeffrey A. A., Israël-Biet D., Andrieu J. M., Even P., Venet A. HIV isolation from pulmonary cells derived from bronchoalveolar lavage. Clin Exp Immunol. 1991 Jun;84(3):488–492. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Joly P., Guillon J. M., Mayaud C., Plata F., Theodorou I., Denis M., Debre P., Autran B. Cell-mediated suppression of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1989 Oct 1;143(7):2193–2201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Jurriaans S., Van Gemen B., Weverling G. J., Van Strijp D., Nara P., Coutinho R., Koot M., Schuitemaker H., Goudsmit J. The natural history of HIV-1 infection: virus load and virus phenotype independent determinants of clinical course? Virology. 1994 Oct;204(1):223–233. doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1526. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Klatt E. C. Diagnostic findings in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1988;1(5):459–465. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Klatzmann D., Champagne E., Chamaret S., Gruest J., Guetard D., Hercend T., Gluckman J. C., Montagnier L. T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV. Nature. 1984 Dec 20;312(5996):767–768. doi: 10.1038/312767a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Krishnan V. L., Meager A., Mitchell D. M., Pinching A. J. Alveolar macrophages in AIDS patients: increased spontaneous tumour necrosis factor-alpha production in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Clin Exp Immunol. 1990 May;80(2):156–160. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05225.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Kuiken C. L., Zwart G., Baan E., Coutinho R. A., van den Hoek J. A., Goudsmit J. Increasing antigenic and genetic diversity of the V3 variable domain of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein in the course of the AIDS epidemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Oct 1;90(19):9061–9065. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.19.9061. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Landay A. L., Schade S. Z., Takefman D. M., Kuhns M. C., McNamara A. L., Rosen R. L., Kessler H. A., Spear G. T. Detection of HIV-1 provirus in bronchoalveolar lavage cells by polymerase chain reaction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993 Feb;6(2):171–175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Lebargy F., Branellec A., Deforges L., Bignon J., Bernaudin J. F. HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages from infected patients is latent in vivo but replicates after in vitro stimulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1994 Jan;10(1):72–78. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.10.1.8292383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Lee T. H., Sheppard H. W., Reis M., Dondero D., Osmond D., Busch M. P. Circulating HIV-1-infected cell burden from seroconversion to AIDS: importance of postseroconversion viral load on disease course. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1994 Apr;7(4):381–388. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Levy J. A. Changing concepts in HIV infection: challenges for the 1990s. AIDS. 1990 Nov;4(11):1051–1058. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199011000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Levy J. A. Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Microbiol Rev. 1993 Mar;57(1):183–289. doi: 10.1128/mr.57.1.183-289.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Lipschik G. Y., Doerfler M. E., Kovacs J. A., Travis W. D., Andrawis V. A., Lawrence M. G., Dichter J. R., Ognibene F. P., Shelhamer J. H. Leukotriene B4 and interleukin-8 in human immunodeficiency virus-related pulmonary disease. Chest. 1993 Sep;104(3):763–769. doi: 10.1378/chest.104.3.763. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Lu W., Andrieu J. M. Similar replication capacities of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates derived from a wide range of clinical sources. J Virol. 1992 Jan;66(1):334–340. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.1.334-340.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Lucey D. R., Dorsky D. I., Nicholson-Weller A., Weller P. F. Human eosinophils express CD4 protein and bind human immunodeficiency virus 1 gp120. J Exp Med. 1989 Jan 1;169(1):327–332. doi: 10.1084/jem.169.1.327. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Maddon P. J., Dalgleish A. G., McDougal J. S., Clapham P. R., Weiss R. A., Axel R. The T4 gene encodes the AIDS virus receptor and is expressed in the immune system and the brain. Cell. 1986 Nov 7;47(3):333–348. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90590-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Maggi E., Mazzetti M., Ravina A., Annunziato F., de Carli M., Piccinni M. P., Manetti R., Carbonari M., Pesce A. M., del Prete G. Ability of HIV to promote a TH1 to TH0 shift and to replicate preferentially in TH2 and TH0 cells. Science. 1994 Jul 8;265(5169):244–248. doi: 10.1126/science.8023142. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Marlink R., Kanki P., Thior I., Travers K., Eisen G., Siby T., Traore I., Hsieh C. C., Dia M. C., Gueye E. H. Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1. Science. 1994 Sep 9;265(5178):1587–1590. doi: 10.1126/science.7915856. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Mason G. R., Hashimoto C. H., Dickman P. S., Foutty L. F., Cobb C. J. Prognostic implications of bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Jun;139(6):1336–1342. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.6.1336. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Mayaud C. M., Cadranel J. HIV in the lung: guilty or not guilty? Thorax. 1993 Dec;48(12):1191–1195. doi: 10.1136/thx.48.12.1191. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. McMillan A., Bishop P. E., Aw D., Peutherer J. F. Immunohistology of the skin rash associated with acute HIV infection. AIDS. 1989 May;3(5):309–312. doi: 10.1097/00002030-198905000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Meduri G. U., Stein D. S. Pulmonary manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Jan;14(1):98–113. doi: 10.1093/clinids/14.1.98. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Meignan M., Guillon J. M., Denis M., Joly P., Rosso J., Carette M. F., Baud L., Parquin F., Plata F., Debre P. Increased lung epithelial permeability in HIV-infected patients with isolated cytotoxic T-lymphocytic alveolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 May;141(5 Pt 1):1241–1248. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/141.5_Pt_1.1241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Mercure L., Phaneuf D., Wainberg M. A. Detection of unintegrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA in persistently infected CD8+ cells. J Gen Virol. 1993 Oct;74(Pt 10):2077–2083. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-10-2077. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Meyaard L., Schuitemaker H., Miedema F. T-cell dysfunction in HIV infection: anergy due to defective antigen-presenting cell function? Immunol Today. 1993 Apr;14(4):161–164. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90279-T. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Milich L., Margolin B., Swanstrom R. V3 loop of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env protein: interpreting sequence variability. J Virol. 1993 Sep;67(9):5623–5634. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.9.5623-5634.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Milich L., Margolin B., Swanstrom R. V3 loop of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env protein: interpreting sequence variability. J Virol. 1993 Sep;67(9):5623–5634. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.9.5623-5634.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Millar A. B., Miller R. F., Foley N. M., Meager A., Semple S. J., Rook G. A. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by blood and lung mononuclear phagocytes from patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1991 Aug;5(2):144–148. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb/5.2.144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Mitchell D. M., Fleming J., Pinching A. J., Harris J. R., Moss F. M., Veale D., Shaw R. J. Pulmonary function in human immunodeficiency virus infection. A prospective 18-month study of serial lung function in 474 patients. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Sep;146(3):745–751. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.3.745. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Mosier D. E., Gulizia R. J., MacIsaac P. D., Torbett B. E., Levy J. A. Rapid loss of CD4+ T cells in human-PBL-SCID mice by noncytopathic HIV isolates. Science. 1993 Apr 30;260(5108):689–692. doi: 10.1126/science.8097595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Moskowitz L., Hensley G. T., Chan J. C., Adams K. Immediate causes of death in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1985 Aug;109(8):735–738. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Mosmann T. R. Cytokine patterns during the progression to AIDS. Science. 1994 Jul 8;265(5169):193–194. doi: 10.1126/science.8023139. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Murray H. W., Gellene R. A., Libby D. M., Rothermel C. D., Rubin B. Y. Activation of tissue macrophages from AIDS patients: in vitro response of AIDS alveolar macrophages to lymphokines and interferon-gamma. J Immunol. 1985 Oct;135(4):2374–2377. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Musher D. M., Watson D. A., Nickeson D., Gyorkey F., Lahart C., Rossen R. D. The effect of HIV infection on phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus by human pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Am J Med Sci. 1990 Mar;299(3):158–163. doi: 10.1097/00000441-199003000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Muñoz A., Schrager L. K., Bacellar H., Speizer I., Vermund S. H., Detels R., Saah A. J., Kingsley L. A., Seminara D., Phair J. P. Trends in the incidence of outcomes defining acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: 1985-1991. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 Feb 15;137(4):423–438. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116691. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Niedt G. W., Schinella R. A. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinicopathologic study of 56 autopsies. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1985 Aug;109(8):727–734. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Nieman R. B., Fleming J., Coker R. J., Harris J. R., Mitchell D. M. The effect of cigarette smoking on the development of AIDS in HIV-1-seropositive individuals. AIDS. 1993 May;7(5):705–710. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199305000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Niu M. T., Stein D. S., Schnittman S. M. Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: review of pathogenesis and early treatment intervention in humans and animal retrovirus infections. J Infect Dis. 1993 Dec;168(6):1490–1501. doi: 10.1093/infdis/168.6.1490. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Osborn L., Kunkel S., Nabel G. J. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer by activation of the nuclear factor kappa B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(7):2336–2340. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.7.2336. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Pantaleo G., Graziosi C., Demarest J. F., Butini L., Montroni M., Fox C. H., Orenstein J. M., Kotler D. P., Fauci A. S. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature. 1993 Mar 25;362(6418):355–358. doi: 10.1038/362355a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Pantaleo G., Graziosi C., Fauci A. S. New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1993 Feb 4;328(5):327–335. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199302043280508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Pearce T. E., Nowakowski M., Eden E., Huang Z. B., Steiner P., Shahabuddin M., Potash M. J., Volsky D. J. Uniform detection of HIV-1 in alveolar macrophages of pediatric but not adult AIDS patients. J Leukoc Biol. 1993 Jun;53(6):722–726. doi: 10.1002/jlb.53.6.722. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Piatak M., Jr, Saag M. S., Yang L. C., Clark S. J., Kappes J. C., Luk K. C., Hahn B. H., Shaw G. M., Lifson J. D. High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science. 1993 Mar 19;259(5102):1749–1754. doi: 10.1126/science.8096089. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Plata F., Autran B., Martins L. P., Wain-Hobson S., Raphaël M., Mayaud C., Denis M., Guillon J. M., Debré P. AIDS virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in lung disorders. Nature. 1987 Jul 23;328(6128):348–351. doi: 10.1038/328348a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Plata F., Garcia-Pons F., Ryter A., Lebargy F., Goodenow M. M., Dat M. H., Autran B., Mayaud C. HIV-1 infection of lung alveolar fibroblasts and macrophages in humans. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1990 Aug;6(8):979–986. doi: 10.1089/aid.1990.6.979. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Poli G., Bressler P., Kinter A., Duh E., Timmer W. C., Rabson A., Justement J. S., Stanley S., Fauci A. S. Interleukin 6 induces human immunodeficiency virus expression in infected monocytic cells alone and in synergy with tumor necrosis factor alpha by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. J Exp Med. 1990 Jul 1;172(1):151–158. doi: 10.1084/jem.172.1.151. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Potash M. J., Zeira M., Huang Z. B., Pearce T. E., Eden E., Gendelman H. E., Volsky D. J. Virus-cell membrane fusion does not predict efficient infection of alveolar macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Virology. 1992 Jun;188(2):864–868. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90543-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Pruss D., Bushman F. D., Wolffe A. P. Human immunodeficiency virus integrase directs integration to sites of severe DNA distortion within the nucleosome core. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 21;91(13):5913–5917. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.13.5913. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Rankin J. A., Collman R., Daniele R. P. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome and the lung. Chest. 1988 Jul;94(1):155–164. doi: 10.1378/chest.94.1.155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Rich E. A., Chen I. S., Zack J. A., Leonard M. L., O'Brien W. A. Increased susceptibility of differentiated mononuclear phagocytes to productive infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). J Clin Invest. 1992 Jan;89(1):176–183. doi: 10.1172/JCI115559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Robinson D. S., Hamid Q., Ying S., Tsicopoulos A., Barkans J., Bentley A. M., Corrigan C., Durham S. R., Kay A. B. Predominant TH2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jan 30;326(5):298–304. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199201303260504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Robinson D. S., Ying S., Taylor I. K., Wangoo A., Mitchell D. M., Kay A. B., Hamid Q., Shaw R. J. Evidence for a Th1-like bronchoalveolar T-cell subset and predominance of interferon-gamma gene activation in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Apr;149(4 Pt 1):989–993. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.4.8143065. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Rose R. M., Krivine A., Pinkston P., Gillis J. M., Huang A., Hammer S. M. Frequent identification of HIV-1 DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage cells obtained from individuals with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Apr;143(4 Pt 1):850–854. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.4_Pt_1.850. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Rowland-Jones S. L., Nixon D. F., Aldhous M. C., Gotch F., Ariyoshi K., Hallam N., Kroll J. S., Froebel K., McMichael A. HIV-specific cytotoxic T-cell activity in an HIV-exposed but uninfected infant. Lancet. 1993 Apr 3;341(8849):860–861. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)93063-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Sadat-Sowti B., Debré P., Idziorek T., Guillon J. M., Hadida F., Okzenhendler E., Katlama C., Mayaud C., Autran B. A lectin-binding soluble factor released by CD8+CD57+ lymphocytes from AIDS patients inhibits T cell cytotoxicity. Eur J Immunol. 1991 Mar;21(3):737–741. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830210329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Sadat-Sowti B., Parrot A., Quint L., Mayaud C., Debre P., Autran B. Alveolar CD8+CD57+ lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus infection produce an inhibitor of cytotoxic functions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Apr;149(4 Pt 1):972–980. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.4.7511468. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Sakai H., Kawamura M., Sakuragi J., Sakuragi S., Shibata R., Ishimoto A., Ono N., Ueda S., Adachi A. Integration is essential for efficient gene expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol. 1993 Mar;67(3):1169–1174. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.3.1169-1174.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Saksela K., Stevens C., Rubinstein P., Baltimore D. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood cells predicts disease progression independently of the numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Feb 1;91(3):1104–1108. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.3.1104. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Salahuddin S. Z., Rose R. M., Groopman J. E., Markham P. D., Gallo R. C. Human T lymphotropic virus type III infection of human alveolar macrophages. Blood. 1986 Jul;68(1):281–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Salahuddin S. Z., Rose R. M., Groopman J. E., Markham P. D., Gallo R. C. Human T lymphotropic virus type III infection of human alveolar macrophages. Blood. 1986 Jul;68(1):281–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Saltini C., Kirby M., Trapnell B. C., Tamura N., Crystal R. G. Biased accumulation of T lymphocytes with "memory"-type CD45 leukocyte common antigen gene expression on the epithelial surface of the human lung. J Exp Med. 1990 Apr 1;171(4):1123–1140. doi: 10.1084/jem.171.4.1123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Sample S., Chernoff D. N., Lenahan G. A., Serwonska M. H., Rangi S., Sherman J. W., Sooy C. D., Hollander H., Goetzl E. J. Elevated serum concentrations of IgE antibodies to environmental antigens in HIV-seropositive male homosexuals. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 Dec;86(6 Pt 1):876–880. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(05)80149-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Schnittman S. M., Greenhouse J. J., Psallidopoulos M. C., Baseler M., Salzman N. P., Fauci A. S., Lane H. C. Increasing viral burden in CD4+ T cells from patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reflects rapidly progressive immunosuppression and clinical disease. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Sep 15;113(6):438–443. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-113-6-438. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Schuitemaker H., Koot M., Kootstra N. A., Dercksen M. W., de Goede R. E., van Steenwijk R. P., Lange J. M., Schattenkerk J. K., Miedema F., Tersmette M. Biological phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clones at different stages of infection: progression of disease is associated with a shift from monocytotropic to T-cell-tropic virus population. J Virol. 1992 Mar;66(3):1354–1360. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.3.1354-1360.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Sei S., Kleiner D. E., Kopp J. B., Chandra R., Klotman P. E., Yarchoan R., Pizzo P. A., Mitsuya H. Quantitative analysis of viral burden in tissues from adults and children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection assessed by polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 1994 Aug;170(2):325–333. doi: 10.1093/infdis/170.2.325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Sierra-Madero J. G., Toossi Z., Hom D. L., Finegan C. K., Hoenig E., Rich E. A. Relationship between load of virus in alveolar macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons, production of cytokines, and clinical status. J Infect Dis. 1994 Jan;169(1):18–27. doi: 10.1093/infdis/169.1.18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Simon J. H., Schockmel G. A., Illei P., James W. A rodent cell line permissive for entry and reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 has a pre-integration block to productive infection. J Gen Virol. 1994 Oct;75(Pt 10):2615–2623. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-10-2615. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Stevens S. W., Griffith J. D. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 may preferentially integrate into chromatin occupied by L1Hs repetitive elements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 7;91(12):5557–5561. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5557. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Takahashi H., Nakagawa Y., Pendleton C. D., Houghten R. A., Yokomuro K., Germain R. N., Berzofsky J. A. Induction of broadly cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells recognizing an HIV-1 envelope determinant. Science. 1992 Jan 17;255(5042):333–336. doi: 10.1126/science.1372448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Tersmette M., Gruters R. A., de Wolf F., de Goede R. E., Lange J. M., Schellekens P. T., Goudsmit J., Huisman H. G., Miedema F. Evidence for a role of virulent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: studies on sequential HIV isolates. J Virol. 1989 May;63(5):2118–2125. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.5.2118-2125.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Tindall B., Cooper D. A. Primary HIV infection: host responses and intervention strategies. AIDS. 1991 Jan;5(1):1–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Trentin L., Garbisa S., Zambello R., Agostini C., Caenazzo C., Di Francesco C., Cipriani A., Francavilla E., Semenzato G. Spontaneous production of interleukin-6 by alveolar macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. J Infect Dis. 1992 Oct;166(4):731–737. doi: 10.1093/infdis/166.4.731. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Twigg H. L., 3rd, Lipscomb M. F., Yoffe B., Barbaro D. J., Weissler J. C. Enhanced accessory cell function by alveolar macrophages from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: potential role for depletion of CD4+ cells in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1989 Nov;1(5):391–400. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb/1.5.391. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Twigg H. L., 3rd, Soliman D. M. Role of alveolar macrophage-T cell adherence in accessory cell function in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1994 Aug;11(2):138–146. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.11.2.7519433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Twigg H. L., 3rd, Soliman D. M., Spain B. A. Impaired alveolar macrophage accessory cell function and reduced incidence of lymphocytic alveolitis in HIV-infected patients who smoke. AIDS. 1994 May;8(5):611–618. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199405000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Valentin A., Albert J., Fenyö E. M., Asjö B. Dual tropism for macrophages and lymphocytes is a common feature of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 isolates. J Virol. 1994 Oct;68(10):6684–6689. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6684-6689.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Verhofstede C., Reniers S., Van Wanzeele F., Plum J. Evaluation of proviral copy number and plasma RNA level as early indicators of progression in HIV-1 infection: correlation with virological and immunological markers of disease. AIDS. 1994 Oct;8(10):1421–1427. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199410000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Wall P. G., Porter K., Noone A., Goldberg D. J. Changing incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as initial AIDS defining disease in the United Kingdom. AIDS. 1993 Nov;7(11):1523–1525. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199311000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Wasserman K., Subklewe M., Pothoff G., Banik N., Schell-Frederick E. Expression of surface markers on alveolar macrophages from symptomatic patients with HIV infection as detected by flow cytometry. Chest. 1994 May;105(5):1324–1334. doi: 10.1378/chest.105.5.1324. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Wasserman K., Subklewe M., Pothoff G., Banik N., Schell-Frederick E. Expression of surface markers on alveolar macrophages from symptomatic patients with HIV infection as detected by flow cytometry. Chest. 1994 May;105(5):1324–1334. doi: 10.1378/chest.105.5.1324. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Weiner D. B., Huebner K., Williams W. V., Greene M. I. Human genes other than CD4 facilitate HIV-1 infection of murine cells. Pathobiology. 1991;59(6):361–371. doi: 10.1159/000163679. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Werner A., Mattern T., Ulmer A. J., Flad H. D., Kurth R., Baier M. CD26 is not required for infection of the lymphoma cell line C8166 with HIV-1. AIDS. 1994 Sep;8(9):1348–1349. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199409000-00023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. West W. H., Stott C. J. Cell surface expression of CD26 does not correlate with susceptibility to immunodeficiency viruses. AIDS. 1994 Sep;8(9):1349–1350. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199409000-00024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Wong-Staal F., Shaw G. M., Hahn B. H., Salahuddin S. Z., Popovic M., Markham P., Redfield R., Gallo R. C. Genomic diversity of human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). Science. 1985 Aug 23;229(4715):759–762. doi: 10.1126/science.2992084. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Yerly S., Chamot E., Hirschel B., Perrin L. H. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus provirus and circulating virus: relationship with immunologic parameters. J Infect Dis. 1992 Aug;166(2):269–276. doi: 10.1093/infdis/166.2.269. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Zhang L. Q., MacKenzie P., Cleland A., Holmes E. C., Brown A. J., Simmonds P. Selection for specific sequences in the external envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 upon primary infection. J Virol. 1993 Jun;67(6):3345–3356. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.6.3345-3356.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Zhang L. Q., MacKenzie P., Cleland A., Holmes E. C., Brown A. J., Simmonds P. Selection for specific sequences in the external envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 upon primary infection. J Virol. 1993 Jun;67(6):3345–3356. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.6.3345-3356.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Ziza J. M., Brun-Vezinet F., Venet A., Rouzioux C. H., Traversat J., Israel-Biet B., Barre-Sinoussi F., Chermann J. C., Godeau P. Lymphadenopathy-associated virus isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in AIDS-related complex with lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jul 18;313(3):183–183. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198507183130313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. van Noesel C. J., Gruters R. A., Terpstra F. G., Schellekens P. T., van Lier R. A., Miedema F. Functional and phenotypic evidence for a selective loss of memory T cells in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. J Clin Invest. 1990 Jul;86(1):293–299. doi: 10.1172/JCI114698. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES