Skip to main content
The Western Journal of Medicine logoLink to The Western Journal of Medicine
. 1984 Feb;140(2):250–259.

Intestinal and Liver Toxicity of Antineoplastic Drugs

George B McDonald, Nigendra Tirumali
PMCID: PMC1021607  PMID: 6375139

Abstract

This discussion was selected from the weekly Grand Rounds in the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. Taken from a transcription, it has been edited by Drs Paul G. Ramsey, Assistant Professor of Medicine, and Philip J. Fialkow, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Medicine.

Full text

PDF
250

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aapro M. S., Alberts D. S. Dexamethasone as an antiemetic in patients treated with cisplatin. N Engl J Med. 1981 Aug 27;305(9):520–520. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Altman A. J., Dinndorf P., Quinn J. J. Acute pancreatitis in association with cytosine arabinoside therapy. Cancer. 1982 Apr 1;49(7):1384–1386. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19820401)49:7<1384::aid-cncr2820490714>3.0.co;2-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Appelbaum F. R., Shulman H. M. Fatal hepatotoxicity associated with AMSA therapy. Cancer Treat Rep. 1982 Oct;66(10):1863–1865. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Asbury R. F., Rosenthal S. N., Descalzi M. E., Ratcliffe R. L., Arseneau J. C. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease due to DTIC. Cancer. 1980 May 15;45(10):2670–2674. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19800515)45:10<2670::aid-cncr2820451031>3.0.co;2-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BENCOSME S. A., LAZARUS S. S. The pancreas of cortisone-treated rabbits; pathogenic study. AMA Arch Pathol. 1956 Oct;62(4):285–295. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. BORISON H. L., WANG S. C. Physiology and pharmacology of vomiting. Pharmacol Rev. 1953 Jun;5(2):193–230. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Beschorner W. E., Pino J., Boitnott J. K., Tutschka P. J., Santos G. W. Pathology of the liver with bone marrow transplantation. Effects of busulfan, carmustine, acute graft-versus-host disease, and cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Pathol. 1980 May;99(2):369–386. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bleyer W. A. The clinical pharmacology of methotrexate: new applications of an old drug. Cancer. 1978 Jan;41(1):36–51. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197801)41:1<36::aid-cncr2820410108>3.0.co;2-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Broder L. E., Carter S. K. Pancreatic islet cell carcinoma. II. Results of therapy with streptozotocin in 52 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1973 Jul;79(1):108–118. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-79-1-108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Broome J. D. Studies on the mechanism of tumor inhibition by L-asparaginase. Effects of the enzyme on asparagine levels in the blood, normal tissues, and 6C3HED lymphomas of mice: differences in asparagine formation and utilization in asparaginase-sensitive and -resistant lymphoma cells. J Exp Med. 1968 Jun 1;127(6):1055–1072. doi: 10.1084/jem.127.6.1055. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brown R. E., Gregg R. E., Hood J. C. Droperidol treatment of streptozotocin-induced nausea and vomiting. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1982 Oct;16(10):775–776. doi: 10.1177/106002808201601014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. CARONE F. A., LIEBOW A. A. Acute pancreatic lesions in patients treated with ACTH and adrenal corticoids. N Engl J Med. 1957 Oct 10;257(15):690–697. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195710102571502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. CLARK P. A., HSIA Y. E., HUNTSMAN R. G. Toxic complications of treatment with 6-mercaptopurine; two cases with hepatic necrosis and intestinal ulceration. Br Med J. 1960 Feb 6;1(5170):393–395. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5170.393. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cameron J. L., Capuzzi D. M., Zuidema G. D., Margolis S. Acute pancreatitis with hyperlipemia. Evidence for a persistent defect in lipid metabolism. Am J Med. 1974 Apr;56(4):482–487. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(74)90480-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Camiener G. W., Smith C. G. Studies of the enzymatic deamination of cytosine arabinoside. I. Enzyme distribution and species specificity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1965 Oct;14(10):1405–1416. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(65)90175-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Campbell D. A., Piercey J. R., Shnitka T. K., Goldsand G., Devine R. D., Weinstein W. M. Cytomegalovirus-associated gastric ulcer. Gastroenterology. 1977 Mar;72(3):533–535. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Capizzi R. L., Bertino J. R., Skeel R. T., Creasey W. A., Zanes R., Olayon C., Peterson R. G., Handschumacher R. E. L-asparaginase: clinical, biochemical, pharmacological, and immunological studies. Ann Intern Med. 1971 Jun;74(6):893–901. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-74-6-893. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Chabner B. A., Myers C. E., Oliverio V. T. Clinical pharmacology of anticancer drugs. Semin Oncol. 1977 Jun;4(2):165–191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Chang A. E., Shiling D. J., Stillman R. C., Goldberg N. H., Seipp C. A., Barofsky I., Rosenberg S. A. A prospective evaluation of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in patients receiving adriamycin and cytoxan chemotherapy. Cancer. 1981 Apr 1;47(7):1746–1751. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19810401)47:7<1746::aid-cncr2820470704>3.0.co;2-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Chang A. E., Shiling D. J., Stillman R. C., Goldberg N. H., Seipp C. A., Barofsky I., Simon R. M., Rosenberg S. A. Delata-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in cancer patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. A prospective, randomized evaluation. Ann Intern Med. 1979 Dec;91(6):819–824. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-91-6-819. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Cho S. R., Tisnado J., Liu C. I., Beachley M. C., Shaw C. I., Kipreos B. E., Schneider V. Bleeding cytomegalovirus ulcers of the colon: barium enema nad angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981 Jun;136(6):1213–1215. doi: 10.2214/ajr.136.6.1213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Craft A. W., Kay H., Lawson D. N., McElwain T. J. Methotrexate-induced malabsorption in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br Med J. 1977 Dec 10;2(6101):1511–1512. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6101.1511. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Creaven P. J., Allen L. M. PTG, a new antineoplastic epipodyphyllotoxin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1975 Aug;18(2):227–233. doi: 10.1002/cpt1975182227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Crooke S. T., Bradner W. T. Mitomycin C: a review. Cancer Treat Rev. 1976 Sep;3(3):121–139. doi: 10.1016/s0305-7372(76)80019-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cudmore M. A., Silva J., Jr, Fekety R., Liepman M. K., Kim K. H. Clostridium difficile colitis associated with cancer chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med. 1982 Feb;142(2):333–335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Dahl M. G., Gregory M. M., Scheuer P. J. Methotrexate hepatotoxicity in psoriasis--comparison of different dose regimens. Br Med J. 1972 Mar 11;1(5801):654–656. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5801.654. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Davidoff F., Tishler S., Rosoff C. Marked hyperlipidemia and pancreatitis associated with oral contraceptive therapy. N Engl J Med. 1973 Sep 13;289(11):552–555. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197309132891103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. De Vita V. T., Carbone P. P., Owens A. H., Jr, Gold G. L., Krant M. J., Edmonson J. Clinical trials with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, NSC-409962. Cancer Res. 1965 Dec;25(11):1876–1881. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Degott C., Rueff B., Kreis H., Duboust A., Potet F., Benhamou J. P. Peliosis hepatis in recipients of renal transplants. Gut. 1978 Aug;19(8):748–753. doi: 10.1136/gut.19.8.748. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Donaldson S. S., Lenon R. A. Alterations of nutritional status: impact of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Cancer. 1979 May;43(5 Suppl):2036–2052. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197905)43:5+<2036::aid-cncr2820430712>3.0.co;2-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. EINHORN M., DAVIDSOHN I. HEPATOTOXICITY OF MERCAPTOPURINE. JAMA. 1964 Jun 1;188:802–806. doi: 10.1001/jama.1964.03060350028007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Edmonds-Seal J., Prys-Roberts C. Pharmacology of drugs used in neuroleptanalgesia. Br J Anaesth. 1970 Mar;42(3):207–216. doi: 10.1093/bja/42.3.207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Epstein R. J., McDonald G. B., Sale G. E., Shulman H. M., Thomas E. D. The diagnostic accuracy of the rectal biopsy in acute graft-versus-host disease: a prospective study of thirteen patients. Gastroenterology. 1980 Apr;78(4):764–771. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Eras P., Goldstein M. J., Sherlock P. Candida infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Medicine (Baltimore) 1972 Sep;51(5):367–379. doi: 10.1097/00005792-197209000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. FOLEY G. E., FRIEDMAN O. M., DROLET B. P. Studies on the mechanism of action of cytoxan. Evidence of activation in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Res. 1961 Jan;21:57–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Fajardo L. F., Colby T. V. Pathogenesis of veno-occlusive liver disease after radiation. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1980 Nov;104(11):584–588. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fernandez J. A., Rosenberg J. C. Post-transplantation pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1976 Nov;143(5):795–798. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fitchen J. H., Koeffler H. P. Cimetidine and granulopoiesis: bone marrow culture studies in normal man and patients with cimetidine-associated neutropenia. Br J Haematol. 1980 Nov;46(3):361–366. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1980.tb05982.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Foster M. E., Powell D. E. Pancreatitis, multiple infarcts and oral contraception. Postgrad Med J. 1975 Sep;51(599):667–669. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.51.599.667. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Freeman H. J., Rabeneck L., Owen D. Survival after necrotizing enterocolitis of leukemia treated with oral vancomycin. Gastroenterology. 1981 Oct;81(4):791–794. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Freeman H. J., Shnitka T. K., Piercey J. R., Weinstein W. M. Cytomegalovirus infection of the gastrointestinal tract in a patient with late onset immunodeficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1977 Dec;73(6):1397–1403. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Frytak S., Moertel C. G., O'Fallon J. R., Rubin J., Creagan E. T., O'Connell M. J., Schutt A. J., Schwartau N. W. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic for patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. A comparison with prochlorperazine and a placebo. Ann Intern Med. 1979 Dec;91(6):825–830. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-91-6-825. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Gill R. A., Onstad G. R., Cardamone J. M., Maneval D. C., Sumner H. W. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease caused by 6-thioguanine. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Jan;96(1):58–60. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-96-1-58. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Glueck C. J., Scheel D., Fishback J., Steiner P. Estrogen-induced pancreatitis in patients with previously covert familial type V hyperlipoproteinemia. Metabolism. 1972 Jul;21(7):657–666. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(72)90089-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Gottfried M. R., Sudilovsky O. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease after high-dose mitomycin C and autologous bone marrow transplantation therapy. Hum Pathol. 1982 Jul;13(7):646–650. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(82)80008-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Gralla R. J., Itri L. M., Pisko S. E., Squillante A. E., Kelsen D. P., Braun D. W., Jr, Bordin L. A., Braun T. J., Young C. W. Antiemetic efficacy of high-dose metoclopramide: randomized trials with placebo and prochlorperazine in patients with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med. 1981 Oct 15;305(16):905–909. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198110153051601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Greco F. A., Brereton H. D., Kent H., Zimbler H., Merrill J., Johnson R. E. Adriamycin and enhanced radiation reaction in normal esophagus and skin. Ann Intern Med. 1976 Sep;85(3):294–298. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-85-3-294. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Griner P. F., Elbadawi A., Packman C. H. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after chemotherapy of acute leukemia. Report of two cases. Ann Intern Med. 1976 Nov;85(5):578–582. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-85-5-578. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Gwavava N. J., Pinkerton C. R., Glasgow J. F., Sloan J. M., Bridges J. M. Small bowel enterocyte abnormalities caused by methotrexate treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of childhood. J Clin Pathol. 1981 Jul;34(7):790–795. doi: 10.1136/jcp.34.7.790. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Haskell C. M., Canellos G. P., Leventhal B. G., Carbone P. P., Block J. B., Serpick A. A., Selawry O. S. L-asparaginase: therapeutic and toxic effects in patients with neoplastic disease. N Engl J Med. 1969 Nov 6;281(19):1028–1034. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196911062811902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Helm J. F., Dodds W. J., Hogan W. J., Soergel K. H., Egide M. S., Wood C. M. Acid neutralizing capacity of human saliva. Gastroenterology. 1982 Jul;83(1 Pt 1):69–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Herman T. S., Einhorn L. H., Jones S. E., Nagy C., Chester A. B., Dean J. C., Furnas B., Williams S. D., Leigh S. A., Dorr R. T. Superiority of nabilone over prochlorperazine as an antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 1979 Jun 7;300(23):1295–1297. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197906073002302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Herskowitz L. J., Olansky S., Lang P. G. Acute pancreatitis associated with long-term azathioprine therapy. Occurrence in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol. 1979 Feb;115(2):179–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Heuser E., Lieberman E., Donnell G. N., Landing B. H. Subcutaneous fat necrosis with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis-a case in a child with steroid-resistant nephrosis treated with 6-mercaptopurine. Calif Med. 1967 Jan;106(1):58–63. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hill D. L., Kirk M. C., Struck R. F. Microsomal metabolism of nitrosoureas. Cancer Res. 1975 Feb;35(2):296–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Ho D. H., Frei E., 3rd Clinical pharmacology of 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl cytosine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1971 Nov-Dec;12(6):944–954. doi: 10.1002/cpt1971126944. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Holland J. F., Scharlau C., Gailani S., Krant M. J., Olson K. B., Horton J., Shnider B. I., Lynch J. J., Owens A., Carbone P. P. Vincristine treatment of advanced cancer: a cooperative study of 392 cases. Cancer Res. 1973 Jun;33(6):1258–1264. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Horwich A., Lokich J. J., Bloomer W. D. Doxorubicin, radiotherapy, and oesophageal stricture. Lancet. 1975 Sep 20;2(7934):561–562. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90947-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Huffman D. H., Wan S. H., Azarnoff D. L., Hogstraten B. Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1973 Jul-Aug;14(4):572–579. doi: 10.1002/cpt1973144part1572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Isenberg J. N. Pancreatitis, amylase clearance, and azathioprine. J Pediatr. 1978 Dec;93(6):1043–1044. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(78)81256-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Jackson D. V., Jr, Castle M. C., Bender R. A. Biliary excretion of vincristine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978 Jul;24(1):101–107. doi: 10.1002/cpt1978241101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Jacobs A. J., Deppe G., Cohen C. J. A comparison of the antiemetic effects of droperidol and prochlorperazine in chemotheray with cis-platinum. Gynecol Oncol. 1980 Aug;10(1):55–57. doi: 10.1016/0090-8258(80)90063-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Joshi S. N., Garvin P. J., Sunwoo Y. C. Candidiasis of the duodenum and jejunum. Gastroenterology. 1981 Apr;80(4):829–833. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. KARNOFSKY D. A. Nitrogen mustards in the treatment of neoplastic disease. Adv Intern Med. 1950;4:1–75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Kane J. G., Chretien J. H., Garagusi V. F. Diarrhoea caused by Candida. Lancet. 1976 Feb 14;1(7955):335–336. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90087-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Kaplowitz N., Kuhlenkamp J. Inhibition of hepatic metabolism of azathioprine in vivo. Gastroenterology. 1978 Jan;74(1):90–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Kawanishi H., Rudolph E., Bull F. E. Azathioprine-induced acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 1973 Aug 16;289(7):357–357. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197308162890708. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Kennedy B. J. Metabolic and toxic effects of mithramycin during tumor therapy. Am J Med. 1970 Oct;49(4):494–503. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(70)80044-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Kun L. E., Camitta B. M. Hepatopathy following irradiation and adriamycin. Cancer. 1978 Jul;42(1):81–84. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197807)42:1<81::aid-cncr2820420113>3.0.co;2-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Land V. J., Sutow W. W., Fernbach D. J., Lane D. M., Williams T. E. Toxicity of L-asparginase in children with advanced leukemia. Cancer. 1972 Aug;30(2):339–347. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197208)30:2<339::aid-cncr2820300206>3.0.co;2-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Lehrner L. M., Enck R. E. Hepatic-vein thrombosis after chemotherapy for histiocytoma. Ann Intern Med. 1978 Apr;88(4):575–576. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-88-4-575_2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Lessner H. E., Vogler W. R. Toxicity study of BCNU (NSC-409962) given orally. Cancer Chemother Rep. 1974 May-Jun;58(3):407–411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Loeb E., Hill J. M., Hill N. O., MacLellan A., Khan A., Alexander T. R., Adachi A. Treatment of acute leukemia with L-asparaginase. Recent Results Cancer Res. 1970;33:204–218. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-99984-0_26. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. London S. W., McCarthy L. E., Borison H. L. Suppression of cancer chemotherapy-induced vomiting in the cat by nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1979 Apr;160(4):437–440. doi: 10.3181/00379727-160-40465. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Loo T. L., Housholder G. E., Gerulath A. H., Saunders P. H., Farquhar D. Mechanism of action and pharmacology studies with DTIC (NSC-45388). Cancer Treat Rep. 1976 Feb;60(2):149–152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Lubitz L., Ekert H. Reversible changes in duodenal mucosa associated with intensive chemotherapy followed by autologous marrow rescue. Lancet. 1979 Sep 8;2(8141):532–533. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)91595-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Lucas V. S., Jr, Laszlo J. delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol for refractory vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy. JAMA. 1980 Mar 28;243(12):1241–1243. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. MOERTEL C. G., REITEMEIER R. J., GAGE R. P. A CONTROLLED CLINICAL EVALUATION OF ANTIEMETIC DRUGS. JAMA. 1963 Oct 12;186:116–118. doi: 10.1001/jama.1963.03710020036011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Mallory A., Kern F., Jr Drug-induced pancreatitis: a critical review. Gastroenterology. 1980 Apr;78(4):813–820. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Marion L., Sanders B., Nayfield S., Zfass A. M. Gastric and esophageal dysfunction after ingestion of acid. Gastroenterology. 1978 Sep;75(3):502–503. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Marubbio A. T., Danielson B. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in a renal transplant patient receiving azathioprine. Gastroenterology. 1975 Sep;69(3):739–743. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. May H. E., Boose R., Reed D. J. Hydroxylation of the carcinostatic 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) by rat liver microsomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1974 Mar 25;57(2):426–433. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90948-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. McILVANIE S. K., MACCARTHY J. D. Hepatitis in association with prolonged 6-mercaptopurine therapy. Blood. 1959 Jan;14(1):80–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. McIntosh S., Davidson D. L., O'Brien R. T., Pearson H. A. Methotrexate hepatotoxicity in children with leukemia. J Pediatr. 1977 Jun;90(6):1019–1021. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(77)80587-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. McIntyre R. E., Magidson J. G., Austin G. E., Gale R. P. Fatal veno-occlusive disease of the liver following high-dose 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Am J Clin Pathol. 1981 Apr;75(4):614–617. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/75.4.614. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. McLean R., Martin S., Lam-Po-Tang P. R. Fatal case of L-asparaginase induced pancreatitis. Lancet. 1982 Dec 18;2(8312):1401–1402. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91301-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Meisel J. L., Perera D. R., Meligro C., Rubin C. E. Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology. 1976 Jun;70(6):1156–1160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Minow R. A., Stern M. H., Casey J. H., Rodriguez V., Luna M. A. Clinico-pathologic correlation of liver damage in patients treated with 6-mercaptopurine and Adriamycin. Cancer. 1976 Oct;38(4):1524–1528. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197610)38:4<1524::aid-cncr2820380413>3.0.co;2-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Mitchell E. P., Schein P. S. Gastrointestinal toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Semin Oncol. 1982 Mar;9(1):52–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Moore G. E., Meiselbaugh D. Letter: DTIC (NSC-45388) toxicity. Cancer Treat Rep. 1976 Mar;60(3):219–219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Morrow G. R., Morrell C. Behavioral treatment for the anticipatory nausea and vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 1982 Dec 9;307(24):1476–1480. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198212093072402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Ménard D. B., Gisselbrecht C., Marty M., Reyes F., Dhumeaux D. Antineoplastic agents and the liver. Gastroenterology. 1980 Jan;78(1):142–164. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Neidhart J. A., Gagen M., Young D., Wilson H. E. Specific antiemetics for specific cancer chemotherapeutic agents: haloperidol versus benzquinamide. Cancer. 1981 Mar 15;47(6):1439–1443. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19810315)47:6<1439::aid-cncr2820470633>3.0.co;2-#. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Newburger P. E., Cassady J. R., Jaffe N. Esophagitis due to adriamycin and radiation therapy for childhood malignancy. Cancer. 1978 Aug;42(2):417–423. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197808)42:2<417::aid-cncr2820420206>3.0.co;2-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Newman C. E., Ellis D. J. Pancreatitis during combination chemotherapy. Clin Oncol. 1979 Mar;5(1):83–84. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Nogueira J. R., Freedman M. A. Acute pancreatitis as a complication of Imuran therapy in regional enteritis. Gastroenterology. 1972 May;62(5):1040–1041. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Nyfors A. Liver biopsies from psoriatics related to methotrexate therapy. 3. Findings in post-methotrexate liver biopsies from 160 psoriatics. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A. 1977 Jul;85(4):511–518. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1977.tb03882.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Oettgen H. F., Stephenson P. A., Schwartz M. K., Leeper R. D., Tallai L., Tan C. C., Clarkson B. D., Golbey R. B., Krakoff I. H., Karnofsky D. A. Toxicity of E. coli L-asparaginase in man. Cancer. 1970 Feb;25(2):253–278. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197002)25:2<253::aid-cncr2820250204>3.0.co;2-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Oliverio V. T. Pharmacology of the nitrosoureas: an overview. Cancer Treat Rep. 1976 Jun;60(6):703–707. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Onuma T., Holland J. F., Masuda H., Waligunda J. A., Goldberg G. A. Microbiological assay of bleomycin: inactivation, tissue distribution, and clearance. Cancer. 1974 May;33(5):1230–1238. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197405)33:5<1230::aid-cncr2820330507>3.0.co;2-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Orr L. E., McKernan J. F., Bloome B. Antiemetic effect of tetrahydrocannabinol. Compared with placebo and prochlorperazine in chemotherapy-associated nausea and emesis. Arch Intern Med. 1980 Nov;140(11):1431–1433. doi: 10.1001/archinte.140.11.1431. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Paloyan D., Levin B., Simonowitz D. Azathioprine-associated acute pancreatitis. Am J Dig Dis. 1977 Sep;22(9):839–840. doi: 10.1007/BF01694518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Paterson A. R., Jakobs E. S., Lauzon G. J., Weinstein W. M. Drug sequence-dependent toxicity and small bowel mucosal injury in mice treated with low doses of 3-deazauridine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Cancer Res. 1979 Jun;39(6 Pt 1):2216–2219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Patton T. F., Himmelstein K. J., Belt R., Bannister S. J., Sternson L. A., Repta A. J. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of filterable platinum species following bolus injection and iv infusion of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in man. Cancer Treat Rep. 1978 Sep;62(9):1359–1362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Penta J. S., Von Hoff D. D., Muggia F. M. Hepatotoxicity of combination chemotherapy for acute myelocytic leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1977 Aug;87(2):247–248. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-87-2-247_2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Perry M. C. Hepatotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Semin Oncol. 1982 Mar;9(1):65–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Phillips R. K., Glazer G., Borriello S. P. Non-Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis responding to both vancomycin and metronidazole. ? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981 Sep 26;283(6295):823–823. doi: 10.1136/bmj.283.6295.823. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Phillips T. L., Fu K. K. The interaction of drug and radiation effects on normal tissues. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1978 Jan-Feb;4(1-2):59–64. doi: 10.1016/0360-3016(78)90116-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Pinder R. M., Brogden R. N., Sawyer P. R., Speight T. M., Avery G. S. Metoclopramide: a review of its pharmacological properties and clinical use. Drugs. 1976;12(2):81–131. doi: 10.2165/00003495-197612020-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Puckett J. B., Butler W. M., McFarland J. A. Pancreatitis and cancer chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Sep;97(3):453–453. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-453_1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Ramsey P. G., Fife K. H., Hackman R. C., Meyers J. D., Corey L. Herpes simplex virus pneumonia: clinical, virologic, and pathologic features in 20 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Dec;97(6):813–820. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-6-813. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Rand K. H., Kramer B., Johnson A. C. Cancer chemotherapy associated symptomatic stomatitis: role of Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Cancer. 1982 Oct 1;50(7):1262–1265. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19821001)50:7<1262::aid-cncr2820500707>3.0.co;2-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Rich W. M., Abdulhayoglu G., DiSaia P. J. Methylprednisolone as an antiemetic during cancer chemotherapy--a pilot study. Gynecol Oncol. 1980 Apr;9(2):193–198. doi: 10.1016/0090-8258(80)90027-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Riemenschneider T. A., Wilson J. F., Vernier R. L. Glucocorticoid-induced pancreatitis in children. Pediatrics. 1968 Feb;41(2):428–437. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Ruymann F. B., Mosijczuk A. D., Sayers R. J. Hepatoma in a child with methotrexate-induced hepatic fibrosis. JAMA. 1977 Dec 12;238(24):2631–2633. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Sallan S. E., Cronin C., Zelen M., Zinberg N. E. Antiemetics in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer: a randomized comparison of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and prochlorperazine. N Engl J Med. 1980 Jan 17;302(3):135–138. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198001173020302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Samuels B. I., Culbert S. J., Okamura J., Sullivan M. P. Early detection of chemotherapy-related pancreatic enlargement in children using abdominal sonography: a preliminary report. Cancer. 1976 Oct;38(4):1515–1523. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197610)38:4<1515::aid-cncr2820380412>3.0.co;2-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Sandler S. G., Tobin W., Henderson E. S. Vincristine-induced neuropathy. A clinical study of fifty leukemic patients. Neurology. 1969 Apr;19(4):367–374. doi: 10.1212/wnl.19.4.367. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Schein P. S., O'Connell M. J., Blom J., Hubbard S., Magrath I. T., Bergevin P., Wiernik P. H., Ziegler J. L., DeVita V. T. Clinical antitumor activity and toxicity of streptozotocin (NSC-85998). Cancer. 1974 Oct;34(4):993–1000. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197410)34:4<993::aid-cncr2820340404>3.0.co;2-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Schimpff S. C. Infection prevention during profound granulocytopenia. New approaches to alimentary canal microbial suppression. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Aug;93(2):358–361. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-93-2-358. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Schulze-Delrieu K. Metoclopramide. Gastroenterology. 1979 Oct;77(4 Pt 1):768–779. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Seigel L. J., Longo D. L. The control of chemotherapy-induced emesis. Ann Intern Med. 1981 Sep;95(3):352–359. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-95-3-352. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Shaw M. T., Spector M. H., Ladman A. J. Effects of cancer, radiotherapy and cytotoxic drugs on intestinal structure and function. Cancer Treat Rev. 1979 Sep;6(3):141–151. doi: 10.1016/s0305-7372(79)80066-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Sherlock P., Shils M. E., Lipkin M., Winawer S. J. Effects of cancer treatment on nutrition and gastrointestinal function. Clin Bull. 1979;9(4):136–145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Shulman H. M., McDonald G. B., Matthews D., Doney K. C., Kopecky K. J., Gauvreau J. M., Thomas E. D. An analysis of hepatic venocclusive disease and centrilobular hepatic degeneration following bone marrow transplantation. Gastroenterology. 1980 Dec;79(6):1178–1191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Skibba J. L., Ramirez G., Beal D. D., Bryan G. T. Metabolism of 4(5)-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-5(4)-carboxamide to 4(5)-aminoimidazole-5(4)-carboxamide in man. Biochem Pharmacol. 1970 Jun;19(6):2043–2051. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(70)90301-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Slavin R. E., Dias M. A., Saral R. Cytosine arabinoside induced gastrointestinal toxic alterations in sequential chemotherapeutic protocols: a clinical-pathologic study of 33 patients. Cancer. 1978 Oct;42(4):1747–1759. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197810)42:4<1747::aid-cncr2820420413>3.0.co;2-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Smith F. P., Kisner D. L., Widerlite L., Schein P. S. Chemotherapeutic alteration of small intestinal morphology and function: a progress report. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1979 Sep;1(3):203–207. doi: 10.1097/00004836-197909000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Steinberg W. M., Lewis J. H. Steroid-induced pancreatitis: does it really exist? Gastroenterology. 1981 Oct;81(4):799–808. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Strum S. B., McDermed J. E., Opfell R. W., Riech L. P. Intravenous metoclopramide. An effective antiemetic in cancer chemotherapy. JAMA. 1982 May 21;247(19):2683–2686. doi: 10.1001/jama.247.19.2683. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Sturdevant R. A., Singleton J. W., Deren J. L., Law D. H., McCleery J. L. Azathioprine-related pancreatitis in patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 1979 Oct;77(4 Pt 2):883–886. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. TRIER J. S. Morphologic alterations induced by methotrexate in the mucosa of human proximal intestine. II. Electron microscopic observations. Gastroenterology. 1962 Oct;43:407–424. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Tattersall M. H., Sodergren J. E., Dengupta S. K., Trites D. H., Modest E. J., Frei E., 3rd Pharmacokinetics of actinoymcin D in patients with malignant melanoma. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1975 Jun;17(6):701–708. doi: 10.1002/cpt1975176701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Tyson L. B., Clark R. A., Gralla R. J. High-dose metoclopramide: control of dacarbazine-induced emesis in a preliminary trial. Cancer Treat Rep. 1982 Dec;66(12):2108–2108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Underwood J. C., Shahani R. T., Blackburn E. K. Jaundice after treatment of leukemia with busulphan. Br Med J. 1971 Mar 6;1(5748):556–557. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5748.556-b. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Von Hoff D. D., Schilsky R., Reichert C. M., Reddick R. L., Rozencweig M., Young R. C., Muggia F. M. Toxic effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in man. Cancer Treat Rep. 1979 Sep-Oct;63(9-10):1527–1531. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. WANG S. C., RENZI A. A., CHINN H. I. Mechanism of emesis following x-irradiation. Am J Physiol. 1958 May;193(2):335–339. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.193.2.335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. WEISS D. L., DE LOS SANTOS R. Urethane-induced hepatic failure in man. Am J Med. 1960 Mar;28:476–481. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(60)90178-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. WYANT G. M. A comparative study of eleven anti-emetic drugs in dogs. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1962 Sep;9:399–407. doi: 10.1007/BF03019133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Watkins S. M., Griffin J. P. High incidence of vincristine-induced neuropathy in lymphomas. Br Med J. 1978 Mar 11;1(6113):610–612. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6113.610. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Weetman R. M., Baehner R. L. Latent onset of clinical pancreatitis in children receiving L-asparaginase therapy. Cancer. 1974 Sep;34(3):780–785. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197409)34:3<780::aid-cncr2820340338>3.0.co;2-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Weinkam R. J., Shiba D. A. Metabolic activation of procarbazine. Life Sci. 1978 Mar;22(11):937–945. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(78)90358-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Weinstein L., Edelstein S. M., Madara J. L., Falchuk K. R., McManus B. M., Trier J. S. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis complicated by disseminated cytomegalovirus infection. Gastroenterology. 1981 Sep;81(3):584–591. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Weiss H. D., Walker M. D., Wiernik P. H. Neurotoxicity of commonly used antineoplastic agents (second of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1974 Jul 18;291(3):127–133. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197407182910305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Weiss R. B. Hypersensitivity reaction to cancer chemotherapy. Semin Oncol. 1982 Mar;9(1):5–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Weissman L. Multiple-dose phase I trials--normal volunteers or patients? One viewpoint. J Clin Pharmacol. 1981 Oct;21(10):385–387. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1981.tb01737.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Wilcox P. M., Fetting J. H., Nettesheim K. M., Abeloff M. D. Anticipatory vomiting in women receiving cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-FU (CMF) adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rep. 1982 Aug;66(8):1601–1604. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Williams C. J., Bolton A., de Pemberton R., Whitehouse J. M. Antiemetics for patients treated with antitumor chemotherapy. Cancer Clin Trials. 1980;3(4):363–367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Yates J., Glidewell O., Wiernik P., Cooper M. R., Steinberg D., Dosik H., Levy R., Hoagland C., Henry P., Gottlieb A. Cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin or adriamycin for therapy of acute myelocytic leukemia: a CALGB study. Blood. 1982 Aug;60(2):454–462. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. de Vries E. G., Mulder N. H., Houwen B., de Vries-Hospers H. G. Enteral nutrition by nasogastric tube in adult patients treated with intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 Jun;35(6):1490–1496. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/35.6.1490. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Western Journal of Medicine are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES