Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Western Journal of Medicine logoLink to The Western Journal of Medicine
. 1984 Apr;140(4):583–593.

The Heart in Diabetes

Dean J Kereiakes, James L Naughton, Bruce Brundage, Nelson B Schiller
PMCID: PMC1021777  PMID: 6372249

Abstract

Since the introduction of insulin, heart disease has become a major impediment to survival in persons with diabetes mellitus. Coronary disease has increased severity and accelerated development in diabetic persons compared with an age- and sex-matched nondiabetic population. A peculiar vulnerability of women to the influence of diabetes with loss of premenopausal coronary disease protection has been found. The symptomatology of coronary events may differ and coronary care data show a higher incidence of sudden death in diabetic patients who have a myocardial infarction than in their non-diabetic counterparts. Insulin may play a role in the myocardial adjustment to an ischemic insult by enhancing glucose intake and suppressing lipolysis and ketogenesis. Carbohydrate intolerance in dogs, rhesus monkeys and humans appears associated with similar histologic and compositional changes in the myocardium. Abnormalities in diastolic ventricular function not attributable to large- or small-vessel coronary disease have been found in the diabetic subjects of each species. Studies in humans who have diabetes have assessed single pressure-volume relationships and more exacting measures of ventricular compliance are needed. Abnormalities of myocardial function in patients with diabetes have been found using echo and radionuclide techniques. Many of these findings need to be correlated with invasive data or confirmed in larger populations. Autonomic dysfunction is common in diabetic persons and may imply an associated poor prognosis. Reflex abnormalities in parasympathetic function are most prevalent and occur before sympathetic dysfunction.

Full text

PDF
583

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abenavoli T., Rubler S., Fisher V. J., Axelrod H. I., Zuckerman K. P. Exercise testing with myocardial scintigraphy in asymptomatic diabetic males. Circulation. 1981 Jan;63(1):54–64. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.63.1.54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ahmed S. S., Jaferi G. A., Narang R. M., Regan T. J. Preclinical abnormality of left ventricular function in diabetes mellitus. Am Heart J. 1975 Feb;89(2):153–158. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(75)90039-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Alpert J. S., Coffman J. D., Balodimos M. C., Koncz L., Soeldner J. S. Capillary permeability and blood flow in skeletal muscle of patients with diabetes mellitus and genetic prediabetes. N Engl J Med. 1972 Mar 2;286(9):454–460. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197203022860903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Axelrod L. Response of congestive heart failure to correction of hyperglycemia in the presence of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1975 Dec 11;293(24):1243–1245. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197512112932408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BRADLEY R. F., BRYFOGLE J. W. Survival of diabetic patients after myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 1956 Feb;20(2):207–216. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(56)90191-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. BRADLEY R. F., SCHONFELD A. Diminished pain in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. Geriatrics. 1962 May;17:322–326. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bennett T., Farquhar I. K., Hosking D. J., Hampton J. R. Assessment of methods for estimating autonomic nervous control of the heart in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1978 Dec;27(12):1167–1174. doi: 10.2337/diab.27.12.1167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bennett T., Hosking D. J., Hampton J. R. Cardiovascular control in diabetes mellitus. Br Med J. 1975 Jun 14;2(5971):585–587. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5971.585. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Beretta-Piccoli C., Weidmann P. Exaggerated pressor responsiveness to norepinephrine in nonazotemic diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 1981 Nov;71(5):829–835. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90375-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Beretta-Piccoli C., Weidmann P., Keusch G. Responsiveness of plasma renin and aldosterone in diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int. 1981 Aug;20(2):259–266. doi: 10.1038/ki.1981.129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bisgard G. E., Forster H. V., Orr J. A., Buss D. D., Rawlings C. A., Rasmussen B. Hypoventilation in ponies after carotid body denervation. J Appl Physiol. 1976 Feb;40(2):184–190. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1976.40.2.184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Brownsey R. W., Brunt R. V. The effect of adrenaline-induced endogenous lipolysis upon the mechanical and metabolic performance of ischaemically perfused rat hearts. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1977 Dec;53(6):513–521. doi: 10.1042/cs0530513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bunn H. F. Nonenzymatic glycosylation of protein: relevance to diabetes. Am J Med. 1981 Feb;70(2):325–330. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90769-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. COLE D. R., SINGIAN E. B., KATZ L. N. The long-term prognosis following myocardial infarction, and some factors which affect it. Circulation. 1954 Mar;9(3):321–334. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.9.3.321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Ceremuzyński L. Hormonal and metabolic reactions evoked by acute myocardial infarction. Circ Res. 1981 Jun;48(6 Pt 1):767–776. doi: 10.1161/01.res.48.6.767. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Chang K., Uitto J., Rowold E. A., Grant G. A., Kilo C., Williamson J. R. Increased collagen cross-linkages in experimental diabetes: reversal by beta-aminopropionitrile and D-penicillamine. Diabetes. 1980 Oct;29(10):778–781. doi: 10.2337/diacare.20.10.778. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Chen W., Gibson D. Relation of isovolumic relaxation to left ventricular wall movement in man. Br Heart J. 1979 Jul;42(1):51–56. doi: 10.1136/hrt.42.1.51. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Christensen N. J. Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine in untreated diabetics, during fasting and after insulin administration. Diabetes. 1974 Jan;23(1):1–8. doi: 10.2337/diab.23.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Christlieb A. R. Diabetes and hypertensive vascular disease. Mechanisms and treatment. Am J Cardiol. 1973 Sep 20;32(4):592–606. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(73)80051-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Christlieb A. R., Warram J. H., Królewski A. S., Busick E. J., Ganda O. P., Asmal A. C., Soeldner J. S., Bradley R. F. Hypertension: the major risk factor in juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabetes. 1981;30(Suppl 2):90–96. doi: 10.2337/diab.30.2.s90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chychota N. N., Gau G. T., Pluth J. R., Wallace R. B., Danielson G. K. Myocardial revascularization. Comparison of operability and surgical results in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1973 Jun;65(6):856–862. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Clarke B. F., Ewing D. J., Campbell I. W. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetologia. 1979 Oct;17(4):195–212. doi: 10.1007/BF01235856. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Crall F. V., Jr, Roberts W. C. The extramural and intramural coronary arteries in juvenile diabetes mellitus: analysis of nine necropsy patients aged 19 to 38 years with onset of diabetes before age 15 years. Am J Med. 1978 Feb;64(2):221–230. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(78)90049-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Cryer P. E., Silverberg A. B., Santiago J. V., Shah S. D. Plasma catecholamines in diabetes. The syndromes of hypoadrenergic and hyperadrenergic postural hypotension. Am J Med. 1978 Mar;64(3):407–416. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(78)90220-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Czyzk A., Królewski A. S., Szabłowska S., Alot A., Kopczyński J. Clinical course of myocardial infarction among diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1980 Jul-Aug;3(4):526–529. doi: 10.2337/diacare.3.4.526. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. D'Elia J. A., Weinrauch L. A., Healy R. W., Libertino J. A., Bradley R. F., Leland O. S., Jr Myocardial dysfunction without coronary artery disease in diabetic renal failure. Am J Cardiol. 1979 Feb;43(2):193–199. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(79)80004-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Davies B., Sudera D., Sagnella G., Marchesi-Saviotti E., Mathias C., Bannister R., Sever P. Increased numbers of alpha receptors in sympathetic denervation supersensitivity in man. J Clin Invest. 1982 Apr;69(4):779–784. doi: 10.1172/JCI110516. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Dillmann W. H. Diabetes mellitus induces changes in cardiac myosin of the rat. Diabetes. 1980 Jul;29(7):579–582. doi: 10.2337/diab.29.7.579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Dortimer A. C., Shenoy P. N., Shiroff R. A., Leaman D. M., Babb J. D., Liedtke A. J., Zelis R. Diffuse coronary artery disease in diabetic patients: fact or fiction? Circulation. 1978 Jan;57(1):133–136. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.57.1.133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Draskoczy S. P., Leland O. S., Bradley R. F. Aorto-coronary bypass in the diabetic patient. Kidney Int Suppl. 1974 Oct;(1):37–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Ducimetiere P., Eschwege E., Papoz L., Richard J. L., Claude J. R., Rosselin G. Relationship of plasma insulin levels to the incidence of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease mortality in a middle-aged population. Diabetologia. 1980 Sep;19(3):205–210. doi: 10.1007/BF00275270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Edelman N. H., Cherniack N. S., Lahiri S., Richards E., Fishman A. P. The effects of abnormal sympathetic nervous function upon the ventilatory response to hypoxia. J Clin Invest. 1970 Jun;49(6):1153–1165. doi: 10.1172/JCI106330. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Evans R. J., Benson M. K., Hughes D. T. Abnormal chemoreceptor response to hypoxia in patients with tabes dorsalis. Br Med J. 1971 Mar 6;1(5748):530–531. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5748.530. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Ewing D. J., Campbell I. W., Burt A. A., Clarke B. F. Vascular reflexes in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Lancet. 1973 Dec 15;2(7842):1354–1356. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)93323-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Ewing D. J., Campbell I. W., Clarke B. F. Assessment of cardiovascular effects in diabetic autonomic neuropathy and prognostic implications. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Feb;92(2 Pt 2):308–311. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-92-2-308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Ewing D. J., Campbell I. W., Clarke B. F. Mortality in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Lancet. 1976 Mar 20;1(7960):601–603. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90413-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Ewing D. J., Campbell I. W., Clarke B. F. The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Q J Med. 1980 Winter;49(193):95–108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Ewing D. J., Campbell I. W., Murray A., Neilson J. M., Clarke B. F. Immediate heart-rate response to standing: simple test for autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. Br Med J. 1978 Jan 21;1(6106):145–147. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6106.145. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Ewing D. J., Irving J. B., Kerr F., Wildsmith J. A., Clarke B. F. Cardiovascular responses to sustained handgrip in normal subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus: a test of autonomic function. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1974 Mar;46(3):295–306. doi: 10.1042/cs0460295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. FELDMAN M., FELDMAN M., Jr The association of coronary occlusion and infarction with diabetes mellitus; a necropsy study. Am J Med Sci. 1954 Jul;228(1):53–56. doi: 10.1097/00000441-195407000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Factor S. M., Okun E. M., Minase T. Capillary microaneurysms in the human diabetic heart. N Engl J Med. 1980 Feb 14;302(7):384–388. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198002143020706. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Faerman I., Faccio E., Milei J., Nuñez R., Jadzinsky M., Fox D., Rapaport M. Autonomic neuropathy and painless myocardial infarction in diabetic patients. Histologic evidence of their relationship. Diabetes. 1977 Dec;26(12):1147–1158. doi: 10.2337/diab.26.12.1147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Fein F. S., Kornstein L. B., Strobeck J. E., Capasso J. M., Sonnenblick E. H. Altered myocardial mechanics in diabetic rats. Circ Res. 1980 Dec;47(6):922–933. doi: 10.1161/01.res.47.6.922. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Fein F. S., Strobeck J. E., Malhotra A., Scheuer J., Sonnenblick E. H. Reversibility of diabetic cardiomyopathy with insulin in rats. Circ Res. 1981 Dec;49(6):1251–1261. doi: 10.1161/01.res.49.6.1251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Fein I. A., Rachow E. C., Sprung C. L., Grodman R. Relation of colloid osmotic pressure to arterial hypoxemia and cerebral edema during crystalloid volume loading of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med. 1982 May;96(5):570–575. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-96-5-570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Fischer V. W., Barner H. B., Leskiw M. L. Capillary basal laminar thichness in diabetic human myocardium. Diabetes. 1979 Aug;28(8):713–719. doi: 10.2337/diab.28.8.713. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Flink E. B., Brick J. E., Shane S. R. Alterations of long-chain free fatty acid and magnesium concentrations in acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 1981 Mar;141(4):441–443. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Fuller J. H., Shipley M. J., Rose G., Jarrett R. J., Keen H. Coronary-heart-disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance. The Whitehall study. Lancet. 1980 Jun 28;1(8183):1373–1376. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)92651-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. GILLMANN H., SACHSSE B. [Studies on myocardial infarct and diabetes mellitus]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1959 Nov 13;84:2070–2072. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1114574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. GOLDENBERG S., ALEX M., BLUMENTHAL H. T. Sequelae of arteriosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries; a statistical study in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1958 Mar-Apr;7(2):98–108. doi: 10.2337/diab.7.2.98. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. GOODALE F., DAOUD A. S., FLORENTIN R., LEE K. T., GITTELSOHN A. Chemico-anatomic studies of arteriosclerosis and thrombosis in diabetics. I. Coronary arterial wall thickness, thrombosis, and myocardial infarcts in autopsied North Americans. Exp Mol Pathol. 1962 Aug;1:353–363. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(62)90030-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Ganda O. P. Pathogenesis of macrovascular disease in the human diabetic. Diabetes. 1980 Nov;29(11):931–942. doi: 10.2337/diab.29.11.931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Garcia M. J., McNamara P. M., Gordon T., Kannel W. B. Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population. Sixteen year follow-up study. Diabetes. 1974 Feb;23(2):105–111. doi: 10.2337/diab.23.2.105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Garrard C. L., Jr, Weissler A. M., Dodge H. T. The relationship of alterations in systolic time intervals to ejection fraction in patients with cardiac disease. Circulation. 1970 Sep;42(3):455–462. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.42.3.455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Gerich J. E., Langlois M., Noacco C., Karam J. H., Forsham P. H. Lack of glucagon response to hypoglycemia in diabetes: evidence for an intrinsic pancreatic alpha cell defect. Science. 1973 Oct 12;182(4108):171–173. doi: 10.1126/science.182.4108.171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Gordon T., Castelli W. P., Hjortland M. C., Kannel W. B., Dawber T. R. Diabetes, blood lipids, and the role of obesity in coronary heart disease risk for women. The Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1977 Oct;87(4):393–397. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-87-4-393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Gundersen H. J., Christensen N. J. Intravenous insulin causing loss of intravascular water and albumin and increased adrenergic nervous activity in diabetics. Diabetes. 1977 Jun;26(6):551–557. doi: 10.2337/diab.26.6.551. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. HONEY G. E., TRUELOVE S. C. Prognostic factors in myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1957 Jun 8;272(6980):1155–contd. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)91735-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Haider B., Yeh C. K., Thomas G., Oldewurtel H. A., Lyons M. M., Regan T. J. Altered myocardial function and collagen in diabetic rhesus monkeys on atherogenic diet. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1978;91:197–203. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Haider B., Yeh C. K., Thomas G., Oldewurtel H. A., Lyons M. M., Regan T. J. Influence of diabetes on the myocardium and coronary arteries of rhesus monkey fed an atherogenic diet. Circ Res. 1981 Dec;49(6):1278–1288. doi: 10.1161/01.res.49.6.1278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Hambly R. I., Sherman L., Mehta J., Aintablian A. Reappraisal of the role of the diabetic state in coronary artery disease. Chest. 1976 Aug;70(2):251–257. doi: 10.1378/chest.70.2.251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Hamby R. I., Zoneraich S., Sherman L. Diabetic cardiomyopathy. JAMA. 1974 Sep 23;229(13):1749–1754. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Harrower A. D., Clarke B. F. Experience of coronary care in diabetes. Br Med J. 1976 Jan 17;1(6002):126–128. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6002.126. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Heistad D. D., Abboud F. M. Dickinson W. Richards Lecture: Circulatory adjustments to hypoxia. Circulation. 1980 Mar;61(3):463–470. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.61.3.463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Henrich W. L. Autonomic insufficiency. Arch Intern Med. 1982 Feb;142(2):339–344. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Hilsted J., Madsbad S., Krarup T., Sestoft L., Christensen N. J., Tronier B., Galbo H. Hormonal, metabolic, and cardiovascular responses to hypoglycemia in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes. 1981 Aug;30(8):626–633. doi: 10.2337/diab.30.8.626. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Hines S., Houston M., Robertson D. The clinical spectrum of autonomic dysfunction. Am J Med. 1981 May;70(5):1091–1096. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90878-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Hirohata T., MacMahon B., Root H. F. The natural history of diabetes. I. Mortality. Diabetes. 1967 Dec;16(12):875–881. doi: 10.2337/diab.16.12.875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Hoeldtke R. D., Boden G., Shuman C. R., Owen O. E. Reduced epinephrine secretion and hypoglycemia unawareness in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Apr;96(4):459–462. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-96-4-459. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. JARRETT R. J. The immediate prognosis of cardiac infarction in diabetics. Postgrad Med J. 1961 Apr;37:207–209. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.37.426.207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Kannel W. B., Hjortland M., Castelli W. P. Role of diabetes in congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol. 1974 Jul;34(1):29–34. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(74)90089-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Kannel W. B., McGee D. L. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. JAMA. 1979 May 11;241(19):2035–2038. doi: 10.1001/jama.241.19.2035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Kannel W. B., McGee D. L. Diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: the Framingham study. Circulation. 1979 Jan;59(1):8–13. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.59.1.8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Kannel W. B., McGee D. L. Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. Diabetes Care. 1979 Mar-Apr;2(2):120–126. doi: 10.2337/diacare.2.2.120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Kannel W. B., McNamara P. M., Feinleib M., Dawber T. R. The unrecognized myocardial infarction. Fourteen-year follow-up experience in the Framingham study. Geriatrics. 1970 Jan;25(1):75–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Keen H. Diabetes mellitus and heart disease. Isr J Med Sci. 1978 Apr;14(4):413–417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Keen H., Jarrett R. J., Fuller J. H., McCartney P. Hyperglycemia and arterial disease. Diabetes. 1981;30(Suppl 2):49–53. doi: 10.2337/diab.30.2.s49. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Kessler I. I. Mortality experience of diabetic patients. A twenty-six-year follow-up study. Am J Med. 1971 Dec;51(6):715–724. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(71)90299-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Kjekshus J. K., Mjos O. D. Effect of free fatty acids on myocardial function and metabolism in the ischemic dog heart. J Clin Invest. 1972 Jul;51(7):1767–1776. doi: 10.1172/JCI106978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Królewski A. S., Czyzyk A., Janeczko D., Kopczyński J. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases among diabetics. Diabetologia. 1977 Aug;13(4):345–350. doi: 10.1007/BF01223277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Kvetny J. Diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand. 1976;200(3):151–153. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1976.tb08213.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. LIEBOW I. M., BADGER G. F. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN THE PRACTICES OF A GROUP OF PRIVATE PHYSICIANS. A COMPARISON OF PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETES. I. THE FIRST SIXTY DAYS. J Chronic Dis. 1963 Sep;16:1013–1029. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(63)90101-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Lager I., Blohmé G., von Schenck H., Smith U. Importance of glucose control for the recovery from hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabetes. 1982 Sep;31(9):771–775. doi: 10.2337/diab.31.9.771. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Ledet T. Diabetic cardiopathy. Quantitative histological studies of the heart from young juvenile diabetics. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A. 1976 Sep;84(5):421–428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Ledet T. Histological and histochemical changes in the coronary arteries of old diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 1968 Nov;4(5):268–272. doi: 10.1007/BF01309899. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Liang C., Doherty J. U., Faillace R., Maekawa K., Arnold S., Gavras H., Hood W. B., Jr Insulin infusion in conscious dogs. Effects on systemic and coronary hemodynamics, regional blood flows, and plasma catecholamines. J Clin Invest. 1982 Jun;69(6):1321–1336. doi: 10.1172/JCI110572. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Lichstein E., Kuhn L. A., Goldberg E., Mulvihill M. N., Smith H., Jr, Chalmers T. C. Diabetic treatment and primary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1976 Jul;38(1):100–102. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(76)90069-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Liedtke A. J. Alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the acutely ischemic heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1981 Mar-Apr;23(5):321–336. doi: 10.1016/0033-0620(81)90019-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Lloyd-Mostyn R. H., Watkins P. J. Defective innervation of heart in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Br Med J. 1975 Jul 5;3(5974):15–17. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5974.15. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Lloyd-Mostyn R. H., Watkins P. J. Total cardiac denervation in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes. 1976 Sep;25(9):748–751. doi: 10.2337/diab.25.9.748. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. MARBLE A. Coronary artery disease in the diabetic. Diabetes. 1955 Jul-Aug;4(4):290–297. doi: 10.2337/diab.4.4.290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Maher T. D., Tanenberg R. J., Greenberg B. Z., Hoffman J. E., Doe R. P., Goetz F. C. Lack of glucagon response to hypoglycemia in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes. 1977 Mar;26(3):196–200. doi: 10.2337/diab.26.3.196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Margolis J. R., Kannel W. S., Feinleib M., Dawber T. R., McNamara P. M. Clinical features of unrecognized myocardial infarction--silent and symptomatic. Eighteen year follow-up: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol. 1973 Jul;32(1):1–7. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(73)80079-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Mattheos M., Shapiro E., Oldershaw P. J., Sacchetti R., Gibson D. G. Non-invasive assessment of changes in left ventricular relaxation by combined phono-, echo-, and mechanocardiography. Br Heart J. 1982 Mar;47(3):253–260. doi: 10.1136/hrt.47.3.253. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. McGuire L. B., Kroll M. S. Evaluation of cardiac care units and myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 1972 Nov;130(5):677–681. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Minick C. R. Immunologic arterial injury in atherogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1976;275:210–227. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb43355.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Mjos O. D. Effect of inhibition of lipolysis on myocardial oxygen consumption in the presence of isoproterenol. J Clin Invest. 1971 Sep;50(9):1869–1873. doi: 10.1172/JCI106679. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Mjos O. D., Kjekshus J. K., Lekven J. Importance of free fatty acids as a determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial ischemic injury during norepinephrine infusion in dogs. J Clin Invest. 1974 May;53(5):1290–1299. doi: 10.1172/JCI107676. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Neely J. R., Rovetto M. J., Oram J. F. Myocardial utilization of carbohydrate and lipids. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1972 Nov-Dec;15(3):289–329. doi: 10.1016/0033-0620(72)90029-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Nicod P., Lewis S. E., Corbett J. C., Buja L. M., Henderson G., Raskin P., Rude R. E., Willerson J. T. Increased incidence and clinical correlation of persistently abnormal technetium pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams following acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am Heart J. 1982 May;103(5):822–829. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90394-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. OHRINGER L., SAPHIR O., WONG R. Changes in the intramural coronary branches in coronary arteriosclerosis. AMA Arch Pathol. 1956 Aug;62(2):159–170. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. OSTRANDER L. D., Jr, FRANCIS T., Jr, HAYNER N. S., KJELSBERG M. O., EPSTEIN F. H. THE RELATIONSHIP OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE TO HYPERGLYCEMIA. Ann Intern Med. 1965 Jun;62:1188–1198. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-62-6-1188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Oliver M. F., Kurien V. A., Greenwood T. W. Relation between serum-free-fatty acids and arrhythmias and death after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1968 Apr 6;1(7545):710–714. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92163-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Opie L. H. Metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and catecholamines in acute myocardial infarction. Relation to myocardial ischemia and infarct size. Am J Cardiol. 1975 Dec;36(7):938–953. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(75)90086-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Opie L. H. Metabolism of the heart in health and disease. I. Am Heart J. 1968 Nov;76(5):685–698. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(68)90168-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Opie L. H., Tansey M., Kennelly B. M. Proposed metabolic vicious circle in patients with large myocardial infarcts and high plasma-free-fatty-acid concentrations. Lancet. 1977 Oct 29;2(8044):890–892. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90830-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Ostrander L. D., Jr, Lamphiear D. E., Carman W. J., Williams G. W. Blood glucose and risk of coronary heart disease. Arteriosclerosis. 1981 Jan-Feb;1(1):33–37. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.1.1.33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Page M. M., Smith R. B., Watkins P. J. Cardiovascular effects of insulin. Br Med J. 1976 Feb 21;1(6007):430–432. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6007.430. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Page M. M., Watkins P. J. Cardiorespiratory arrest and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Lancet. 1978 Jan 7;1(8054):14–16. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90360-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Page M. M., Watkins P. J. Provocation of postural hypotension by insulin in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes. 1976 Feb;25(2):90–95. doi: 10.2337/diab.25.2.90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Page M. M., Watkins P. J. The heart in diabetes: autonomic neuropathy and cardiomyopathy. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977 Jul;6(2):377–388. doi: 10.1016/s0300-595x(77)80043-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Palumbo P. J., Elveback L. R., Chu C. P., Connolly D. C., Kurland L. T. Diabetes mellitus: incidence, prevalence, survivorship, and causes of death in Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1970. Diabetes. 1976 Jul;25(7):566–573. doi: 10.2337/diab.25.7.566. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Partamian J. O., Bradley R. F. Acute myocardial infarction in 258 cases of diabetes. Immediate mortality and five-year survival. N Engl J Med. 1965 Aug 26;273(9):455–461. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196508262730901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Perejda A. J., Uitto J. Nonenzymatic glycosylation of collagen and other proteins: relationship to development of diabetic complications. Coll Relat Res. 1982 Jan;2(1):81–88. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Phillipson E. A., Hickey R. F., Bainton C. R., Nadel J. A. Effect of vagal blockade on regulation of breathing in conscious dogs. J Appl Physiol. 1970 Oct;29(4):475–479. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1970.29.4.475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Pierce G. N., Dhalla N. S. Cardiac myofibrillar ATPase activity in diabetic rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1981 Dec;13(12):1063–1069. doi: 10.1016/0022-2828(81)90296-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Pogátsa G., Bihari-Varga M., Szinay G. Effect of diabetes therapy on the myocardium in experimental diabetes. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1979 Apr-Jun;16(2):129–138. doi: 10.1007/BF02581092. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Polonsky K., Bergenstal R., Pons G., Schneider M., Jaspan J., Rubenstein A. Relation of counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in type I diabetics. N Engl J Med. 1982 Oct 28;307(18):1106–1112. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198210283071802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Prather J. W., Gaar K. A., Jr, Guyton A. C. Direct continuous recording of plasma colloid osmotic pressure of whole blood. J Appl Physiol. 1968 Apr;24(4):602–605. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1968.24.4.602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Pyöräla K. Relationship of glucose tolerance and plasma insulin to the incidence of coronary heart disease: results from two population studies in Finland. Diabetes Care. 1979 Mar-Apr;2(2):131–141. doi: 10.2337/diacare.2.2.131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Rackley C. E., Russell R. O., Jr, Rogers W. J., Mantle J. A., McDaniel H. G., Papapietro S. E. Clinical experience with glucose-insulin-potassium therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1981 Dec;102(6 Pt 1):1038–1049. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(81)90488-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Rackley C. E., Russell R. O., Jr, Rogers W. J., Mantle J. A., McDaniel H. G., Papapietro S. E. Glucose-insulin-potassium administration in acute myocardial infarction. Annu Rev Med. 1982;33:375–383. doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Randle P. J., Newsholme E. A., Garland P. B. Regulation of glucose uptake by muscle. 8. Effects of fatty acids, ketone bodies and pyruvate, and of alloxan-diabetes and starvation, on the uptake and metabolic fate of glucose in rat heart and diaphragm muscles. Biochem J. 1964 Dec;93(3):652–665. doi: 10.1042/bj0930652. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Regan T. J., Ahmed S. S., Levinson G. E., Oldewurtel H. A., Ahmad M. R., Haider B., Lyons M. M. Cardiomyopathy and regional scar in diabetes mellitus. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1975;88:217–223. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Regan T. J., Lyons M. M., Ahmed S. S., Levinson G. E., Oldewurtel H. A., Ahmad M. R., Haider B. Evidence for cardiomyopathy in familial diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1977 Oct;60(4):884–899. doi: 10.1172/JCI108843. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Regan T. J., Wu C. F., Yeh C. K., Oldewurtel H. A., Haider B. Myocardial composition and function in diabetes. The effects of chronic insulin use. Circ Res. 1981 Dec;49(6):1268–1277. doi: 10.1161/01.res.49.6.1268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Robertson D., Wade D., Robertson R. M. Postprandial alterations in cardiovascular hemodynamics in autonomic dysfunction states. Am J Cardiol. 1981 Dec;48(6):1048–1052. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(81)90319-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Robertson W. B., Strong J. P. Atherosclerosis in persons with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Lab Invest. 1968 May;18(5):538–551. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Rosenberg H., Modrak J. B., Hassing J. M., Al-Turk W. A., Stohs S. J. Glycosylated collagen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979 Nov 28;91(2):498–501. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91549-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Rubler S., Dlugash J., Yuceoglu Y. Z., Kumral T., Branwood A. W., Grishman A. New type of cardiomyopathy associated with diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 1972 Nov 8;30(6):595–602. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(72)90595-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. SIEVERS J. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. CLINICAL FEATURES AND OUTCOME IN THREE THOUSAND THIRTY-SIX CASES. Acta Med Scand. 1964;175:SUPPL 406–406:1+. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Sanderson J. E., Brown D. J., Rivellese A., Kohner E. Diabetic cardiomyopathy? An echocardiographic study of young diabetics. Br Med J. 1978 Feb 18;1(6110):404–407. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6110.404. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Scott R. C. Diabetes and the heart. Am Heart J. 1975 Sep;90(3):283–289. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(75)90314-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Seneviratne B. I. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: the preclinical phase. Br Med J. 1977 Jun 4;1(6074):1444–1446. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6074.1444. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Shapiro L. M., Howat A. P., Calter M. M. Left ventricular function in diabetes mellitus. I: Methodology, and prevalence and spectrum of abnormalities. Br Heart J. 1981 Feb;45(2):122–128. doi: 10.1136/hrt.45.2.122. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Shapiro L. M., Leatherdale B. A., Coyne M. E., Fletcher R. F., Mackinnon J. Prospective study of heart disease in untreated maturity onset diabetics. Br Heart J. 1980 Sep;44(3):342–348. doi: 10.1136/hrt.44.3.342. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Shapiro L. M., Leatherdale B. A., Mackinnon J., Fletcher R. F. Left ventricular function in diabetes mellitus. II: Relation between clinical features and left ventricular function. Br Heart J. 1981 Feb;45(2):129–132. doi: 10.1136/hrt.45.2.129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Shug A. L., Shrago E., Bittar N., Folts J. D., Koke J. R. Acyl-CoA inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation in ischemic myocardium. Am J Physiol. 1975 Mar;228(3):689–692. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1975.228.3.689. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Silver M. D., Huckell V. F., Lorber M. Basement membranes of small cardiac vessels in patients with diabetes and myxoedema: preliminary observations. Pathology. 1977 Jul;9(3):213–220. doi: 10.3109/00313027709084812. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Sobel B. E., Corr P. B., Robison A. K., Goldstein R. A., Witkowski F. X., Klein M. S. Accumulation of lysophosphoglycerides with arrhythmogenic properties in ischemic myocardium. J Clin Invest. 1978 Sep;62(3):546–553. doi: 10.1172/JCI109159. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Sohar E., Ravid M., Ben-Shaul Y., Reshef T., Gafni J. Diabetic fibrillosis. A report of three cases. Am J Med. 1970 Jul;49(1):64–69. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(70)80114-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Soler N. G., Bennett M. A., Pentecost B. L., Fitzgerald M. G., Malins J. M. Myocardial infarction in diabetics. Q J Med. 1975 Jan;44(173):125–132. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Soler N. G., Eagleton L. E. Autonomic neuropathy and the ventilatory responses of diabetics to progressive hypoxemia and hypercarbia. Diabetes. 1982 Jul;31(7):609–614. doi: 10.2337/diab.31.7.609. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Soler N. G., Pentecost B. L., Bennett M. A., FitzGerald M. G., Lamb P., Malins J. M. Coronary care for myocardial infarction in diabetics. Lancet. 1974 Mar 23;1(7856):475–477. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)92785-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Staub N. C. The pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1980 Jul-Aug;23(1):53–80. doi: 10.1016/0033-0620(80)90005-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Stein L., Beraud J. J., Cavanilles J., da Luz P., Weil M. H., Shubin H. Pulmonary edema during fluid infusion in the absence of heart failure. JAMA. 1974 Jul 1;229(1):65–68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Stein L., Beraud J. J., Morissette M., Luz P. D., Weil M. H., Shubin H. Pulmonary edema during volume infusion. Circulation. 1975 Sep;52(3):483–489. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.52.3.483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Steiner G. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: an overview. Diabetes. 1981;30(Suppl 2):1–7. doi: 10.2337/diab.30.2.s1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Stout R. W. Blood glucose and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis. 1981 Jul-Aug;1(4):227–234. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.1.4.227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Stout R. W. The role of insulin in atherosclerosis in diabetics and nondiabetics: a review. Diabetes. 1981;30(Suppl 2):54–57. doi: 10.2337/diab.30.2.s54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Sykes C. A., Wright A. D., Malins J. M., Pentecost B. L. Changes in systolic time intervals during treatment of diabetes mellitus. Br Heart J. 1977 Mar;39(3):255–259. doi: 10.1136/hrt.39.3.255. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Tansey M. J., Opie L. H., Kennelly B. M. High mortality in obese women diabetics with acute myocardial infarction. Br Med J. 1977 Jun 25;1(6077):1624–1626. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6077.1624. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Taylor A. E. Capillary fluid filtration. Starling forces and lymph flow. Circ Res. 1981 Sep;49(3):557–575. doi: 10.1161/01.res.49.3.557. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Thomas J. E., Schirger A., Fealey R. D., Sheps S. G. Orthostatic hypotension. Mayo Clin Proc. 1981 Feb;56(2):117–125. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Tohmeh J. F., Shah S. D., Cryer P. E. The pathogenesis of hyperadrenergic postural hypotension in diabetic patients. Am J Med. 1979 Nov;67(5):772–778. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(79)90733-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Trap-Jensen J. Increased capillary permeability to 131-iodide and [51Cr]EDTA in the exercising forearm of long-term diabetics. Clin Sci. 1970 Jul;39(1):39–49. doi: 10.1042/cs0390039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Trap-Jensen J., Lassen N. A. Increased capillary diffusion capacity for small ions in skeletal muscle in long-term diabetics. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1968;21(2):116–122. doi: 10.3109/00365516809084273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Tunbridge W. M. Factors contributing to deaths of diabetics under fifty years of age. On behalf of the Medical Services Study Group and British Diabetic Association. Lancet. 1981 Sep 12;2(8246):569–572. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)90950-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Upton M. T., Gibson D. G., Brown D. J. Echocardiographic assessment of abnormal left ventricular relaxation in man. Br Heart J. 1976 Oct;38(10):1001–1009. doi: 10.1136/hrt.38.10.1001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Verska J. J., Walker W. J. Aortocoronary bypass in the diabetic patient. Am J Cardiol. 1975 Jun;35(6):774–777. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(75)90111-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Vigorita V. J., Moore G. W., Hutchins G. M. Absence of correlation between coronary arterial atherosclerosis and severity or duration of diabetes mellitus of adult onset. Am J Cardiol. 1980 Oct;46(4):535–542. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(80)90500-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Vik-Mo H., Mjøs O. D. Influence of free fatty acids on myocardial oxygen consumption and ischemic injury. Am J Cardiol. 1981 Aug;48(2):361–365. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(81)90621-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Waller B. F., Palumbo P. J., Lie J. T., Roberts W. C. Status of the coronary arteries at necropsy in diabetes mellitus with onset after age 30 years. Analysis of 229 diabetic patients with and without clinical evidence of coronary heart disease and comparison to 183 control subjects. Am J Med. 1980 Oct;69(4):498–506. doi: 10.1016/s0149-2918(05)80002-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Watkins P. J., Mackay J. D. Cardiac denervation in diabetic neuropathy. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Feb;92(2 Pt 2):304–307. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-92-2-304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Weil M. H., Morissette M., Michaels S., Bisera J., Boycks E., Shubin H., Jacobson E. Routine plasma colloid osmotic pressure measurements. Crit Care Med. 1974 Sep-Oct;2(5):229–234. doi: 10.1097/00003246-197409000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Weinrauch L., D'Elia J. A., Healy R. W., Gleason R. E., Christleib A. R., Leland O. S., Jr Asymptomatic coronary artery disease: angiographic assessment of diabetics evaluated for renal transplantation. Circulation. 1978 Dec;58(6):1184–1190. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.58.6.1184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Westberg N. G. Biochemical alterations of the human glomerular basement membrane in diabetes. Diabetes. 1976;25(2 Suppl):920–924. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Wheeler T., Watkins P. J. Cardiac denervation in diabetes. Br Med J. 1973 Dec 8;4(5892):584–586. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5892.584. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Whitlow P. L., Rogers W. J., Smith L. R., McDaniel H. G., Papapietro S. E., Mantle J. A., Logic J. R., Russell R. O., Jr, Rackley C. E. Enhancement of left ventricular function by glucose-insulin-potassium infusion in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Mar;49(4):811–820. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)91963-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Wood J. M., Bush B., Pitts B. J., Schwartz A. Inhibition of bovine heart Na+, K+-ATPase by palmitylcarnitine and palmityl-CoA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1977 Jan 24;74(2):677–684. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)90356-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Wu C. F., Haider B., Ahmed S. S., Oldewurtel H. A., Lyons M. M., Regan T. J. The effects of tolbutamide on the myocardium in experimental diabetes. Circulation. 1977 Jan;55(1):200–205. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.55.1.200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Yano K., Kagan A., McGee D., Rhoads G. G. Glucose intolerance and nine-year mortality in Japanese men in Hawaii. Am J Med. 1982 Jan;72(1):71–80. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90580-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Yodaiken R. E. The relationship between diabetic capillaropathy and myocardial infarction: a hypothesis. Diabetes. 1976;25(2 Suppl):928–930. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Zammit Maempel J. V. Effect of diabetes on the course of acute myocardial infarction in Malta. Isr J Med Sci. 1978 Apr;14(4):424–431. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Zdanov V. S., Vihert A. M. Atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Bull World Health Organ. 1976;53(5-6):547–553. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Ziegler M. G., Lake C. R., Kopin I. J. The sympathetic-nervous-system defect in primary orthostatic hypotension. N Engl J Med. 1977 Feb 10;296(6):293–297. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197702102960601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Western Journal of Medicine are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES