Results of the eighteenth winter waterbird census in Libya in 2022

Abstract

Background:

Libyan wetlands are diverse; the coastline of Libya, in particular, has different kinds of wetlands, such as salt marshes, bays, lakes, lagoons, and islands. These varieties in habitats provide good shelters and foraging sites for migratory birds during their journeys between Eurasia and Africa. Since the beginning of the Libyan winter census of waterbirds International waterbirds census (Libya IWC) in 2005, which continued regularly until 2012, it has had relatively the same performance in the number of covered sites. However, since 2013, due to the security situation that Libya has experienced due to wars and conflict, which negatively affected the quality of the IWC in Libya, the number of sites has dramatically decreased, reaching only six locations during the middle of the previous decade.

Aim:

The IWC 2022 aimed to count the birds along the Libyan coast from January 10 to 29.

Methods:

The census activities were conducted from dawn to dusk during the study period by using high-quality Telescopes, binoculars, and digital cameras for the documentation. Point transects method was used to cover the sites.

Results:

The results of this year showed that a total of 64 sites were covered, and 68 species of waterbirds were counted, with an abundance of 61,850 individuals. During the census period, a total of 52 non-waterbird species found in Wetlands were recorded, and the number of individuals was 14,836 birds. A total of 18 threatened species were observed during this survey, 12 of them are mentioned in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, and nine species are mentioned in the regional activities center of specially protected areas annex II as threatened in the Mediterranean, where the species; Larus audouinii (Payraudeau, 1826), Larus genei (Breme, 1839), and Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827) are mentioned in both of them.

Conclusion:

The lack of the number of ornithologists and bird watchers is still one of the factors affecting the quality of the IWC in Libya, as well as lack of funding remains an important factor that plays a major role in the success of the waterbirds census.

Introduction

Libyan wetlands are diverse, from desert oases, fresh and saltwater springs, salt marshes, coastal lagoons, artificial reservoirs, and damps. In general, the majorities of wetlands in Libya are shallow salt marshes, dry or semi-dry most of the year, and sometimes connected to the sea (Sobkha) (Smart et al., 2006; EGA-RAC/SPA, 2012). The coastline of Libya, in particular, has different kinds of wetlands, such as salt marshes, bays, lakes, lagoons, and islands (Defos du Rau et al., 2003). These varieties in habitats provide good shelters and foraging sites for migratory birds during their journey from Europe and Asia to Africa and their journey back returns. Furthermore, some of these sites provide staging and nesting grounds for some species. However, with its dry climate, Libya is perceived as having relatively few wetlands and waterbirds. It is also, in terms of biodiversity one of the least known among Mediterranean countries, despite the published reports and papers (Azafzaf et al., 2005, 2006; Smart et al., 2006; Etayeb et al., 2007, 2012; EGA-RAC/SPA, 2012; Bourass et al., 2013).

The winter census of waterbirds in Libya began in 2005; it has continued regularly during January of each year in the framework of the International Waterbirds Census (IWC).

The IWC in Libya was conducted by local specialists and some ornithologists from outside the country (Tunisia, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom); this team worked from 2005 to 2011 under the supervision of the Environment General Authority (currently the Libyan Ministry of Environment) in cooperation with the Regional activities Center of Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) and the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian migratory waterbirds, in coordination with Wetlands International. The first outputs of this cooperation were issued in two reports on wintering waterbirds in Libya (Azafzaf et al., 2005, 2006). Then these results were published in a scientific paper (Smart et al., 2006). Moreover, the census of wintering waterbirds in Libya continued until 2010, when the Atlas of wintering waterbirds of Libya was published (EGA-RAC/SPA, 2012). Then the results of the 2011 survey were published; it was the last year covering all the sites in Libya, where the total number was 84 (Bourass et al., 2013).

Libya has experienced widespread security, which strongly affected the IWC. In 2012, about half of the sites were covered than in the previous year (Etayeb et al., 2012). In 2013, coordinated waterbird counts between North African countries noticed a limited coverage of the sites where 10 important wetlands were skipped due to security situations (Sayoud et al., 2017). From the year 2013 until 2021, the waterbirds census activities have continued were conducted by a team from the Libyan society of birds (LSB) with support from Mediterranean waterbird network in collaboration with Bisida Society and Bado Society in Zwara city, the Libyan Organization for Conservation of Nature (LOCN) and the Environment General Authority; despite the obstacles, security problems and unstable country situation that negatively affected the program. Consequently, the number of sites was at most 34; the least was only six sites around Tripoli in 2015. Although there was a slight improvement in the following years until 2021, this improvement did not lead to reaching the number of surveyed sites during the period from 2005 to 2011. However, the diversity and abundance of waterbirds and non-waterbirds were recorded; the results were undoubtedly affected by the inconvenient circumstances experienced by the winter census for birds in Libya (Table 1).

Table 1. Results of IWC in Libya from 2005 to 2021.

Year	Waterbirds	Waterbird sp.	Non-waterbirds	Non-waterbird sp.	Covered sites	Period
2005	29,996	79	30,160	74	65	3–17 Jan.
2006	51,698	85	146,621	60	56	19–31 Jan.
2007	39,303	92	39,130	69	43	3–15 Feb.
2008	53,632	79	13,378	64	50	20–31 Jan.
2009	40,369	65	13,047	55	49	26 Jan – 7 Feb.
2010	51,652	86	60,000	60	94	24 Jan – 3 Feb.
2011	34,842	81	506,155	67	84	29 Jan – 13 Feb.
2012	29,258	66	2,110	27	42	3 Jan – 1 Feb.
2013	5,308	46	0	0	16	19 Jan – 9 Feb.
2014	7,761	58	0	0	12	1–12 Jan.
2015	1,930	37	90	8	6	20–24 Jan.
2016	5,040	47	544	15	10	2–7 Jan.
2017	10,488	64	830	25	29	15–22 Jan.
2018	24,815	54	751,420	23	34	11–31 Jan.
2019	25,480	63	1,872	22	32	10–30 Jan.
2020	14,205	46	6,104	19	12	9–25 Jan.
2021	17,091	60	2,002,622	36	32	14–31 Jan.

This paper aims to present the results of the 18th IWC in Libya, which was conducted in January 2022 along the Libyan coastline under the supervision of the LSB in collaboration with the Libyan Ministry of Environment, National Research Center for Tropical and Transboundary Diseases and NGOs (LOCN, Bisida and Alhaya Organization for Protection of Wildlife and Marine Organisms).

Material and Methods

The winter census of waterbirds in Libya for 2022 was conducted from 10 to 29 January. The team covered all wetlands and waterbirds sites along the Libyan coast from Ras Jdair in the west to Tobruk in the east (Fig. 1). The census usually starts from early morning until evening. Sometimes to maintain the time, the team was split into two groups to cover the sites located at the same range and to avoid repeated counting of the same birds. The census was carried out using six binoculars, nine telescopes, and digital cameras for documentation. In addition, the point transects method (standing at a specific site and counting birds) was used to cover the areas (Volpato et al., 2009).

Fig. 1. Covered sites during the IWC 2022.

To examine the population trend of waterbirds wintering in Libya from 2005 to 2022, the living planet index (LPI) was used. The use of LPI was started in 1997 by the World Wide Fund for Nature to investigate the changes in global biodiversity over time, especially for measuring the average trends of vertebrate populations (Loh et al., 2005). In this paper, the Chain method was used to calculate the index, where the logarithm of the ratio of the population of each pair of years was calculated using the formula:

$${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{t}}=\log ({\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{t}}/{\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{t}-1})$$

Where N= population size and t= years (time). The specific values of d_t were generated for n_t as:

n _t

$${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{t}}=\underset{─}{1}\mathrm{\Sigma }{\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{it}}$$

n_t ⁱ⁼¹

Finally, the index for waterbird populations in Libyan wetlands in a standard year t was calculated as:

d _t

I_t = I_t-1 10

Results

The results of the winter survey of birds for 2022 showed that the total number of birds counted was 76,686 individuals, and the diversity of species reached 120 for the aquatic and non-aquatic birds. The abundance of waterbirds was 61,850 individuals belonging to 68 species classified under 18 families (Table 2). The number of species has varied among the families (1–17), where the family Scolopacidae is the most diverse, followed by the family Anatidae with 11 species. There are nine families represented by only one species each (Fig. 2). The abundance of waterbirds among the families was significantly varied, where the most considerable abundance was for the family Laridae (51,412) with a percentage of approximately 85%, while in some families, the number did not exceed one or two individuals. In terms of the diversity of species among the sites, it ranged from 0 to 27, where the largest assortment was in Farwa, and the highest abundance was in Sabkhat Qanfudhah with a total of 35,169 individuals (Table 3).

Table 2. Waterbirds and non-waterbirds were recorded in Jan. 2022 in Libya.

Family	No.	Common name	Binomial name	Count
Anatidae	1	Common shelduck	Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus, 1758)	176
	2	Common pochard	Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758)	5
	3	Ferruginous duck	Aythya nyroca (Güldenstadt, 1770)	60
	4	Red-breasted merganser	Mergus serrator (Linnaeus, 1758)	3
	5	Gadwall	Mareca strepera (Linnaeus, 1758)	3
	6	Northern shoveler	Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus, 1758)	231
	7	Mallard	Anas platyrhynchos (Linnaeus, 1758)	2
	8	Northern pintail	Anas acuta (Linnaeus, 1758)	5
	9	Garganey	Spatula querquedula (Linnaeus, 1758)	1
	10	Eurasian teal	Anas crecca (Linnaeus, 1758)	95
	11	Marbled teal	Marmaronetta angustirostris (Ménétrés, 1832)	8
Procellariidae	12	Yelkouan shearwater	Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827)	3
Podicipedidae	13	Little grebe	Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764)	148
	14	Great crested grebe	Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	103
	15	Black-necked grebe	Podiceps nigricollis (Brehm, 1831)	98
Phoenicopteridae	16	Greater flamingo	Phoenicopterus roseus (Pallas, 1811)	352
Ciconiidae	17	White stork	Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758)	35
Threskiornithidae	18	Glossy ibis	Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766)	75
	19	Eurasian spoonbill	Platalea leucorodia (Linnaeus, 1758)	30
Ardeidae	20	Squacco heron	Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli, 1769)	1
	21	Cattle egret	Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)	3,705
	22	Little egret	Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766)	137
	23	Great white egret	Ardea alba (Linnaeus, 1758)	27
	24	Grey heron	Ardea cinerea (Linnaeus, 1758)	118
Sulidae	25	Northern gannet	Morus bassanus (Linnaeus, 1758)	41
Phalacrocoracidae	26	Great cormorant	Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758)	1,139
	27	European shag	Gulosus aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1761)	8
Rallidae	28	Common moorhen	Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758)	46
	29	Common coot	Fulica atra (Linnaeus, 1758)	151
Gruidae	30	Common crane	Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758)	2
Haematopodidae	31	Eurasian oystercatcher	Haematopus ostralegus (Linnaeus, 1758)	34
Recurvirostridae	32	Black-winged stilt	Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758)	91
Charadriidae	33	Little ringed plover	Charadrius dubius (Scopoli, 1786)	6
	34	Common ringed plover	Charadrius hiaticula (Linnaeus, 1758)	52
	35	Kentish plover	Charadrius alexandrinus (Linnaeus, 1758)	592
	36	Eurasian golden plover	Pluvialis apricaria (Linnaeus, 1758)	52
	37	Grey plover	Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758)	49
Scolopacidae	38	Sanderling	Calidris alba (Pallas, 1764)	20
	39	Little stint	Calidris minuta (Leisler, 1812)	224
	40	Temminck's stint	Calidris temminckii (Leisler, 1812)	3
	41	Curlew sandpiper	Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763)	7
	42	Dunlin	Calidris alpina (Linnaeus, 1758)	1,618
	43	Ruff	Calidris pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758)	34
	44	Common snipe	Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758)	16
	45	Bar-tailed godwit	Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus, 1758)	1
	46	Eurasian curlew	Numenius arquata (Linnaeus, 1758)	16
	47	Common sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758)	23
	48	Green sandpiper	Tringa ochropus (Linnaeus, 1758)	16
	49	Spotted redshank	Tringa erythropus (Pallas, 1764)	4
	50	Common greenshank	Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767)	6
	51	Marsh sandpiper	Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803)	6
	52	Wood sandpiper	Tringa glareola (Linnaeus, 1758)	6
	53	Common redshank	Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758)	148
	54	Ruddy turnstone	Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758)	15
Laridae	55	Slender-billed gull	Chroicocephalus genei (Breme, 1839)	2,169
	56	Black-headed gull	Chroicocephalus ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766)	24,194
	57	Little gull	Hydrocoloeus minutus (Pallas, 1776)	46
	58	Mediterranean gull	Ichthyaetus melanocephalus (Temminck, 1820)	5,026
	59	Audouin's gull	Ichthyaetus audouinii (Payraudeau, 1826)	21
	60	Lesser black-backed gull	Larus fuscus (Linnaeus, 1758)	9,059
	61	Yellow-legged gull	Larus michahellis (Naumann, 1840)	10,897
	62	Great black-backed gull	Larus marinus (Linnaeus, 1758)	3
	63	Caspian tern	Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas, 1770)	66
	64	Black tern	Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus, 1758)	5
	65	Sandwich tern	Thalasseus sandvicensis (Latham, 1787)	502
	66	Lesser crested tern	Thalasseus bengalensis (Lesson, 1831)	7
Stercorariidae	67	Parasitic jaeger (Arctic Skua)	Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758)	2
Alcedinidae	68	Common kingfisher	Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758)	6
Phasianidae	69	Barbary partridge	Alectoris Barbara (Bonnaterre, 1791)	2
Accipitridae	70	Black kite	Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783)	1
	71	Western marsh-harrier	Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758)	26
	72	Hen harrier	Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766)	1
	73	Pallid harrier	Circus macrourus (Gmelin, 1770)	1
	74	Long-legged buzzard	Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1829)	3
Burhinidae	75	Eurasian stone-curlew	Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758)	5
Columbidae	76	European turtle dove	Streptopelia turtur (Linnaeus, 1758)	2
	77	Laughing dove	Spilopelia senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766)	50
Tytonidae	78	Barn owl	Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769)	1
Strigidae	79	Little owl	Athene noctua (Scopoli, 1769)	11
	80	Pharaoh eagle-owl	Bubo ascalaphus (Savigny, 1809)	1
Apodidae	81	Common swift	Apus apus (Linnaeus, 1758)	188
Upupidae	82	Common hoopoe	Upupa epops (Linnaeus, 1758)	22
Falconidae	83	Common kestrel	Falco tinnunculus (Linnaeus, 1758)	6
Malaconotidae	84	Black-crowned tchagra	Tchagra senegalus (Linnaeus, 1766)	1
Laniidae	85	Southern grey shrike	Lanius meridionalis (Temminck, 1820)	51
Corvidae	86	Common raven	Corvus corax (Linnaeus, 1758)	7
Alaudidae	87	Greater hoopoe-lark	Alaemon alaudipes (Desfontaines, 1789)	5
	88	Crested lark	Galerida cristata (Linnaeus, 1758)	104
	89	Thekla's lark	Galerida theklae (Brehm, 1857)	1
	90	Eurasian skylark	Alauda arvensis (Linnaeus, 1758)	18
Hirundinidae	91	Barn swallow	Hirundo rustica (Linnaeus, 1758)	3
	92	Northern house martin	Delichon urbicum (Linnaeus, 1758)	10
Phylloscopidae	93	Common chiffchaff	Phylloscopus collybita (Vieillot, 1817)	389
Acrocephalidae	94	Great reed-warbler	Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)	1
Leiothrichidae	95	Fulvous babbler	Turdoides fulva (Desfontaines, 1789)	16
Sylviidae	96	Spectacled warbler	Curruca conspicillata (Temminck, 1820)	2
	97	Sardinian warbler	Curruca melanocephala (Gmelin, 1789)	15
	98	Eurasian blackcap	Sylvia atricapilla (Linnaeus, 1758)	1
Sturnidae	99	Common starling	Sturnus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758)	12,740
Turdidae	100	Common blackbird	Turdus merula (Linnaeus, 1758)	5
	101	Song thrush	Turdus philomelos (Brehm, 1831)	1
Muscicapidae	102	Spotted flycatcher	Muscicapa striata (Pallas, 1764)	1
	103	European robin	Erithacus rubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)	20
	104	Bluethroat	Luscinia svecica (Linnaeus, 1758)	2
	105	Black redstart	Phoenicurus ochruros (Gmelin, 1774)	15
	106	Moussier's redstart	Phoenicurus moussieri (Olphe-Galliard, 1852)	1
	107	Whinchat	Saxicola rubetra (Linnaeus, 1758)	1
	108	Common stonechat	Saxicola torquatus (Linnaeus, 1766)	115
	109	Desert wheatear	Oenanthe deserti (Temminck, 1829)	8
	110	Mourning wheatear	Oenanthe lugens (Lichtenstein, 1823)	5
Muscicapidae	111	White-crowned wheatear	Oenanthe leucopyga (Brehm, 1855)	5
	112	Black wheatear	Oenanthe leucura (Gmelin, 1789)	22
	113	Blue rock thrush	Monticola solitaries (Linnaeus, 1758)	1
Passeridae	114	House sparrow	Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)	53
	115	Spanish sparrow	Passer hispaniolensis (Temminck, 1820)	438
Motacillidae	116	White wagtail	Motacilla alba (Linnaeus, 1758)	225
	117	Meadow pipit	Anthus pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758)	66
	118	Red-throated pipit	Anthus cervinus (Pallas, 1811)	2
Fringillidae	119	European serin	Serinus serinus (Linnaeus, 1766)	121
Emberizidae	120	Corn bunting	Emberiza calandra (Linnaeus, 1758)	45

Fig. 2. Diversity of bird families during the IWC 2022 in Libya.

Table 3. Number of birds in the covered sites during the IWC 2022 in Libya.

No	Site name	WB diversity	WB abundance	NWB diversity	NWB abundance	Threatened sp.
1	Ras jdeir	10	92	6	18	3
2	Farwah Abokammash coast	23	3,452	3	61	3
3	Farwah	27	1,652	1	2	8
4	Sabkhet Almanqoub	5	125	2	15	2
5	Zwarah Harbour	7	598	0	0	2
6	Sabkhet Mellita	3	15	3	11	0
7	Wadi Kaam dam	21	342	11	49	4
8	Kahaf Dakhil	7	819	9	25	1
9	Zliten Sewage Treatment Plant	8	249	4	66	1
10	Zliten Harbour	10	371	0	0	4
11	Ain Kaam	8	70	6	26	1
12	Alkhoms harbour	7	132	1	2	2
13	Alkrarem	1	25	12	2,485	0
14	Misrata's industrial area	1	11	3	1,451	0
15	Misrata harbour	5	89	0	0	2
16	Qaser Ahmed	13	849	16	283	1
17	Zraiqh port	15	435	9	236	6
18	Misrata treatment plant	15	906	8	779	4
19	Wadi Saso	13	57	15	308	1
20	Tawergha	1	1	17	3,012	0
21	Al-Heesha	22	413	9	43	3
22	Sirt harbour	10	180	1	1	4
23	Sultan	2	2	0	0	1
24	Abumariem	6	85	1	20	3
25	Derna coast	6	154	1	1	2
26	Wadi Alkhabta	3	13	7	49	1
27	Wadi Alhamsa	5	25	9	82	0
28	Um hafain	15	785	5	60	2
29	Sabkhat at Tamimi	7	55	6	57	2
30	Ras Attin	7	117	1	12	5
31	Alqsebaia	7	126	2	2	3
32	Ain Alghazala	3	36	1	2	1
33	Tobruk harbour	4	192	0	0	3
34	Khalij al Bumbah	7	193	0	0	0
35	Ain Ashaghigha	2	30	2	3	0
36	Ain Azargha	0	0	2	153	0
37	Al Marj	2	535	0	0	0
38	Sabkhat Julyanah	15	2,879	7	341	3
39	Sabkhat Nairuz	1	21	0	0	1
40	Sabkhat al Nakhil	5	23	2	3	3
41	Sabkhat Qaminis	6	150	1	30	3
42	Sabkhat Qanfudhah	11	35,169	4	1,516	3
43	Ayn Zayyanah	7	550	6	2,508	2
44	Bou Dzira	6	1,626	1	1	0
45	Ras Almengar	6	79	2	17	3
46	Sabkhat al Thama	16	1,255	5	34	3
47	Assabri beach	6	154	3	5	3
48	Tebesti lake	10	52	2	401	2
49	Sabkhat Karkurah	6	221	3	8	2
50	Sabkhat al Burayqah	2	15	5	58	2
51	Algordabia reservoir	4	24	1	150	0
52	Al-Washka	10	1,345	2	3	4
53	Wadi Turghat	6	10	9	46	1
54	Annjeela sewage	11	945	10	32	2
55	Wadi Al-mjenin dam	15	96	4	57	3
56	Wadi Ghan dam	4	20	2	5	0
57	Ain Taghneet	0	0	6	18	0
58	Al-Mallaha	8	98	3	10	2
59	Tajoura coast	9	140	6	11	3
60	Tajoura port	5	124	0	0	2
61	Tripoli coast	11	246	3	64	3
62	Tripoli harbour	7	978	0	0	3
63	Al Haḑabah Sewage Treatment Plant	8	295	10	203	2
64	Qergarish	21	764	1	1	6

The abundance of non-waterbirds was 14,836 individuals belonging to 52 species out of 25 families, the highest diversity was in the family Muscicapidae, represented by 12 species, and the abundance of those species was 474 individuals. The largest abundance of non-waterbird species was 12,740 for the family Sturnidae, although it has represented by only one species: Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Table 2).

The diverse species of non-waterbirds varied between sites (0–17), with the highest diversity being in the Tawergha region and in terms of abundance, which was 3,012, while a total of 10 sites with no records of non-waterbirds (Table 3).

Using the LPI Chain method revealed that the population index of the wintering water birds in Libya in 2022 has increased by up to more than 100%. The period from 2005 to 2009 showed a fluctuation of rising between 50% and 100%, while, for the period from 2013 to 2021, the index showed a dramatic decrease of 25% to 100%, particularly in the year 2015 (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. LPI of wintering water birds in Libya 2005–2022.

This survey observed a total of 18 endangered (Threatened) bird species; 16 are aquatic, and 2 are non-aquatic birds. This classification is depending on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN Red-list) and the Annex II of the (RAC/SPA-MAP/UNEP). Moreover, six of them are evaluated as threatened species, the other six species are near threatened, and the vulnerable, endangered species are six (Table 4). Those species have been recorded in 79.6% of sites (n = 64).

Table 4. Threatened species recorded during the IWC 2022 in Libya.

	Species	Common name	No.	No. of sites	Status	Source
1.	Larus audouinii	(Payraudeau, 1826)	Audouin's gull	21	9	VU, T	* & **
2.	Larus genei	(Breme, 1839)	Slender billed gull	2,169	32	VU, T	* & **
3.	Larus melanocephalus	(Temminick, 1820)	Mediterranean gull	5,026	20	T	**
4.	Thalasseus bengalensis (Lesson, 1831)	Lesser crested tern	7	1	T	**
5.	Sterna sandvicensis	(Latham, 1878)	Sandwich tern	502	21	T	**
6.	Charadrius alexandrines (Linnaeus, 1758)	Kentish plover	592	20	T	**
7.	Gulosus aristotelis	(Linnaeus, 1761)	European shag	8	2	T	**
8.	Phoenicopterus roseus (Pallas, 1811)	Greater flamingo	352	6	T	**
9.	Puffinus yelkouan	(Acerbi, 1827)	Levantine shearwater	3	2	VU, T	* & **
10.	Aythya ferina	(Linnaeus, 1758)	Common pochard	5	1	VU	*
11.	Aythya nyroca	(Güldenstädt, 1770)	Ferruginous duck	60	5	NT	*
12.	Marmaronetta angustirostris (Ménétries, 1832)	Marbled teal	8	3	VU	*
13.	Numenius arquata	(Linnaeus, 1758)	Eurasian curlew	16	6	NT	*
14.	Calidris ferruginea	(Pontoppidan, 1763)	Curlew sandpiper	7	4	NT	*
15.	Haematopus ostralegus(Linnaeus, 1758)	Eurasian oystercatcher	34	2	NT	*
16.	Limosa lapponica	(Linnaeus, 1758)	Bar-tailed godwit	1	1	NT	*
17.	Circus macrourus	(Gmelin, 1770)	Pallid harrier	1	1	NT	*
18.	Streptopelia turtur (Linnaeus, 1758)	European turtle dove	2	1	VU	*

VU= vulnerable, T= Threatened, NT= Near threatened, * = IUCN Redlist & ** = Annex II (RAC/SPA).

Discussion

The results of IWC 2022 in Libya are generally reasonable compared to the previous years (2013–2021), but they can be compared with the results of the beginning of the survey in Libya during the years from 2005 to 2012 (Azafzaf et al., 2005, 2006; Smart et al., 2006; Etayeb et al., 2007; Hamza et al., 2008; EGA-RAC/SPA, 2012). The main reason for the improvement is related to the number of covered sites in which the census is conducted, as it decreased significantly during the years 2013–2021, with a total of six sites in 2015, while in 2010, the number of covered sites reached 94 (EGA-RAC/SPA, 2012).

The highest abundance of waterbirds in 2008 was 53,632 (Hamza et al., 2008), and the highest diversity was 92 in 2007 (Etayeb et al., 2007), compared to the results of IWC 2022, where 68 species were recorded with the abundance of 61,850 birds, this indicated good improvement in term of diversity and abundance of species, as well as, the LPI emphasized this improvement in 2022, where it was increased up to more than 100% from the point of starting in 2005. However, under normal circumstances, Libya is considered less diverse and abundant of birds compared to its neighboring countries such as Tunisia and Egypt (Smart et al., 2006), through which major migration routes pass, as the first route passes along the Nile River and the other one passes through Italy and Sicily to Tunisia (Berthold, 2001).

Although the family Scolopacidae was represented by the highest diversity (17 species), followed by the Anatidae family with 11 species, in terms of abundance, the family Laridae was the highest, represented by seven species, including gull species which are marine birds, and the covered sites are along the coastline. Moreover, the important factor that explains the abundance of gulls in large numbers is the presence of dumping grounds in some sabkha; this attracts high numbers of gulls that reach tens of thousands because these species are mainly scavengers and prefer the putrescible-waste landfills (Belant, 1997). One of the most important areas where there are many gulls is Sabkhat Qanfudhah, the largest dumps in the Benghazi region. The number of Black-headed gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus exceeded 15,000, and more than 9,000 individuals of the yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis were recorded. However, the diversity and abundance of bird species are usually related to habitat type and preference factors (Jones, 2001).

Recording and observing the globally threatened species is one of four criteria used by the global network of important bird areas (IBAs) and the IUCN to identify the importance of the sites for biodiversity in general and birds in particular (BirdLife International, 2014; IUCN, 2016).

This study recorded a total of 18 threatened species with varying numbers in 51 sites out of 64. These records give importance to the sites where threatened species were recorded. Moreover, such recordings support decision-makers in declaring protected areas in addition to other reasons or purposes for protection. However, recording one endangered species is sufficient to give the area importance and be a priority for protection (Day et al., 2012; Stolton et al., 2013).

Regarding sites, depending on the registered threatened species, Farwa is considered the most important site as an IBA and marine protected area (MPA); indeed, it has been declared as MPA by the resolution of the Minister of Agriculture, Animal and Marine No. 22 of 2009. Ain Alghazala also was declared as MPA in 2011, although this study found only one threatened species. This finding is considered supportive of the protection decision, in addition to the presence of other important species of fish recorded in the area. Overall, this study strongly recommends that the rest of the sites listed in the present study should be protected and managed, as well as implementing a comprehensive study to address the other biodiversity components.