17β-HSD	17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
AdipoR1/AdipoR2	adiponectin membrane receptors
ADM	adrenomedullin
A-FABP	adipose fatty acid binding protein
AgRP	agouti-related peptide
AHI	apnoea-hypopnoea index
AKT	Protein kinase B (PKB)
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ANGPTL4	angiopoietin-like 4
APC	adenomatous polyposis coli regulator of WNT signaling pathway gene
ATM	adipocyte tissue macrophages
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
β-HB	beta-hydroxy butyrate
BAT	brown adipose tissue
BCL-2	B cell lymphoma 2
BMI	body mass index
BMS	bariatric metabolic surgery
BRAF	v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1
CAA	cancer-associated adipocytes
CAF	cancer-associated fibroblasts
Cav-1	caveolin-1 structural protein
CCAAT	cytosine-cytosine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine
CCK	cholecystokinin
CCL-2	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, MCP-1
CD36	Cluster of differentiation 36
CDKN1a	Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A
CI	confidence interval
CIMP	CpG dinucleotide island methylator phenotype
CLS	crown-like structures
CMP-1	chemoattractant monocyte protein 1
CMS	consensus molecular subtype
c-Myc	cellular myelocytomatosis
COX-2	cyclooxygenase
CpG	cytosine and guanine separated by a phosphate
CRC	colorectal cancer
CRP	C-reactive protein
c-Src	cellular analogue of Rous sarcoma virus
CXCL-1	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1
CYP19A1	cytochrome P450 19A1
DAMPS	damage-associated molecular patterns
db/db	Homozygous mutation in murine leptin receptor gene
DDR	DNA damage response
DKK-3	Dickkopf 3 protein
DMR	Differentially methylated regions
E1	oestrone
E2	17-β-oestradiol
EBPα	enhancer-binding proteins α
ECM	extracellular matrix
EGFR	epidermal growth factor receptor
EMT	epithelial to mesenchymal transition
END	endurance
EPO	erythropoietin
ER-a	oestrogen receptor alpha
ERK	Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases
ESCRT	endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
FAO	Fatty acid oxidase
FasL	FS-7-associated surface antigen ligand
FFA	free fatty acid
G-6-PD	glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
GAPDH	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
G-CSF	granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
GIP	glucose dependent insulin peptide
GLP-1	glucagon like peptide
GLUT-1 and -3 and -4	glucose transporters
GPCR	G-protein coupled receptor
GPER	G-protein-coupled oestrogen receptor
GSH	glutathione
GUS	glucuronidase enzymes
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
HDACi	histone deacetylase inhibitor
HDL	high-density lipoprotein
HER2	human epidermal growth factor receptor
HFD	high-fat diet
HGF	hepatocyte growth factor
HIF	hypoxia-inducible factor
HIF-1α	hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
HIIT	high intensity interval training
HIST1H3D	Histone linker 1 with Histone H3.D
HIST1H3I	Histone linker 1 with Histone H3.1
HK-1	hexokinase 1
HK2	hexokinase 2
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance
HOXB8	homeobox B8
HRE	hypoxia-response element
HSP	heat shock protein
HSP-90	heat shock protein 90
ICAM	intercellular adhesion molecule
ID2	DNA-binding protein inhibitor 2
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1
IGF-1R	intracellular insulin receptor substrate 1
IGF-2	insulin-like growth factor 2
IGF-BP	IGF binding proteins
IL-1	Interleukin 1
IL-10	Interleukin 10
IL-1β	Interleukin 1β
IL-6	interleukin 6
IL-8	interleukin 8
ILK	Integrin-linked kinase
INF-γ	interferon gamma
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
IRS	insulin receptor substrate
JAK2	Janus kinase 2
JMJD1A/JMJD2B	jumonji family histone demethylase
KRAS	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
LDHA	lactate dehydrogenase A
LDL	low density lipoprotein
LEPR	Long isoform of neural leptin receptor
LPA	lysophosphatidic acid
LSG	sleeve gastrectomy
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAC-2	macrophage-2 binding protein, galectin-3
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MC4R	melanocortin 4 receptor
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
MCT-1/MCT-4	mono-carboxylate transporter
Mdm2	mouse double minute 2 homolog
MetS	metabolic syndrome
MHO	metabolically healthy obesity
MIP-2	macrophage inflammatory protein, CXCL2
MMe	metabolically activated macrophage
MMP	mixed metalloproteases
MRAP2	Melanocortin 2 Receptor Accessory Protein 2
MSI	microsatellite instability
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
MUNW	metabolically unhealthy–normal weight
NADPH	Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NAFLD	non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH	non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
NFATC4	nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 4
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells
NLRC4	nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptor family CARD domain containing 4
NO	nitric oxide
NOS	nitric oxide synthase
NOX	NADPH oxidase
NPY	neuropeptide Y
OAC	obesity-associated cancers
Ob-Rb	long form leptin receptor
OCT4	octamer-binding transcription factor 4
OHS	obesity hypoventilation syndrome
OR	odds ratio
OSA	obstructive sleep apnoea
PAI-1	plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
PCSK1	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1
PDGF-BB	platelet-derived growth factor-BB
PDH	pyruvate dehydrogenase
PDHK	pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
PFK1	phosphofructokinase
PFKFB3	6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase 3
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2
PGK-1	phosphoglycerate kinase 1
PHD2	prolyl hydroxylase domain containing 2
PHIP98	Pleckstrin Homology Domain Interacting Protein 98
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PLCγ-PKC	phospholipase C (PLC)γ-protein kinase C (PKC)
PKM2	pyruvate kinase muscle 2
POMC	pro-opiomelanocortin
PPARγ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
PPP	pentose phosphate pathway
pVHL-VBC	von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL)-elonginB-elonginC (VBC) complex
Rab	Ras-associated binding proteins
RAF	rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma
RAS	rat sarcoma
RhoA-ROCK	Ras homology gene family member A—Rho-associated kinases
RNA: lncRNA	long non-coding RNA
RNA: miRNA	micro-RNA
RNA: mRNA	functional RNA
RNA: snRNA	small nuclear RNA
RNA: tRNA	transfer RNA
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RYGB	Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
SASP	senescence-associated secretory phenotype
SAT	subcutaneous adipose tissue
SCFA	short-chain fatty acids
SFRP5	secreted frizzled-related protein 5
SH2B1	Src-homology 2B adaptor protein 1 gene
SHBG	sex hormone-binding globulin
SIM1	Single-minded 1
SMAD3	mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
SOX2	SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2
SRGAP2C	Slit-Robo Rho GTPase activating protein 2C
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
T2DM	Type II diabetes mellitus
TBW	total body weight
TCA	tricarboxylic acid
TET	ten–eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase
TfR	transferrin receptor
TGF-α	transforming growth factor α
TGF-β	transforming growth factor β
TIMP	tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase
TKR	tyrosine kinase receptor
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TNBC	triple negative breast cancer
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor alpha
TP53	tumor suppressor protein 53
TPI1	triosephosphate isomerase
TRAIL	tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related apoptosis inducing ligand
UCP-1	uncoupling protein 1
VAT	visceral adipose tissue
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
WAT	white adipose tissue
Wnt	wingless-related integration site
XOX	xanthine oxidase
ZBTB46	zinc finger and born-to-bind domain containing 46