Table 1.

Molecular actions of endocan.

Endothelial Cells	Leukocytes	Vascular Smooth-Muscle Cells	Tumor Cells
↑ VEGF, ↑ permeability of blood vessels [1,2]	↑ Modulation of leukocytes’ migration [2,5]	↑ Vascular smooth-muscle cell proliferation [1,2,5]	↑ Cell proliferation [1,2,5]
↑ Upregulation of cell adhesion molecules’ expression (↑ VCAM-1, ↑ ICAM-1, ↑ E-Selectin) [1,2]	↑ Leukocytes’ adhesion and activation [2,5]	↑ Neointima formation ↑atherogenesis [1,2,5]	↑ Tumor development and neo-angiogenesis [3,5]

Legend: ↑ increased; VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor; VCAM-1—vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; ICAM-1—intercellular adhesion molecule.