Skip to main content
NCBI home page
British Heart Journal logoLink to British Heart Journal
. 1994 Aug;72(2 Suppl):S10–S17. doi: 10.1136/hrt.72.2_suppl.s10

Myocardial phenotype changes in heart failure: cellular and subcellular adaptations and their functional significance

Gerd Hasenfuss 1, Hanjörg Just 1
PMCID: PMC1025567  PMID: 7946750

Full text

PDF
S10

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ALPERT N. R., GORDON M. S. Myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity in congestive heart failure. Am J Physiol. 1962 May;202:940–946. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.202.5.940. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alpert N. R., Mulieri L. A. Increased myothermal economy of isometric force generation in compensated cardiac hypertrophy induced by pulmonary artery constriction in the rabbit. A characterization of heat liberation in normal and hypertrophied right ventricular papillary muscles. Circ Res. 1982 Apr;50(4):491–500. doi: 10.1161/01.res.50.4.491. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson P. A., Malouf N. N., Oakeley A. E., Pagani E. D., Allen P. D. Troponin T isoform expression in humans. A comparison among normal and failing adult heart, fetal heart, and adult and fetal skeletal muscle. Circ Res. 1991 Nov;69(5):1226–1233. doi: 10.1161/01.res.69.5.1226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Arai M., Alpert N. R., MacLennan D. H., Barton P., Periasamy M. Alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum gene expression in human heart failure. A possible mechanism for alterations in systolic and diastolic properties of the failing myocardium. Circ Res. 1993 Feb;72(2):463–469. doi: 10.1161/01.res.72.2.463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barry W. H., Bridge J. H. Intracellular calcium homeostasis in cardiac myocytes. Circulation. 1993 Jun;87(6):1806–1815. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.87.6.1806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Beuckelmann D. J., Näbauer M., Erdmann E. Intracellular calcium handling in isolated ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. Circulation. 1992 Mar;85(3):1046–1055. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.85.3.1046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Boheler K. R., Carrier L., de la Bastie D., Allen P. D., Komajda M., Mercadier J. J., Schwartz K. Skeletal actin mRNA increases in the human heart during ontogenic development and is the major isoform of control and failing adult hearts. J Clin Invest. 1991 Jul;88(1):323–330. doi: 10.1172/JCI115295. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brillantes A. M., Allen P., Takahashi T., Izumo S., Marks A. R. Differences in cardiac calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor) expression in myocardium from patients with end-stage heart failure caused by ischemic versus dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Res. 1992 Jul;71(1):18–26. doi: 10.1161/01.res.71.1.18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Böhm M., Gierschik P., Jakobs K. H., Pieske B., Schnabel P., Ungerer M., Erdmann E. Increase of Gi alpha in human hearts with dilated but not ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1990 Oct;82(4):1249–1265. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.82.4.1249. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Carafoli E. The homeostasis of calcium in heart cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1985 Mar;17(3):203–212. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2828(85)80003-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Charlap S., Lichstein E., Frishman W. H. Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Med Clin North Am. 1989 Mar;73(2):373–385. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30678-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. D'Agnolo A., Luciani G. B., Mazzucco A., Gallucci V., Salviati G. Contractile properties and Ca2+ release activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1992 Feb;85(2):518–525. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.85.2.518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Eschenhagen T., Mende U., Nose M., Schmitz W., Scholz H., Haverich A., Hirt S., Döring V., Kalmár P., Höppner W. Increased messenger RNA level of the inhibitory G protein alpha subunit Gi alpha-2 in human end-stage heart failure. Circ Res. 1992 Apr;70(4):688–696. doi: 10.1161/01.res.70.4.688. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Feldman A. M., Cates A. E., Veazey W. B., Hershberger R. E., Bristow M. R., Baughman K. L., Baumgartner W. A., Van Dop C. Increase of the 40,000-mol wt pertussis toxin substrate (G protein) in the failing human heart. J Clin Invest. 1988 Jul;82(1):189–197. doi: 10.1172/JCI113569. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Feldman A. M., Ray P. E., Silan C. M., Mercer J. A., Minobe W., Bristow M. R. Selective gene expression in failing human heart. Quantification of steady-state levels of messenger RNA in endomyocardial biopsies using the polymerase chain reaction. Circulation. 1991 Jun;83(6):1866–1872. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.83.6.1866. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Feldman M. D., Alderman J. D., Aroesty J. M., Royal H. D., Ferguson J. J., Owen R. M., Grossman W., McKay R. G. Depression of systolic and diastolic myocardial reserve during atrial pacing tachycardia in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest. 1988 Nov;82(5):1661–1669. doi: 10.1172/JCI113778. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Ganten D., Mullins J., Lindpaintner K. The tissue renin-angiotensin system: a target for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Hum Hypertens. 1989 Jun;3 (Suppl 1):63–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Georgiou D., Brundage B. H. Regression of left ventricular mass in systemic hypertension. Clin Cardiol. 1992 Jan;15(1):5–16. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960150104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gorza L., Mercadier J. J., Schwartz K., Thornell L. E., Sartore S., Schiaffino S. Myosin types in the human heart. An immunofluorescence study of normal and hypertrophied atrial and ventricular myocardium. Circ Res. 1984 Jun;54(6):694–702. doi: 10.1161/01.res.54.6.694. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gwathmey J. K., Copelas L., MacKinnon R., Schoen F. J., Feldman M. D., Grossman W., Morgan J. P. Abnormal intracellular calcium handling in myocardium from patients with end-stage heart failure. Circ Res. 1987 Jul;61(1):70–76. doi: 10.1161/01.res.61.1.70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gwathmey J. K., Slawsky M. T., Hajjar R. J., Briggs G. M., Morgan J. P. Role of intracellular calcium handling in force-interval relationships of human ventricular myocardium. J Clin Invest. 1990 May;85(5):1599–1613. doi: 10.1172/JCI114611. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hajjar R. J., Gwathmey J. K. Cross-bridge dynamics in human ventricular myocardium. Regulation of contractility in the failing heart. Circulation. 1992 Dec;86(6):1819–1826. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.6.1819. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hamrell B. B., Alpert N. R. The mechanical characteristics of hypertrophied rabbit cardiac muscle in the absence of congestive heart failure: the contractile and series elastic elements. Circ Res. 1977 Jan;40(1):20–25. doi: 10.1161/01.res.40.1.20. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hasenfuss G., Holubarsch C., Hermann H. P., Astheimer K., Pieske B., Just H. Influence of the force-frequency relationship on haemodynamics and left ventricular function in patients with non-failing hearts and in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 1994 Feb;15(2):164–170. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hasenfuss G., Mulieri L. A., Blanchard E. M., Holubarsch C., Leavitt B. J., Ittleman F., Alpert N. R. Energetics of isometric force development in control and volume-overload human myocardium. Comparison with animal species. Circ Res. 1991 Mar;68(3):836–846. doi: 10.1161/01.res.68.3.836. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hasenfuss G., Mulieri L. A., Holubarsch C., Pieske B., Just H., Alpert N. R. Energetics of calcium cycling in nonfailing and failing human myocardium. Basic Res Cardiol. 1992;87 (Suppl 2):81–92. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-72477-0_8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hasenfuss G., Mulieri L. A., Leavitt B. J., Allen P. D., Haeberle J. R., Alpert N. R. Alteration of contractile function and excitation-contraction coupling in dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Res. 1992 Jun;70(6):1225–1232. doi: 10.1161/01.res.70.6.1225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Heilbrunn S. M., Shah P., Bristow M. R., Valantine H. A., Ginsburg R., Fowler M. B. Increased beta-receptor density and improved hemodynamic response to catecholamine stimulation during long-term metoprolol therapy in heart failure from dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1989 Mar;79(3):483–490. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.79.3.483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hirzel H. O., Tuchschmid C. R., Schneider J., Krayenbuehl H. P., Schaub M. C. Relationship between myosin isoenzyme composition, hemodynamics, and myocardial structure in various forms of human cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res. 1985 Nov;57(5):729–740. doi: 10.1161/01.res.57.5.729. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Holmberg S. R., Williams A. J. Single channel recordings from human cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Circ Res. 1989 Nov;65(5):1445–1449. doi: 10.1161/01.res.65.5.1445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Holroyde M. J., Robertson S. P., Johnson J. D., Solaro R. J., Potter J. D. The calcium and magnesium binding sites on cardiac troponin and their role in the regulation of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase. J Biol Chem. 1980 Dec 25;255(24):11688–11693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Holubarsch C., Goulette R. P., Litten R. Z., Martin B. J., Mulieri L. A., Alpert N. R. The economy of isometric force development, myosin isoenzyme pattern and myofibrillar ATPase activity in normal and hypothyroid rat myocardium. Circ Res. 1985 Jan;56(1):78–86. doi: 10.1161/01.res.56.1.78. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Izumo S., Nadal-Ginard B., Mahdavi V. Protooncogene induction and reprogramming of cardiac gene expression produced by pressure overload. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jan;85(2):339–343. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.2.339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Jaeschke R., Oxman A. D., Guyatt G. H. To what extent do congestive heart failure patients in sinus rhythm benefit from digoxin therapy? A systematic overview and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 1990 Mar;88(3):279–286. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(90)90154-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Jessup M. Beta-adrenergic blockade in congestive heart failure: answering the old questions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Oct;18(4):1067–1069. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90768-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Komuro I., Kaida T., Shibazaki Y., Kurabayashi M., Katoh Y., Hoh E., Takaku F., Yazaki Y. Stretching cardiac myocytes stimulates protooncogene expression. J Biol Chem. 1990 Mar 5;265(7):3595–3598. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Komuro I., Katoh Y., Kaida T., Shibazaki Y., Kurabayashi M., Hoh E., Takaku F., Yazaki Y. Mechanical loading stimulates cell hypertrophy and specific gene expression in cultured rat cardiac myocytes. Possible role of protein kinase C activation. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jan 15;266(2):1265–1268. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Komuro I., Kurabayashi M., Takaku F., Yazaki Y. Expression of cellular oncogenes in the myocardium during the developmental stage and pressure-overloaded hypertrophy of the rat heart. Circ Res. 1988 Jun;62(6):1075–1079. doi: 10.1161/01.res.62.6.1075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Lakatta E. G. Functional implications of spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in the heart. Cardiovasc Res. 1992 Mar;26(3):193–214. doi: 10.1093/cvr/26.3.193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Limas C. J., Olivari M. T., Goldenberg I. F., Levine T. B., Benditt D. G., Simon A. Calcium uptake by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in human dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res. 1987 Aug;21(8):601–605. doi: 10.1093/cvr/21.8.601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Lindpaintner K., Ganten D. The cardiac renin-angiotensin system. An appraisal of present experimental and clinical evidence. Circ Res. 1991 Apr;68(4):905–921. doi: 10.1161/01.res.68.4.905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Long C. S., Kariya K., Karns L., Simpson P. C. Sympathetic modulation of the cardiac myocyte phenotype: studies with a cell-culture model of myocardial hypertrophy. Basic Res Cardiol. 1992;87 (Suppl 2):19–31. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-72477-0_3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Margossian S. S., White H. D., Caulfield J. B., Norton P., Taylor S., Slayter H. S. Light chain 2 profile and activity of human ventricular myosin during dilated cardiomyopathy. Identification of a causal agent for impaired myocardial function. Circulation. 1992 May;85(5):1720–1733. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.85.5.1720. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Maughan D., Low E., Litten R., 3rd, Brayden J., Alpert N. Calcium-activated muscle from hypertrophied rabbit hearts. Mechanical and correlated biochemical changes. Circ Res. 1979 Feb;44(2):279–287. doi: 10.1161/01.res.44.2.279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. McKee P. A., Castelli W. P., McNamara P. M., Kannel W. B. The natural history of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. N Engl J Med. 1971 Dec 23;285(26):1441–1446. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197112232852601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Mercadier J. J., Bouveret P., Gorza L., Schiaffino S., Clark W. A., Zak R., Swynghedauw B., Schwartz K. Myosin isoenzymes in normal and hypertrophied human ventricular myocardium. Circ Res. 1983 Jul;53(1):52–62. doi: 10.1161/01.res.53.1.52. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Mercadier J. J., Lompré A. M., Duc P., Boheler K. R., Fraysse J. B., Wisnewsky C., Allen P. D., Komajda M., Schwartz K. Altered sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2(+)-ATPase gene expression in the human ventricle during end-stage heart failure. J Clin Invest. 1990 Jan;85(1):305–309. doi: 10.1172/JCI114429. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Mercadier J. J., de la Bastie D., Ménasché P., N'Guyen Van Cao A., Bouveret P., Lorente P., Piwnica A., Slama R., Schwartz K. Alpha-myosin heavy chain isoform and atrial size in patients with various types of mitral valve dysfunction: a quantitative study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987 May;9(5):1024–1030. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(87)80303-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Morgan J. P. Abnormal intracellular modulation of calcium as a major cause of cardiac contractile dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 29;325(9):625–632. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199108293250906. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Movsesian M. A., Bristow M. R., Krall J. Ca2+ uptake by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum from patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Res. 1989 Oct;65(4):1141–1144. doi: 10.1161/01.res.65.4.1141. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Mulieri L. A., Hasenfuss G., Leavitt B., Allen P. D., Alpert N. R. Altered myocardial force-frequency relation in human heart failure. Circulation. 1992 May;85(5):1743–1750. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.85.5.1743. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Mulvagh S. L., Michael L. H., Perryman M. B., Roberts R., Schneider M. D. A hemodynamic load in vivo induces cardiac expression of the cellular oncogene, c-myc. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Sep 15;147(2):627–636. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)90977-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Neumann J., Schmitz W., Scholz H., von Meyerinck L., Döring V., Kalmar P. Increase in myocardial Gi-proteins in heart failure. Lancet. 1988 Oct 22;2(8617):936–937. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92601-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Pagani E. D., Alousi A. A., Grant A. M., Older T. M., Dziuban S. W., Jr, Allen P. D. Changes in myofibrillar content and Mg-ATPase activity in ventricular tissues from patients with heart failure caused by coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or mitral valve insufficiency. Circ Res. 1988 Aug;63(2):380–385. doi: 10.1161/01.res.63.2.380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Parker T. G., Packer S. E., Schneider M. D. Peptide growth factors can provoke "fetal" contractile protein gene expression in rat cardiac myocytes. J Clin Invest. 1990 Feb;85(2):507–514. doi: 10.1172/JCI114466. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Pouleur H., Rousseau M. F., van Eyll C., Stoleru L., Hayashida W., Udelson J. A., Dolan N., Kinan D., Gallagher P., Ahn S. Effects of long-term enalapril therapy on left ventricular diastolic properties in patients with depressed ejection fraction. SOLVD Investigators. Circulation. 1993 Aug;88(2):481–491. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.2.481. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Rasmussen R. P., Minobe W., Bristow M. R. Calcium antagonist binding sites in failing and nonfailing human ventricular myocardium. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990 Feb 15;39(4):691–696. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90147-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Robertson S. P., Johnson J. D., Potter J. D. The time-course of Ca2+ exchange with calmodulin, troponin, parvalbumin, and myosin in response to transient increases in Ca2+. Biophys J. 1981 Jun;34(3):559–569. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(81)84868-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Sadoshima J., Izumo S. Molecular characterization of angiotensin II--induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts. Critical role of the AT1 receptor subtype. Circ Res. 1993 Sep;73(3):413–423. doi: 10.1161/01.res.73.3.413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Sadoshima J., Izumo S. Signal transduction pathways of angiotensin II--induced c-fos gene expression in cardiac myocytes in vitro. Roles of phospholipid-derived second messengers. Circ Res. 1993 Sep;73(3):424–438. doi: 10.1161/01.res.73.3.424. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Schnabel P., Böhm M., Gierschik P., Jakobs K. H., Erdmann E. Improvement of cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation by endogenous ADP-ribosylation factor from bovine brain provides evidence for an unchanged amount of Gs alpha in failing human myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1990 Jan;22(1):73–82. doi: 10.1016/0022-2828(90)90973-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Schneider M. D., McLellan W. R., Black F. M., Parker T. G. Growth factors, growth factor response elements, and the cardiac phenotype. Basic Res Cardiol. 1992;87 (Suppl 2):33–48. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-72477-0_4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Schuler G., Hambrecht R., Schlierf G., Niebauer J., Hauer K., Neumann J., Hoberg E., Drinkmann A., Bacher F., Grunze M. Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet. Effects on progression of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1992 Jul;86(1):1–11. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Schuler G., Hambrecht R., Schlierf G., Niebauer J., Hauer K., Neumann J., Hoberg E., Drinkmann A., Bacher F., Grunze M. Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet. Effects on progression of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1992 Jul;86(1):1–11. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Schulze K., Becker B. F., Schauer R., Schultheiss H. P. Antibodies to ADP-ATP carrier--an autoantigen in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy--impair cardiac function. Circulation. 1990 Mar;81(3):959–969. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.81.3.959. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Schunkert H., Dzau V. J., Tang S. S., Hirsch A. T., Apstein C. S., Lorell B. H. Increased rat cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme activity and mRNA expression in pressure overload left ventricular hypertrophy. Effects on coronary resistance, contractility, and relaxation. J Clin Invest. 1990 Dec;86(6):1913–1920. doi: 10.1172/JCI114924. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Simpson P. Norepinephrine-stimulated hypertrophy of cultured rat myocardial cells is an alpha 1 adrenergic response. J Clin Invest. 1983 Aug;72(2):732–738. doi: 10.1172/JCI111023. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Stanton H. C., Brenner G., Mayfield E. D., Jr Studies on isoproterenol-induced cardiomegaly in rats. Am Heart J. 1969 Jan;77(1):72–80. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(69)90131-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Swynghedauw B. Developmental and functional adaptation of contractile proteins in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Physiol Rev. 1986 Jul;66(3):710–771. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1986.66.3.710. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Takahashi T., Allen P. D., Lacro R. V., Marks A. R., Dennis A. R., Schoen F. J., Grossman W., Marsh J. D., Izumo S. Expression of dihydropyridine receptor (Ca2+ channel) and calsequestrin genes in the myocardium of patients with end-stage heart failure. J Clin Invest. 1992 Sep;90(3):927–935. doi: 10.1172/JCI115969. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Uretsky B. F., Jessup M., Konstam M. A., Dec G. W., Leier C. V., Benotti J., Murali S., Herrmann H. C., Sandberg J. A. Multicenter trial of oral enoximone in patients with moderate to moderately severe congestive heart failure. Lack of benefit compared with placebo. Enoximone Multicenter Trial Group. Circulation. 1990 Sep;82(3):774–780. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.82.3.774. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Uretsky B. F., Young J. B., Shahidi F. E., Yellen L. G., Harrison M. C., Jolly M. K. Randomized study assessing the effect of digoxin withdrawal in patients with mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure: results of the PROVED trial. PROVED Investigative Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct;22(4):955–962. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90403-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Yazaki Y., Komuro I. Role of protein kinase system in the signal transduction of stretch-mediated myocyte growth. Basic Res Cardiol. 1992;87 (Suppl 2):11–18. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-72477-0_2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from British Heart Journal are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES