Table 2.
Summary of studies reporting the role of natural dietary ingredients involved in inflammation improvement in sarcopenia prevention.
| Natural Dietary Ingredients |
Experimental Model | Experimental Designs | Results 1 (by Natural Dietary Ingredient Treatment) |
Related Mechanisms (Potential Pathway) |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botanical and marine extracts (bioactive compound) | |||||
| Non-saponin faction of Korean red ginseng | C57BL/6J mice | - young mice (3–6-month-old) - aged mice (20–24-month-old) - aged mice with ginseng (for 6 weeks) |
↓ CRP, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α ↑ GSH ↑ Catalase, GPx, Sod1 |
↓ inflammation ↓ oxidative stress |
[103] |
| Olive leaf extract | Wistar rats | - young rats (3-month-old) - aged rats (24-month-old) - aged rats with olive leaf extract (for 3 weeks) |
↓ COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6 ↑ IL-10 ↑ GPx |
↓ inflammation ↓ oxidative stress |
[104] |
| Leonurus japonicus extract (leonurine) | L6 myotube | - Non-treatment - TNF-α and L. japonicus extract or leonurine |
↓ IL-6, TNF-α
↓ NF-κB |
↓ inflammation (NF-κB pathway) |
[93] |
| Pyropia yezoensis crude protein | C2C12 myotube | - Non-treatment - TNF-α - TNF-α and pyropia yezoensis protein |
↓ IL-6 ↓ TNF-R1, NF-κB, p-IκBα ↓ intracellular ROS level |
↓ inflammation (NF-κB pathway) ↓ oxidative stress |
[106] |
| Phytochemicals | |||||
| Cur-SHAP | C2C12 myotube | - Non-treatment - LPS - LPS and Cur-SHAP |
↓ IL-6, TNF-α ↓ ROS generation |
↓ inflammation ↓ oxidative stress |
[105] |
| Isobavachalcone | C2C12 myotube | - Non-treatment - TNF-α - TNF-α and isobavachalcone |
↓ nuclear p-NF-κB p65 ↑ cytosolic p-NF-κB p65 ↑ HO-1, nuclear Nrf2 ↓ cytosolic Nrf2 |
↓ inflammation (NF-κB pathway) |
[96] |
| Quercetin | C2C12 myotube | - Non-treatment - TNF-α - TNF-α and quercetin |
↓ IκB-α | ↓ inflammation (NF-κB pathway) |
[107] |
| Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol | C2C12 myotube | - Non-treatment - TNF-α - TNF-α and diphlorethohydroxycarmalol |
↓ NO production ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α ↓ p-IκB-α, p-NF-κB p65 |
↓ inflammation (NF-κB pathway) |
[108] |
| Probiotics | |||||
| Lactobacillus casei Shirota | SAMP8 mice | - young mice (16-week-old) - aged mice (28-week-old) - aged mice with L. casei Shirota (for 12 weeks) |
↓ TNF-α
↑ IL-10 ↓ protein carbonyl content |
↓ inflammation ↓ oxidative stress |
[109] |
| Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 | SAMP8 mice | - young mice (16-week-old) - aged mice (28-week-old) - aged mice with L. paracasei PS23 (for 12 weeks) |
↓ IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α ↑ IL-10 ↓ protein carbonyl content ↑ GPx, Sod |
↓ inflammation ↓ oxidative stress |
[110] |
1 ↑, increase; ↓, decrease. Name of target which expression was determined in gene level was italicized. Abbreviations: Cur-SHAP, curcumin loaded hydrophobic surface-modified hydroxyapatite; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CRP, C-reactive protein; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; IκBα, inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B alpha; IL-1β, Interleukin-1 beta; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-6, interleu-kin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SAMP, senescence-accelerated mouse prone; Sod, superoxide dismutase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TNF-R1, tumor necrosis factor-receptor1.