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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2023 Apr 21;55(3):543–547. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2023.03.022

口腔急诊颌面部感染患者临床分析

Clinical analysis of patients with oral and maxillofacial infections in oral emergency

Zhe WANG 1,*, Wei SUN 1,*, Xue YANG 1, Ying SONG 2, Ai-ping JI 1, Jie BAI 1,*
PMCID: PMC10258051  PMID: 37291932

Abstract

Objective

To analyze the composition, incidence and clinical characteristics of oral and maxillofacial infections in oral emergency.

Methods

A retrospective study on patients with oral and maxillofacial infections who visited the Department of Oral Emergency in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2017 to December 2019 was conducted. General characteristics, such as disease composition, gender, age distribution and position of involved teeth were analyzed.

Results

A total of 8 277 patients with oral and maxillofacial infections were finally collected, including 4 378 male patients (52.9%) and 3 899 female patients (47.1%), with gender ratio of 1.12:1. The common diseases were periodontal abscess (3 826 cases, 46.2%), alveolar abscess (3 537 cases, 42.7%), maxillofacial space infection (740 cases, 9.0%), sialadenitis (108 cases, 1.3%), furuncle & carbuncle (56 cases, 0.7%) and osteomyelitis (10 cases, 0.1%). Male patients were more easily affected by periodontal abscess, space infection and furuncle & carbuncle than female patients with the gender ratios 1.24:1, 1.26:1, 2.50:1 individually, while the incidence of alveolar abscess, sialadenitis, furuncle & carbuncle had no significant gender difference. Different diseases were prone to occur at different ages. The peak ages of alveolar abscess were 5-9 and 27-67 years, while the peak age of periodontal abscess was 30-64 years. Space infection tended to occur between 21-67 years. There were 7 363 patients with oral abscess (3 826 patients with periodontal abscess and 3 537 patients with alveolar abscess), accounting for 88.9% of all the patients with oral and maxillofacial infections, involving 7 999 teeth, including 717 deciduous teeth and 7 282 permanent teeth. Periodontal abscess usually occurred in permanent teeth, especially the molar teeth. Alveolar abscess may occur in both primary teeth and permanent teeth. In primary teeth, the most vulnerable sites were primary molar teeth and maxillary central incisors while in permanent teeth the most vulnerable sites were first molar teeth.

Conclusion

Understanding the incidence of oral and maxillofacial infection was conducive to the correct diagnosis and effective treatment of clinical diseases, as well as targeted education for patients of different ages and genders to prevent the occurrence of diseases.

Keywords: Oral and maxillofacial infections, Retrospective analysis, Oral emergency, Epidemiology


感染是微生物对宿主异常侵袭所致的微生物与宿主之间相互作用的一种生态学现象,口腔颌面部位于消化道与呼吸道的起端,正常情况下即有大量微生物存在,当微生物与机体的平衡失调时,即可能出现感染。

牙源性途径是口腔颌面部感染的主要来源,由于龋齿、牙髓感染或牙周炎,导致细菌在根管内或牙根面定植,当这些细菌及其毒性产物侵入根尖周组织或牙周组织并引起急性炎症时就会形成感染。除了牙源性感染之外,口腔颌面部感染还有其他原因,如颌骨骨折、囊肿、唾液腺炎症、面部疖痈、骨髓炎等。口腔颌面部存在较多相互连通的潜在性筋膜间隙,其间含疏松的蜂窝结缔组织,形成感染易于蔓延的通道,加之颌面部血液循环丰富,鼻唇部静脉常无瓣膜,导致面部感染易于向周围扩散,甚至可能向颅内扩散而引发严重并发症[1],因此,对于口腔科医生尤其是口腔急诊科医生,了解和熟悉口腔颌面部感染尤为必要。以往的文献关于口腔颌面部严重感染如间隙感染的研究相对较多[2-8],而对于口腔颌面部其他感染如牙周脓肿、牙槽脓肿、唾液腺炎症、面部疖痈、颌骨骨髓炎等疾病的研究数据较少,本文通过回顾口腔急诊各类常见口腔颌面部感染的临床数据,分析其发病情况及临床特征,以期指导临床治疗和防控感染。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

回顾收集2017年1月至2019年12月期间就诊于北京大学口腔医院急诊科有完整电子病历信息的口腔颌面部感染患者的临床资料,共8 277例。本研究获得北京大学口腔医院生物医学伦理委员会批准(批准号:PKUSSIRB-202054051)。

1.2. 研究方法

收集患者的基本信息,通过回顾性分析,统计口腔颌面部感染患者的疾病构成,性别、年龄分布,牙源性感染的牙位分布等。应用数据分析软件SPSS 19.0进行统计分析,采用卡方检验,显著性水平取0.05,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 病种构成

本研究共纳入口腔颌面部感染患者8 277例,常见疾病依次有牙周脓肿(3 826例,46.2%)、牙槽脓肿(3 537例,42.7%)、间隙感染(740例,9.0%)、唾液腺炎症(108例,1.3%)、面部疖痈(56例,0.7%)、颌骨骨髓炎(10例,0.1%)。

2.2. 性别分布

口腔颌面部感染患者的性别分布见表 1,其中男性患者4 378例(52.9%),女性患者3 899例(47.1%),男女比例1.12:1。不同疾病好发性别不同:牙周脓肿、间隙感染、面部疖痈好发于男性患者,男女比例分别为1.24:1、1.26:1、2.50:1;牙槽脓肿、唾液腺炎症、颌骨骨髓炎发病性别差异不明显,男女比例为0.98:1、0.96:1、0.70:1。各疾病在不同性别分布情况的差异有统计学意义(χ2=36.94,P < 0.001)。

表 1.

口腔颌面部感染性疾病的性别和年龄分布

Distribution of gender and ages for oral and maxillofacial infections

Diseases Total, n Gender Age/years
Male Female 0-10 >10-20 >20-30 >30-40 >40-50 >50-60 >60-70 >70-80 >80
Gender and age data are row percentages.
Periodontal abscess 3 826 55.4 44.6 1.2 2.6 14.6 19.9 19.9 21.2 13.7 4.6 2.2
Alveolar abscess 3 537 49.5 50.5 18.9 3.7 12.4 13.1 12.6 16.0 12.4 7.2 3.7
Space infection 740 55.7 44.3 5.4 3.5 22.7 16.8 13.5 17.8 12.7 4.6 3.0
Sialadenitis 108 49.1 50.9 2.8 8.3 21.3 21.3 19.4 9.3 11.1 3.7 2.8
Furuncle & carbuncle 56 71.4 28.6 3.6 14.3 17.9 26.8 12.5 7.1 14.3 3.6 0.0
Osteomyelitis 10 40.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 30.0 10.0 20.0 20.0
Total 8 277 52.9 47.1 9.2 3.3 14.5 16.7 16.2 18.4 13.0 5.7 2.9

2.3. 年龄分布

图 1所示,口腔颌面部感染高发年龄段为5~9岁、24~67岁。不同疾病高发年龄不同:牙槽脓肿发病高峰年龄段为5~9岁、27~67岁;牙周脓肿高发年龄段为30~64岁;间隙感染高发年龄段为21~67岁。唾液腺炎症、面部疖痈、颌骨骨髓炎病例数较少,无明显高发年龄段。各病种在不同年龄段分布情况的差异有统计学意义(χ2=924.93,P < 0.001,表 1)。

图 1.

图 1

各类感染性疾病的年龄分布

Age distribution of oral and maxillofacial infections

2.4. 口腔脓肿的好发牙位

本研究共收集口腔脓肿患者7 363例,其中牙周脓肿3 826例,牙槽脓肿3 537例,占所有口腔颌面部感染患者的88.9%,共累及7 999颗患牙,其中乳牙717颗,恒牙7 282颗。

牙周脓肿患者3 826例,累及3 931颗患牙,均为恒牙,好发于上下颌磨牙,其中下颌第二磨牙864颗(22.0%),上颌第一磨牙共782颗(19.9%),下颌第一磨牙637颗(16.2%),上颌第二磨牙589颗(15.0%),其他牙位共1 059颗(26.9%,图 2)。

图 2.

图 2

牙周脓肿好发牙位及数目

Position of permanent teeth with periodontal abscess

牙槽脓肿患者3 537例,累及4 068颗患牙,乳牙和恒牙均有累及,其中乳牙717颗,恒牙3 351颗。乳牙牙槽脓肿好发于乳磨牙(494颗,68.9%)和上颌乳中切牙(163颗,22.7%),其他牙位共60颗(8.4%),详见图 3。恒牙牙槽脓肿好发于磨牙,其中下颌第一磨牙662颗(19.8%),上颌第一磨牙500颗(14.9%),下颌第二磨牙277颗(8.3%),上颌第二磨牙103颗(3.1%),其他牙位共1 809颗(53.9%),详见图 4

图 3.

图 3

乳牙牙槽脓肿好发牙位及数目

Position of primary teeth with alveolar abscess

图 4.

图 4

恒牙牙槽脓肿好发牙位及数目

Position of permanent teeth with alveolar abscess

3. 讨论

口腔颌面部感染是口腔急诊科常见的一类疾病[1],本研究显示口腔急诊科临床工作中常见口腔颌面部感染有牙周脓肿、牙槽脓肿、间隙感染、唾液腺炎症、面部疖痈、颌骨骨髓炎等,以牙周脓肿(46.2%)和牙槽脓肿(42.7%)等牙源性感染最为常见,这是口腔颌面部感染区别于其他部位感染的特点。非创伤性口腔急症,如牙痛和脓肿,被认为与未得到有效治疗的龋齿和牙周病有关[9]。我国人民的口腔健康意识和口腔卫生状况相对较差,龋齿及牙周病引起的牙痛和感染的发病率很高[3]

同以往研究一样[4-6],本研究也观察到所有年龄组的男女患者均可发生口腔颌面部感染,牙周脓肿和间隙感染患者性别差异有统计学意义,男性患者明显多于女性,与以往研究结果类似[4, 7, 10-11]。男性出现口面部细菌感染的人数多于女性,可能与男性不注重口腔卫生,多有抽烟、喝酒等不良习惯有关。以往研究显示,女性比男性更注重自我口腔保健,并且有更高比例的女性去看牙医[11-12],女性的口腔健康意识和口腔卫生状况要优于男性,因此,较少出现严重的口腔颌面部感染。牙槽脓肿无明显性别差异,可能因为牙槽脓肿常由于牙齿的龋坏、隐裂等发展而来,与口腔菌群、咬合等有关。此外,虽然女性口腔卫生习惯一般优于男性,但在饮食方面,女性较男性更喜欢甜食,一定程度上加大了龋坏的可能性,进而可能发展为牙槽脓肿。在一项关于牙源性感染的研究中[13],女性比男性更多地出现口腔细菌感染,主要原因是继发于龋齿,分析原因为前者比后者吃了更多的致龋饮食,Kudiyirickal等[14]也报告了轻微的女性优势。

与Ibiyemi等[4]和Osunde等[15]的报告相似,本研究显示口腔颌面部感染好发年龄段为20~60岁。牙周脓肿一般发生于成人,而牙槽脓肿在5~9岁儿童也易出现,主要由乳牙龋坏发展而来,由于无法进行彻底的口腔清洁及饮食习惯的影响,乳牙较易发生龋坏,进而出现牙槽脓肿甚至间隙感染[16]。此外,部分家长认为乳牙会替换,对乳牙的清洁不够重视,也加重了乳牙龋坏的发生,因此,在日常工作中,要对家长着重进行口腔卫生知识宣讲,强调乳牙清洁的重要性。

从发病牙位来看,下颌牙齿较上颌牙齿好发口腔脓肿,可能与下颌牙齿较难清洁有关,下颌舌侧为清洁盲区,易导致菌斑附着。Ibiyemi等[4]和Akinbami等[13]研究结果显示,大多数牙源性感染发生于下颌后部区域,很少有上颌前部区域感染。Ugboko等[17]报道了少数前部区域发生感染的病例。Kudiyirickal等[14]研究发现,下颌后牙区感染的发生主要由于咀嚼表面积大、咬合压力大、龋齿、食物嵌塞以及彻底清洁口腔较困难造成。Akinbami等[13]分析下颌后牙区感染,可能由于下颌周围存在更多空间、重力影响和食物残渣堆积导致。

本研究中,牙槽脓肿累及第一磨牙明显多于第二磨牙,由于第一磨牙是口腔内最早萌出的恒牙,使用时间长,且替牙期儿童往往未能掌握正确的刷牙方法,因此,第一磨牙较第二磨牙龋坏的机会大大增加,进而可能发展为牙槽脓肿。牙周脓肿发病规律与牙槽脓肿不尽相同:在上颌,第一磨牙比第二磨牙多发牙周脓肿,但在下颌,却呈现出截然相反的结果,第二磨牙更易发生牙周脓肿,可能与下颌智齿萌出过程常有阻生、局部清洁不到位、食物嵌塞等有关,从而导致下颌第二磨牙牙周状况较差[18]。在临床工作中,对于青少年患者要注意检查智齿尤其是下颌智齿的萌出情况,告知正确的口腔清洁方法,对于阻生齿酌情建议拔除,以免影响下颌第二磨牙的健康。

综上所述,口腔急诊科临床工作中常见颌面部感染有牙周脓肿、牙槽脓肿、间隙感染、唾液腺炎症、面部疖痈、颌骨骨髓炎等,其中以牙周脓肿和牙槽脓肿等牙源性感染最为常见,好发于上下颌磨牙区,并且有一定的性别和年龄差异。随着社会的进步及人们思想观念的转变,口腔急诊科的就诊人数逐年增多。熟练掌握口腔颌面部常见感染的临床特点,有利于口腔医生、尤其是口腔急诊科医生提高诊疗水平,在临床工作中及时、准确地对各类感染性疾病进行诊治,最大程度地为患者缓解病痛。

Funding Statement

北京大学口腔医院临床新技术新疗法项目(PKUSSNCT-18B06)

Supported by the New Technology and New Therapy Project of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology (PKUSSNCT-18B06)

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