Abstract
目的
探索中国成都男男同性性行为人群(简称“男同”)人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)暴露前预防用药(pre-exposure prophylaxis,PrEP)行为-认知偏差的现状和影响因素,以明确PrEP干预的重点人群并设计实施有针对性的干预来缩小这个偏差。
方法
在2021年11—12月期间开展了一项面向HIV阴性男同的横断面调查,由中国成都本地男同社区组织招募和筛选研究对象。收集研究对象的社会人口学特征、PrEP认知和PrEP适用性评价指标等信息。遵循《中国HIV暴露前预防用药专家共识》,本研究中PrEP适用的高危行为学指标包括(在过去6个月有以下行为之一):没有一直使用安全套、有HIV阳性性伴、确诊性传播疾病、药物滥用和使用过暴露后预防用药(post-exposure prophylaxis,PEP)。采用Logistic回归模型进行单因素和多变量分析。
结果
在纳入的622名研究对象中,52.6%(327/622)客观符合PrEP的高危行为学指标,但只有37.9%(124/327)认为自己是PrEP的适用对象,余下的62.1%(203/327)存在行为-认知偏差;85.9%(281/327)听说过PrEP,其中14.2%(40/281)以医务人员作为PrEP信息获取渠道。在327名行为导向PrEP使用适宜对象中,47.1%知晓如何获取PrEP药物,33.0%有过正规PrEP咨询经历,93.3%周围没有或少有使用PrEP的朋友,54.1%PrEP知识得分在8分及以上,66.7%报告过去6个月有2位及以上同性性伴。在控制年龄、研究对象招募来源等背景变量后,能够正确判断自身为PrEP使用对象(即不存在PrEP行为-认知偏差)的6个促进因素包括:PEP使用史[调整后的优势比(adjusted odds ratio,ORA)=2.20,95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI):1.33~3.63]、PrEP可及性(ORA=1.69,95%CI:1.06~2.68)、认识更多正在使用PrEP的朋友(ORA=4.92,95%CI:1.77~13.65)、PrEP知识(ORA=2.21,95%CI:1.38~3.56)、多性伴关系(ORA=1.77,95%CI:1.07~2.94)以及自评高HIV感染风险(ORA=4.02,95%CI:1.73~9.32)。药物滥用和PrEP信息获取渠道等与PrEP行为-认知偏差无统计学关联。
结论
中国成都男同人群PrEP行为-认知偏差高。PrEP行为干预与促进项目应重点考虑辅助男同正确评估自身HIV感染风险,提升PrEP知识,提供规范PrEP咨询和培育男同社群同伴支持环境等。
Keywords: 同性恋, 男性; 性行为; 暴露前预防; HIV感染; 认知不协调; 风险感知
Abstract
Objective
To explore the discrepancy between behavioral-indicated candidacy and perceived candidacy (behavioral-perceived gap) and its associated factors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM), so as to identify the focus population of PrEP interventions and to design and implement targeted interventions.
Methods
We recruited a sample of 622 HIV-negative MSM who were regular clients of a community-based organization located in Chengdu, China, from November to December 2021. A cross-sectional questionnaire was used to collect the participants' information on social demographics, PrEP-related knowledge and cognitions, and risk behaviors. In this study, behaviorally eligible for PrEP was defined as performing at least one type of high-risk behavior in the past six months, including inconsistent condom use, sex with an HIV-positive partner, confirmed sexual transmitted infections (STI) diagnosis, substance use, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) experience. Logistic regression models were fitted, and multivariate analyses were adjusted for social demographics.
Results
Among the 622 eligible participants, 52.6% (327/622) were classified as behaviorally eligible for PrEP. Only 37.9% (124/327) of the participants perceived themselves as appropriate candidates for PrEP and 62.1% (203/207) had discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy. 85.9% (281/327) had heard of PrEP, and 14.2% (40/281) accessed PrEP information through health care providers. Of the 327 participants eligible for behavior-indicated PrEP use, about half (47.1%) knew how to obtain PrEP medication and 33.0% had a professional PrEP counseling experience. The majority (93.3%) had no or few friends using PrEP. 54.1% scored eight or above in PrEP knowledge level. 66.7% reported having two or more sexual partners in the past six months. After adjusting for age and recruitment channel, we found six factors that were associated with perceived candidacy for PrEP, including PEP use [adjusted odds ratio (ORA)=2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33-3.63], PrEP availability (ORA=1.69; 95%CI: 1.06-2.68), a greater number of PrEP-using friends (ORA=4.92; 95%CI: 1.77-13.65), PrEP know-ledge (ORA=2.21; 95%CI: 1.38-3.56), multiple sexual partnership (ORA=1.77; 95%CI: 1.07-2.94), and perceiving a higher risk of HIV infection (ORA=4.02; 95%CI: 1.73-9.32). Substance use during sex and PrEP information channel were not statistically associated with this beha-vioral-perceived gap.
Conclusion
We observed a high discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy for PrEP among Chengdu MSM in China. Future PrEP implementation efforts should be made in skills training in assessing HIV infection risk, increasing PrEP knowledge, providing professional PrEP counselling, and fostering PrEP support environment.
Keywords: Homosexuality, male; Sexual behavior; Pre-exposure prophylaxis; HIV infections; Cognitive dissonance; Risk perception
全球人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)传播防控形势依然严峻,截至2021年底,全球现存HIV感染者3 840万,当年新发HIV感染者150万[1]。暴露前预防用药(pre-exposure prophylaxis,PrEP)是一种有效的HIV生物学预防策略,多项临床试验研究表明,在HIV高风险人群中规范使用PrEP可以显著减少HIV感染事件的发生,有效遏制HIV的传播[2-4]。2015年,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)发布指南,建议在HIV高危行为人群中开展PrEP[5];在《中国艾滋病诊疗指南》(2021年版)中PrEP被列为高HIV感染风险人群的预防措施[6]。2020年,《中国HIV暴露前预防用药专家共识》[7](以下简称专家共识)结合国际指南,指出了评估HIV高危行为风险的五项标准,符合任意一项则判定为具有“HIV高暴露风险行为”,视为行为导向PrEP使用适宜对象。只有处于HIV高暴露风险的人才适合使用PrEP,但各国标准不一,在男男同性性行为人群(以下简称男同)中HIV高暴露风险(即适合使用PrEP)比例为18.0%~65.0%[8-13]。
前期研究发现,部分男同人群不能依据自身行为学表现正确评估自身HIV感染风险,继而影响对自身是否适合使用PrEP的认知判断[11, 14],构成了客观行为和主观认知的矛盾,这个行为-认知偏差(behavioral-perceived gap)会削弱PrEP在人群层面的推广,对个体PrEP的使用意愿和行为构成了重大挑战[15]。相关研究表明,在客观指征符合PrEP使用适宜对象的男同人群中,主观认为自己适合使用PrEP的比例仅为19.5%~42.1%[8, 11-13],实际使用PrEP并保持依从的仅有10%或更少[12, 16]。定性研究表明,自我感知的PrEP适应性与基于指南的PrEP适应性之间的偏差,是可能导致男同人群PrEP使用率低的重要因素[17]。作为创建有针对性和有效干预措施的一部分,需要对特定人群的PrEP认知和行为进行特征化,以改善PrEP在高危人群中的推广。
当前国内外较少有研究聚焦于PrEP行为-认知偏差,对于影响自我感知PrEP使用适宜性的影响因素更是知之甚少。为了强化PrEP在高危人群中的推广和使用,有效控制HIV在高危人群中的传播,降低艾滋病发病率,迫切需要找出区分自我感知PrEP适用与否的影响因素,从而实施高效的干预措施。本研究旨在探索中国成都男同人群PrEP行为-认知偏差的现状和影响因素,以明确PrEP干预的重点人群并设计有针对性的干预来缩小这个偏差。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 研究对象
本研究依靠中国四川省成都市本地男同社区组织——成都市同乐健康咨询服务中心,于2021年11—12月采用目的性抽样招募研究对象进行横断面调查。招募途径有:(1)在男同社区组织现场招募参与HIV检测或咨询的男同人群;(2)在成都市内男同活动酒吧和浴室等场所进行外展调查;(3)由男同社区工作人员邀请[18]。
调查对象纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)生理性别为男性;(3)最近6个月发生过男男性行为;(4)HIV阴性。调查开始前,志愿者向参与者说明调查目的,调查匿名且自愿参加,参与者将阅读电子版知情同意书,同意后进入自填式电子调查问卷。共招募793名符合标准的研究对象,研究对象完成调查的平均时间为(15.8±12.5) min。本研究已通过中山大学伦理委员会审批(批准文号:2021-105)。
1.2. 调查内容与测量方法
使用自行设计的问卷收集研究对象的社会人口学特征,包括研究对象被调查地点、年龄、民族、现住地、感情状态、文化程度、工作状况、个人平均月收入、性取向等信息,同时调查PrEP认知、PrEP适用性评估、性行为、HIV感染等相关信息。正式调查前,在成都市同乐健康咨询服务中心进行了总计40人的预调查,修改问卷措辞并完善逻辑结构。
1.2.1. PrEP适用性评估
评估调查对象的HIV高危行为风险,以判断其在实际行为上是否适合使用PrEP。遵循专家共识[7],本研究中PrEP适用的高危行为学指标包括:在过去6个月内,(1)发生过无安全套的性行为,(2)与HIV阳性性伴发生性行为,(3)确诊性传播疾病(sexually transmitted infection,STI),(4)药物滥用,(5)使用过暴露后预防用药(post-exposure prophylaxis,PEP)预防HIV感染。以上行为只要有其中之一便可视为HIV高暴露风险行为,即符合使用PrEP的行为指征。参与者分别对以上问题回答“是”或“否”,其中在药物滥用部分进一步询问了使用过何种药物(如亚硝酸酯类药物Rush poppers等)。以上五个问题任意一个选择“是”,即认为其属于行为导向的PrEP使用适宜对象。
1.2.2. PrEP认知
调查对象先回答在本次调查之前是否听说过PrEP,如听说过,进一步选择获取PrEP相关信息的来源,如性伴侣、男同朋友、社区组织、网络和医务人员等。参与者将回答由9道问题组成的PrEP知识题目,每回答正确一题计1分,PrEP知识题目满分为9分。此外,询问调查对象是否具有PrEP可及性、是否向专业人士咨询过PrEP使用相关问题以及周围有多少PrEP使用者。同时,请调查对象回答自我感知是否属于PrEP使用适宜对象,在“肯定不适合”“可能不适合”“不确定”“可能适合”和“肯定适合”5个选项中进行选择,认为自己可能或肯定适合使用PrEP的调查对象为自我感知PrEP使用适宜对象。在行为导向PrEP使用适宜对象中,能够正确判断自身为PrEP使用适宜对象者,视为不存在PrEP行为-认知偏差[9]。
1.2.3. 性行为
除调查以上关于PrEP适用的高危行为学指标外,问卷还包括其他性行为相关信息,如最近6个月跟男性发生性行为的方式、最近6个月男性性伴的类型(固定、临时或商业性伴)及各类性伴的数量。本研究将发生男性商业性行为定义为与其他男性有性交易;将性伴数>1定义为多性伴,多性伴参与者会被进一步询问最近6个月是否参与过男男群交性行为。
1.2.4. HIV相关特征
主要涉及未来1年自我感知艾滋病感染风险(选项包括“非常小”“比较小”“中等”“比较大”和“非常大”)以及最近6个月是否做过HIV检测。对于在男同社区组织的HIV检测现场招募的调查对象,其在回答该问题时被要求排除本次HIV检测。
1.3. 质量控制
建立培训和考核体系,对研究人员进行统一的培训,保证调查人员对入选标准的理解以及问卷填写上的统一。通过电子平台问卷星进行调查,问卷设计阶段进行了严密的逻辑设置及缺项漏项提醒,防止填写错误。问卷由被调查者自行填写,对不明白或不清楚的问题由调查人员负责向其解释清楚。由专人维护平台,确保数据保密性。设立独立的监察员制度,对研究进展、数据质量进行抽查。
1.4. 统计学分析
使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0软件进行统计分析。采用频数和构成比描述社会人口学特征、性行为、PrEP认知、PrEP行为适用性和HIV态度等指标。以自我感知PrEP适用性为因变量,计算各背景变量的单因素优势比(univariate odds ratio,ORu)和95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI),继而进行单因素分析,检验自我感知为PrEP使用适宜对象与性行为等自变量之间的关系,对于单因素分析有统计学意义的背景变量(P < 0.10),包括年龄和调查地点,对其调整后进行分析,计算调整后的优势比(adjusted odds ratio,ORA)和95%CI。双侧检验,检验水准α=0.05。
2. 结果
2.1. 社会人口学特征
共收集793份完整问卷,其中69人(8.7%)不知晓HIV感染状态,102人(12.9%)目前或过去使用过PrEP,予以排除。在纳入的622名研究对象中,327人(52.6%)客观符合PrEP的高危行为学指标,其中仅37.9%(124/327)的行为导向PrEP使用适宜对象认为自己是PrEP的适用对象,不存在行为-认知偏差;其余295名(47.4%)无高危行为指征的研究对象中,有33.9%(100/295)错误地自我感知是PrEP的适宜使用对象。
327名行为导向PrEP使用适宜对象中,169人(51.7%)经由男同社区志愿者通过同伴关系网介绍而参与调查,其余来自男同社区检测点和男同活动场所。社会人口学方面,165人(50.5%)年龄在25~35岁,277人(84.7%)有男朋友,大专及以下文化程度者176人(53.8%),220人(67.3%)有全职工作),性取向为同性恋的有274人(83.8%,表 1)。
表 1.
行为导向PrEP使用适宜对象的社会人口学特征
Socio-demographic characteristics among behavioral-indicated PrEP eligible participants
| Items | Total (n=327) | No behavioral-perceived gap (n=124) | Behavioral-perceived gap (n=203) |
| Data are expressed as n(%). PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; MSM, men who have sex with men. | |||
| Recruitment channel | |||
| MSM activity venues | 52 (15.9) | 13 (10.5) | 39 (19.2) |
| MSM peer network | 169 (51.7) | 70 (56.5) | 99 (48.8) |
| MSM community organization | 106 (32.4) | 41 (33.1) | 65 (32.0) |
| Age | |||
| 18-24 years | 92 (28.1) | 34 (27.4) | 58 (28.6) |
| 25-35 years | 165 (50.5) | 69 (55.6) | 96 (47.3) |
| >35 years | 70 (21.4) | 21 (16.9) | 49 (24.1) |
| Current relationship status | |||
| Single | 48 (14.7) | 21 (16.9) | 27 (13.3) |
| Relationship with a man | 246 (75.2) | 88 (71.0) | 158 (77.8) |
| Married | 33 (10.1) | 15 (12.1) | 18 (8.9) |
| Education level | |||
| College degree and below | 176 (53.8) | 62 (50.0) | 114 (56.2) |
| Undergraduate and above | 151 (46.2) | 62 (50.0) | 89 (43.8) |
| Employment status | |||
| Unemployed/part-time/retired/student | 107 (32.7) | 38 (30.6) | 69 (34.0) |
| Full-time | 220 (67.3) | 86 (69.4) | 134 (66.0) |
| Personal monthly income | |||
| ≤4 000 yuan | 111 (33.9) | 42 (33.9) | 69 (34.0) |
| 4 001-6 000 yuan | 107 (32.7) | 45 (36.3) | 62 (30.5) |
| 6 001-8 000 yuan | 109 (33.3) | 37 (29.8) | 72 (35.5) |
| Sexual orientation | |||
| Homosexual | 274 (83.8) | 106 (85.5) | 168 (82.8) |
| Bisexual/heterosexual/other | 53 (16.2) | 18 (14.5) | 35 (17.2) |
2.2. PrEP及性行为相关特征
参与调查之前,327名行为导向PrEP使用适宜对象中,281人(85.9%)听说过PrEP,其中有40人(14.2%)的PrEP信息获取渠道来自医务人员,了解如何获取PrEP药物的有154人(47.1%),有过正规PrEP咨询经历的有108人(33.0%),305(93.3%)名调查对象周围没有或少有使用PrEP的人。177人(54.1%)PrEP知识得分在8分及以上。有218人(66.7%)报告过去6个月有2位及以上同性性伴侣,这一比例在自我感知PrEP适用对象与自我感知非PrEP适用对象中分别为73.4%(91/124)和62.6%(127/203);过去6个月参与过群交性行为和有过男男商业性行为的人数分别为29(8.9%)和39(11.9%)。在过去6个月进行过HIV检测的调查对象有245人(74.9%), 213人(65.1%)认为自己未来一年感染HIV的风险很低。
对于五项高危行为,过去6个月,176人(53.8%)发生过无安全套性行为,29人(8.9%)有HIV阳性性伴,24人(7.3%)被新诊断患有性传播疾病(如梅毒、淋病和衣原体感染等),121人(37.0%)在性行为中有过药物滥用,96人(29.4%)使用过PEP。其中自我感知是PrEP适用对象和自我感知非PrEP适用对象的药物滥用率分别为43.5%(55/124)和33.0%(67/203),PEP使用率分别为38.7%(48/124)和23.6%(48/203,表 2)。
表 2.
行为导向PrEP使用适宜对象的PrEP及性行为相关特征
Characteristics related to PrEP and sexual behavior among behavioral-indicated PrEP eligible participants
| Items | Total (n=327) | No behavioral-perceived gap (n=124) | Behavioral-perceived gap (n=203) |
| Data are expressed as n(%). a, the total score of PrEP knowledge was 9; b, in the last six months; c, in the next one year. HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; STI, sexually transmitted infection; PEP, post-exposure prophylaxis; PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; HCP, health care provider. | |||
| Any condomless anal intercourse | |||
| No | 151 (46.2) | 61 (49.2) | 90 (44.3) |
| Yes | 176 (53.8) | 63 (50.8) | 113 (55.7) |
| Have HIV-positive partner(s) | |||
| No | 298 (91.1) | 115 (92.7) | 183 (90.1) |
| Yes | 29 (8.9) | 9 (7.3) | 20 (9.9) |
| Ever STI diagnosis | |||
| No | 303 (92.7) | 118 (95.2) | 185 (91.1) |
| Yes | 24 (7.3) | 6 (4.8) | 18 (8.9) |
| Substance use | |||
| No | 206 (63.0) | 70 (56.5) | 136 (67.0) |
| Yes | 121 (37.0) | 54 (43.5) | 67 (33.0) |
| PEP user | |||
| No | 231 (70.6) | 76 (61.3) | 155 (76.4) |
| Yes | 96 (29.4) | 48 (38.7) | 48 (23.6) |
| PrEP awareness | |||
| No | 46 (14.1) | 15 (12.1) | 31 (15.3) |
| Yes | 281 (85.9) | 109 (87.9) | 172 (84.7) |
| Sources of PrEP information | |||
| Others | 241 (85.8) | 104 (83.9) | 183 (90.1) |
| HCP | 40 (14.2) | 20 (16.1) | 20 (9.9) |
| PrEP availability | |||
| No | 173 (52.9) | 58 (46.8) | 115 (56.7) |
| Yes | 154 (47.1) | 66 (53.2) | 88 (43.3) |
| PrEP counseling experience with HCP | |||
| No | 219 (67.0) | 79 (63.7) | 140 (69.0) |
| Yes | 108 (33.0) | 45 (36.3) | 63 (31.0) |
| Peers who are on PrEP | |||
| Many | 22 (6.7) | 15 (12.1) | 7 (3.4) |
| Few | 166 (50.8) | 59 (47.6) | 107 (52.7) |
| None | 139 (42.5) | 50 (40.3) | 89 (43.8) |
| PrEP knowledge scorea | |||
| ≤7 | 155 (45.9) | 41 (33.1) | 109 (53.7) |
| >7 | 177 (54.1) | 83 (66.9) | 94 (46.3) |
| Sexual roleb | |||
| Insertive | 104 (31.8) | 33 (26.6) | 71 (35.0) |
| Receptive | 100 (30.6) | 42 (33.9) | 58 (28.6) |
| Both | 107 (32.7) | 44 (35.5) | 63 (31.0) |
| No anal sex | 16 (4.9) | 5 (4.0) | 11 (5.4) |
| Multiple homosexual partnershipb | |||
| No | 109 (33.3) | 33 (26.6) | 76 (37.4) |
| Yes | 218 (66.7) | 91 (73.4) | 127 (62.6) |
| Engagement in group sexb | |||
| No | 189 (57.8) | 82 (90.1) | 107 (84.3) |
| Yes | 29 (8.9) | 9 (9.9) | 20 (15.7) |
| Engagement in transactional sexb | |||
| No | 288(88.1) | 112 (90.3) | 176 (86.7) |
| Yes | 39 (11.9) | 12 (9.7) | 27 (13.3) |
| HIV test historyb | |||
| No | 82 (25.1) | 33 (26.6) | 49 (24.1) |
| Yes | 245 (74.9) | 91 (73.4) | 154 (75.9) |
| Perceived risk of HIV infectionc | |||
| High-risk | 29 (8.9) | 18 (14.5) | 11 (5.4) |
| Medium-risk | 85 (26.0) | 34 (27.4) | 51 (25.1) |
| Low-risk | 213 (65.1) | 72 (58.1) | 141 (69.5) |
2.3. 自我感知PrEP使用适宜对象的影响因素
对于与自我感知PrEP使用适宜对象相关的背景变量,与在酒吧、浴池等娱乐场所招募的男同相比,来自男同同伴网络(ORu=2.12,95%CI:1.06~4.27)和社区组织的调查对象(ORu =1.89,95%CI:0.90~3.96)更容易自我感知PrEP使用适宜性。不同伴侣关系、性取向等特征在是否存在行为-认知偏差上差异没有统计学意义(表 3)。
表 3.
与自我感知PrEP使用适宜性相关的背景特征
Background characteristics associated with perceived PrEP candidacy
| Items | Row% | ORu (95%CI) |
| † P < 0.10, *P < 0.05. ORu, univariate odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; MSM, men who have sex with men. | ||
| Recruitment channel | ||
| MSM activity venues | 25.0 | 1.00 |
| MSM peer network | 41.4 | 2.12 (1.06-4.27)* |
| MSM community organization | 38.7 | 1.89 (0.90-3.96)† |
| Age | ||
| 18-24 years | 37.0 | 1.37 (0.70-2.66) |
| 25-35 years | 41.8 | 1.68(0.92-3.05)† |
| >35 years | 30.0 | 1.00 |
| Current relationship status | ||
| Single | 43.8 | 1.00 |
| Relationship with a man | 35.8 | 0.72 (0.38-1.34) |
| Married | 45.5 | 1.07 (0.44-2.61) |
| Education level | ||
| College degree and below | 35.2 | 1.00 |
| Undergraduate and above | 41.1 | 1.28 (0.82-2.01) |
| Employment status | ||
| Unemployed/part-time/retired/student | 35.5 | 1.00 |
| Full-time | 39.1 | 1.17 (0.72-1.88) |
| Personal monthly income | ||
| ≤4 000 yuan | 37.8 | 1.00 |
| 4 001-6 000 yuan | 42.1 | 1.19 (0.69-2.05) |
| 6 001-8 000 yuan | 33.9 | 0.84 (0.49-1.47) |
| Sexual orientation | ||
| Homosexual | 38.7 | 1.00 |
| Bisexual/heterosexual/other | 34.0 | 0.82 (0.44-1.51) |
采用Logistic回归分析自我感知PrEP使用适宜性和药物滥用、PEP使用史、PrEP可及性、认识正在使用PrEP的朋友、PrEP知识、多性伴和HIV感知风险等变量之间的关系。在控制年龄、调查地点背景变量后,能够正确判断自身为PrEP使用对象(即不存在PrEP行为-认知偏差)的6个促进因素包括:PEP使用史(ORA=2.20,95%CI:1.33~3.63)、PrEP可及性(ORA =1.69,95%CI:1.06~2.68)、认识更多正在使用PrEP的朋友(ORA=4.92,95%CI:1.77~13.65)、PrEP知识(ORA =2.21,95%CI:1.38~3.56)、多性伴(ORA=1.77,95%CI:1.07~2.94)以及自评HIV高感染风险(ORA=4.02,95%CI:1.73~9.32)。药物滥用、PrEP信息获取渠道以及其他PrEP适用性行为评价指标,如无套性行为史、HIV阳性性伴、STI患病史、PrEP知晓率、PrEP正规咨询经历、HIV检测史等与PrEP行为-认知偏差均无统计学关联;在其他性行为相关因素中,是否能正确感知自身为PrEP适用对象与其在同性性行为中的角色、是否参与过群交或商业性行为等无统计学关联(表 4)。
表 4.
自我感知PrEP使用适宜对象相关因素的单因素分析
Univariate analysis on factors associated with perceived PrEP candidacy
| Items | Row% | ORu (95%CI) | ORA (95%CI)a |
| a, odds ratios adjusted by univariately significant background variables in Table 3; b, in the last six months; c, in the next one year. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01,***P < 0.001. ORu, univariate odds ratio. ORA, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Other abbreviations as in Table 2. | |||
| Any condomless anal intercourse | |||
| No | 40.4 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 35.8 | 0.82 (0.53-1.29) | 0.87 (0.55-1.37) |
| Have HIV-positive partner(s) | |||
| No | 38.6 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 31 | 0.72 (0.32-1.63) | 0.79 (0.33-1.87) |
| Ever STI diagnosis | |||
| No | 38.9 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 25 | 0.52 (0.20-1.35) | 0.71 (0.26-1.93) |
| Substance use | |||
| No | 34 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 44.6 | 1.57 (0.99-2.48) | 1.42 (0.88-2.29) |
| PEP user | |||
| No | 32.9 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 50 | 2.04 (1.26-3.31)** | 2.20 (1.33-3.63)** |
| PrEP awareness | |||
| No | 32.6 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 38.8 | 1.31 (0.68-2.54) | 1.29 (9.66-2.51) |
| Sources of PrEP information | |||
| Others | 36.2 | 1 | 1 |
| HCP | 50 | 1.76 (0.91-3.42) | 1.60 (0.82-3.15) |
| PrEP availability | |||
| No | 33.5 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 42.9 | 1.49 (0.95-2.33) | 1.69 (1.06-2.68)* |
| PrEP counseling experience with HCP | |||
| No | 36.1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 41.7 | 1.27 (0.79-2.03) | 1.43 (0.88-2.32) |
| Peers who are on PrEP | |||
| None | 36 | 1 | 1 |
| Few | 35.5 | 0.98 (0.61-1.57) | 1.05 (0.65-1.70) |
| Many | 68.2 | 3.81 (1.46-9.98)** | 4.92 (1.77-13.65)** |
| PrEP knowledge score (total 9) | |||
| ≤7 | 27.3 | 1 | 1 |
| >7 | 46.9 | 2.35 (1.48-3.74)*** | 2.21 (1.38-3.56)** |
| Sexual roleb | |||
| Insertive | 31.7 | 1 | 1 |
| Receptive | 42 | 1.56 (0.88-2.76) | 1.58 (0.88-2.83) |
| Both | 41.1 | 1.50 (0.85-2.64) | 1.45 (0.82-2.56) |
| No anal sex | 31.3 | 0.98 (0.31-3.04) | 0.92 (0.29-2.92) |
| Multiple homosexual partnershipb | |||
| No | 30.3 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 41.7 | 1.65 (1.01-2.69)* | 1.77 (1.07-2.94)* |
| Engagement in group sexb | |||
| No | 43.4 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 31 | 0.59 (0.25-1.36) | 0.64 (0.27-1.51) |
| Engagement in transactional sexb | |||
| No | 38.9 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 30.8 | 0.70 (0.34-1.44) | 0.71 (0.34-1.51) |
| HIV test historyb | |||
| No | 40.2 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 37.1 | 0.88 (0.53-1.46) | 0.89 (0.53-1.49) |
| Perceived risk of HIV infectionc | |||
| Low-risk | 33.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Medium-risk | 40.0 | 1.31 (0.78-2.19) | 1.35 (0.79-2.29) |
| High-risk | 62.1 | 3.21 (1.44-7.15)** | 4.02 (1.73-9.32)** |
3. 讨论
本研究利用国内本土权威标准界定PrEP适用人群,分析HIV感染高风险人群PrEP行为-认知偏差及其影响因素。广泛选择男同社区组织、男同娱乐场所和同伴关系网络进行调查对象招募,调查地点有一定的代表性和全面性。调查发现中国成都男同人群PrEP适用性行为-认知偏差高,排除正在使用或过去使用过PrEP以及HIV阳性或未知感染状态的参与者后,在327名(52.6%)客观行为符合使用PrEP标准的HIV高风险人群中,有203人(62.1%)存在行为-认知偏差,不能正确判断自己是否为PrEP的适用对象,这一比例与现有研究结果相近[8, 11-13]。这种行为-认知偏差表明,对那些自我感知与行动导向的适用性不一致的男同人群需要进行有效的干预,以缩小这一差距。
对于公共卫生服务政策制定者和一线HIV预防工作者来说,需要有针对性地贯穿以PrEP为主的新型生物医学HIV预防策略,将其融入到针对高危人群的卫生服务与健康咨询中,来降低PrEP适用性的行为-认知偏差。为了进一步描述针对PrEP干预的潜在措施,本研究探索了男同人群特征和风险相关行为与自我感知PrEP使用适宜性之间的关系。在基本特征方面,比起在男同娱乐场所招募的调查对象,通过同伴社交网络和社区检测点现场招募的人PrEP适用的行为-认知偏差更小,酒吧、浴池等娱乐场所是发生无保护和高危行为的重要场所[19-20],这种差异还可能与同伴影响和自我健康管理意识有关[21]。而不同伴侣关系(单身无固定伴侣、有男性固定性伴、已婚有女性伴侣)未显示出在正确自我感知PrEP适用性方面的差异。有研究发现伴侣关系状态可能与感知PrEP适用性有关联[11],主要侧重于亲密动机和亲密关系的动态变化等[22-23]。促进PrEP使用的干预措施除了需要讨论男同人群自身认知和行为因素的个体属性外,进一步地还应包括人际间的社会属性的探究[24-25]。
调查结果显示,在适用PrEP的风险相关行为方面,使用过PEP的人更有可能正确感知到自己是PrEP的适宜使用对象,PEP使用可能与更强的预防意识和更充分的预防用药相关知识有关。在黑龙江省进行的一项研究显示,男同人群中PrEP与PEP的接受率显著相关[26],然而在其他风险行为(无套性行为、HIV阳性性伴、STI患病史等)中这种关系并不显著,同样地,有群交性行为、商业同性性行为也与正确的PrEP适用性感知无关。除已确定为高危指征的几项行为外,群交和商业同性性行为也是HIV传播的危险性行为,李玲玲等[27]应用德尔菲(Delphi)法,将群交和商业同性性行为纳入HIV感染风险评估工具,国内一项研究也将群交性行为、商业同性性行为列为判断PrEP适用性的客观行为指征之一[11],男同群体无法正确认知自身行为的危险性是此行为-认知偏差的首要问题。
在与PrEP认知相关的因素中,PrEP可及性、PrEP知识与低行为-认知偏差有关,而PrEP咨询经历与感知自我PrEP适用性无统计学关联。作为高危人群获取HIV预防信息的重要来源,医疗卫生服务提供者在促进男同群体正确认知和使用PrEP方面往往发挥着重要作用[28-29]。结果表明,强化和提高卫生服务提供者的健康教育技能与知识储备,可能是破解PrEP适用行为-认知偏差难关的重要一环,HIV预防知识的积累与提供规范咨询可以帮助男同人群形成正确的PrEP认知,从而强化PrEP相关知识的掌握,提高PrEP意愿和实际使用率[30-31]。周围有更多使用PrEP朋友的调查对象自我感知PrEP适用性的正确率更高,既往研究肯定了同伴支持互助小组在提高男同人群预防意识以及促进艾滋病知识传播中的积极作用[32-33],近年来利用社交网络结构和同伴影响来加速健康知识传播的社会网络干预措施正逐步从公共卫生框架中推进[21, 34-35],故构建男同社群同伴支持环境,形成群体带领效应是有效的社区水平的干预措施。
本研究发现,自我感知高HIV感染风险的调查对象,其自我感知PrEP适用性的正确率更高,这与常规认知和既往研究结果相统一,进一步强调了帮助男同人群正确评估自身HIV感染风险的重要性。既往研究表明,无法正确评估自身HIV感染风险是使用PrEP的常见障碍之一[36-37],而对高HIV感染风险的自我认知可以鼓励其寻找应对办法来保护性健康,用以替代或补充HIV预防策略。因此,对高危人群进行客观的风险评估是推广PrEP的关键组成部分[13]。
本研究的局限性在于:首先,本调查仅在中国四川省成都市的男同人群中进行,考虑到不同地区的经济文化背景不一,研究结果是否能扩展到其他地区还有待探索;第二,本研究界定的适用PrEP的五项行为指征之一为在过去6个月是否有药物滥用,这一项在专家共识的原表述是“过去6个月中是否注射过违禁药品且有过共用针具的情况”[7],但基于我国国情,主动前来咨询并坦诚自身吸毒行为的男同较为少见[38],因此问卷中暂未列入该原表述;亚硝酸脂类药物Rush poppers等性兴奋剂属于新型毒品,当前已有多项研究证明,使用新型毒品是HIV感染的危险因素之一[39-41],中国疾病预防控制中心报告的国内数据显示,使用新型毒品的男同人群感染HIV风险是未使用者的2.31倍[27];第三,本调查还可能存在一定的选择偏倚和回忆偏倚。进一步的研究应当考虑与PrEP适用性认知相关的社会心理学变量,如PrEP污名、PrEP相关社会规范等,以及在抽样方法、多中心研究方面等进行研究的优化。
明确PrEP适用标准、阐明高危风险行为是进一步有效实施PrEP措施的关键。为了弥合男同人群的PrEP行为-认知偏差,提高PrEP使用率,未来的PrEP行为干预与促进项目应重点考虑辅助男同正确评估自身HIV感染风险、提升PrEP知识、提供规范PrEP咨询和培育男同社群同伴支持环境等,实施有针对性而高效的干预措施。
志谢
衷心感谢成都市同乐社会工作服务中心工作人员的大力配合以及所有调查对象花费的宝贵时间。
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金(81803334)、国家科技重大专项(2018ZX10715004)、广东省基础与应用基础研究基金自然科学基金(2023A1515030093)和北京大学医学部学科建设项目人才专项(BMU2022RCZX032)
Supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (81803334), National Science and Technology Major Project (2018ZX10715004), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2023A1515030093) and Peking University Faculty Startup Research Grant (BMU2022RCZX032)
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