Abstract
目的
探讨经结膜入路眶隔脂肪“超释放”后行眶隔脂肪带蒂前移矫正泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷的下睑袋成形术疗效。
方法
回顾分析2021年9月—2022年5月符合选择标准的82例(164侧)下睑袋膨出合并泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷患者临床资料。男3例,女79例;年龄22~46岁,平均34.5岁。患者均存在不同程度睑袋膨出及泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷;根据Barton分级标准对泪沟进行分级:Ⅰ级64侧,Ⅱ级72侧,Ⅲ级28侧。术中经下睑结膜入路,彻底松解包裹眶隔脂肪的膜性结构使眶隔脂肪充分疝出,直至疝出的脂肪条于静置松弛状态下无明显自行回缩,以此作为“超释放”标准。将释放的脂肪条平铺至颧前间隙和上颌前间隙中,并经皮固定至中面部,穿出皮肤的缝线不打结,以胶布黏贴方式外固定。
结果
术后出现轻度球结膜水肿表现3侧,中面部皮肤麻木1侧,轻度下睑退缩1侧,轻微内侧眼袋残留5侧。术后无血肿、感染、复视等并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间4~8个月,平均6.2个月。患者睑袋膨出及泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷均显著改善。末次随访时,根据Barton分级标准达0级158侧、Ⅰ级6侧,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);患者自评满意度达非常满意67例(81.7%),满意10例(12.2%),一般满意4例(4.8%),不满意1例(1.2%)。
结论
采用眶隔脂肪“超释放”矫正泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷可以有效避免眶隔脂肪回缩,降低术后睑袋残留或复发概率,提升矫正效果。
Keywords: 下睑袋成形术, 眶隔脂肪, 超释放, 睑袋, 泪沟
Abstract
Objective
To investigate effectiveness of transconjunctival lower eyelid blepharoplasty with “super released” orbital fat in correction of lower eyelid pouch protrusion and tear trough and palpebromalar groove depression.
Methods
A clinical data of 82 patients (164 sides) with lower eyelid pouch protrusion and tear trough and palpebromalar groove depression, who met the selection criteria between September 2021 and May 2022, was retrospectively analyzed. Of the included patients, 3 were males and 79 were females, with an average age of 34.5 years (range, 22-46 years). All patients had varying degrees of eyelid pouch protrusion and tear trough and palpebromalar groove depression. The deformities were graded by the Barton grading system as gradeⅠ in 64 sides, grade Ⅱ in 72 sides, and grade Ⅲ in 28 sides. The orbital fat transpositions were performed through the lower eyelid conjunctival approach. The membrane surrounding the orbital fat was completely released, allowing the orbital fat to fully herniate until the herniated orbital fat did not retract significantly in a resting and relaxed state, which is regarded as the “super released” standard. The released fat strip was spread into the anterior zygomatic space and the anterior maxillary space, and percutaneous fixed to the middle face. The suture that penetrates the skin was externally fixed by adhesive tape pasting without knotted.
Results
There were 3 sides with chemosis after operation, 1 side with facial skin numbness, 1 side with mild lower eyelid retraction at the early stage after operation, and 5 sides with slight pouch residue. No hematoma, infection, or diplopia occurred. All patients were followed up 4-8 months, with an average of 6.2 months. The eyelid pouch protrusion, tear trough, and palpebromalar groove depression were significantly corrected. At last follow-up, the deformity was graded by Barton grading system as grade 0 in 158 sides and grade Ⅰ in 6 sides, with a significant difference compared to the preoperative score (P<0.001). Patient’s self-evaluation satisfaction reached very satisfied in 67 cases (81.7%), satisfied in 10 cases (12.2%), generally satisfied in 4 cases (4.8%), and dissatisfied in 1 case (1.2%).
Conclusion
The “super released” orbital fat can effectively prevent the retraction of orbital fat, reduce the probability of residual or recurrence of eyelid pouches, and improve the correction effect.
Keywords: Lower eyelid blepharoplasty, orbital fat, super released, eyelid pouch, tear trough
眼周是面部最早表现出衰老的区域之一[1],而睑袋膨出又是眼周衰老征象之一,早期主要采用单纯眶隔脂肪去除术进行矫正,术中去掉膨出的眶隔脂肪及切除松弛皮肤,但可能导致下眼睑和泪沟区凹陷[2]。为此,Trepsat[3]提出将取出的游离眼袋脂肪回填至泪沟,能一定程度改善泪沟区凹陷,但回填的脂肪会部分吸收[4-5],效果不稳定。Goldberg[6]提出经结膜入路释放眶隔脂肪填充泪沟术式,进一步改善了泪沟及睑袋凹陷矫正效果,但术后可能出现睑袋残留或复发问题。我们临床实践发现这一问题的发生与术中没有彻底去除眶隔膜后方牵引力量,转位脂肪容易回缩有关,基于此提出了经结膜入路眶隔脂肪“超释放”矫正泪沟及睑颊沟凹陷的下睑袋成形术。该术式先充分释放眶隔脂肪,然后分离中面部间隙将其伸展分布于间隙中并固定。2021年9月—2022年5月临床应用该术式矫正82例患者164侧下睑袋膨出合并泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷,取得了满意效果。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
患者纳入标准:存在不同程度下眼睑眶隔脂肪突出,伴有泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷。排除标准:① 有下眼睑和/或面中部手术史;② 既往在下眼睑和/或面中部注射填充物或脂肪;③ 下眼睑(眼睑、眼眶或中脸)外伤史。
本组男3例,女79例;年龄22~46岁,平均34.5岁。患者均存在不同程度睑袋膨出以及泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷;根据Barton分级标准[7]对泪沟进行分级:Ⅰ级64侧,Ⅱ级72侧,Ⅲ级28侧。
1.2. 手术方法
首先,患者取端坐位平视或仰视,标记睑袋膨出及泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷区域。然后更换为仰卧位,以含1∶20万U肾上腺素的2%利多卡因,行眶下神经阻滞以及下穹隆部结膜、下睑区局部浸润麻醉。分别于睑结膜与球结膜移行区作一长约10 mm结膜切口,钝性分离暴露眶隔。充分释放中央、外侧及内侧脂肪团。彻底松解包膜使脂肪团充分疝出,释放包裹眶隔脂肪的膜性结构至眶隔脂肪充分疝出,将脂肪条静置松弛状态时无明显自行回缩作为“超释放”标准(图1)。若脂肪过多应适当切除。拉钩显露眶下缘,经骨膜表面分离上颌前间隙及颧前间隙,分离时注意避让提上唇肌起点,避免伤及眶下孔内血管及神经;剥离范围根据松解的眶隔脂肪长度决定,需满足脂肪条充分伸展释放需要。以5-0 PDS线牵拉脂肪瓣至间隙中并经皮穿出。确认双侧术区均无明显出血、脂肪条平整无堆积后,复位结膜面黏膜切口。经皮穿出的5-0 PDS线不打结,以无菌胶布黏贴外固定(图2),适当加压包扎。
图 1.
The “super released” orbital fat
眶隔脂肪“超释放”
图 2.
The suture was fixed with tape
术中无菌胶布固定缝线
a. 固定前; b. 固定后
a. Before fixed; b. After fixed
术后48 h内间断冷敷术区,1周后拆除缝线,2周内避免揉搓眼睑,4周内避免佩戴角膜接触镜。
1.3. 统计学方法
采用SPSS20.0统计软件进行分析。等级资料手术前后比较采用Fisher确切概率法,检验水准α=0.05。
2. 结果
术后3侧出现轻度球结膜水肿表现,均在1~2周内自行消退;1侧出现中面部皮肤麻木,2周后自行恢复;1侧出现轻度下睑退缩,经手法复位后恢复;5侧存在轻微内侧眼袋残留,以眼球上旋时较明显,再次手术去除多余眶隔脂肪后恢复。术后无血肿、感染、复视等并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间4~8 个月,平均6.2个月。患者睑袋膨出以及泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷均显著改善(图3、4)。 末次随访时,根据Barton分级标准[7]达0级158侧、Ⅰ级6侧,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。见表1。 末次随访时患者自评满意度:非常满意67例(81.7%),满意10例(12.2%),一般满意4例(4.8%),不满意1例(1.2%)。其中,1例自评不满意者术前双侧均为Barton Ⅲ级;4例自评一般满意者中,3例术前双侧均为Barton Ⅲ级,1例均为Barton Ⅱ级。
图 3.
A 35-year-old female patient with bilateral lower eyelid pouch protrusion and tear trough and palpebromalar groove depression (Barton grade Ⅰ )
患者,女,35岁,双侧睑袋膨出伴泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷,术前评估为 Barton Ⅰ级
a. 术前;b. 术后7个月
a. Before operation; b. At 7 months after operation
图 4.
A 29-year-old female patient with bilateral lower eyelid pouch protrusion and tear trough and palpebromalar groove depression (Barton grade Ⅱ)
患者,女,29岁,双侧睑袋膨出伴泪沟、睑颊沟凹陷,术前评估为 BartonⅡ级
a. 术前;b. 术后6个月
a. Before operation; b. At 6 months after operation
表 1.
Resutls of Barton grading in 164 sides before and after operation
164侧手术前后Barton分级结果
术前 Preoperative |
末次随访 Last follow-up |
||
0级 Grade 0 |
Ⅰ级 Grade Ⅰ |
合计 Total |
|
Ⅰ级 Grade Ⅰ |
64 | 0 | 64 |
Ⅱ级 Grade Ⅱ |
71 | 1 | 72 |
Ⅲ级 Grade Ⅲ |
23 | 5 | 28 |
合计 Total |
158 | 6 | 164 |
3. 讨论
在既往保留眶隔脂肪的睑袋矫形手术中,我们发现眶隔脂肪团除了被眶隔限制突出外,还被包膜样结构包绕,向后与球后结构连接,使得释放出的眶隔脂肪易发生回缩,增加了术后睑袋残留或复发的风险。为尽可能避免上述情况的发生,我们认为彻底松解包裹眶隔脂肪的膜性结构是充分释放眶隔脂肪的关键步骤。基于此,我们提出眶隔脂肪“超释放”概念,即将释放的眶隔脂肪包膜进行充分松解,至眶隔脂肪充分疝出并且于静态下无明显自行回缩。完全松解的眶隔脂肪无包膜束缚,术后受瘢痕收缩、球后牵拉的作用减小,降低了术后睑袋复发风险。完全松解的眶隔脂肪条能充分伸展前移,填充泪沟及睑颊沟的凹陷。
眶隔脂肪的转位间隙是决定手术效果的重要因素之一,经“超释放”处理后的眶隔脂肪较传统方法处理的眶隔脂肪更长,选择合适的转位间隙显得尤为关键。骨膜下间隙解剖层次清晰[8-9],具有安全性高、解剖视野清晰的优点,但受限于骨膜下间隙可分离程度相对软组织间隙小[10],对中面部的提升也相对有限。而颧前间隙和上颌前间隙作为中面部的天然疏松间隙,容易钝性分离,能为“超释放”处理后的眶隔脂肪提供足够伸展空间[11-13]。作为软组织间隙,其内血供丰富,为充分伸展的眶隔脂肪成活提供保障。而且由于间隙内无较大血管分布[14],保证了手术安全性,是容纳转位眶隔脂肪的良好选择。
目前,转位眶隔脂肪固定方式主要分为内固定与经皮外固定两种。内固定相对稳固,但由于操作空间狭小,操作困难,费时费力[8, 15]。我们使用胶布黏贴代替了缝线打结固定方法,快捷简便,避免了因打结过紧遗留针眼瘢痕的可能性。本组无1例出现皮肤瘢痕或色素沉着,提示该固定方法有效。由于眶隔脂肪包膜彻底松解,转位脂肪受瘢痕收缩、球后牵拉的影响减小,加之胶布固定力量较传统内固定及外固定更为可控,进而降低了术后因缝线切割致脂肪组织移位的概率。
眶隔脂肪量不足一直被认为是眶隔脂肪转位术最大的短板之一[16],传统手术方式中由于眶隔脂肪量不足,带蒂脂肪条长度无法充分填充泪沟及睑颊沟的凹陷。本研究中,我们发现经过“超释放”处理后的眶隔脂肪条往往具备足够的蒂长以填补泪沟及睑颊沟,提升下睑平滑度,使下睑年轻化。同时包膜的完全松解也在理论上降低了术后眶隔脂肪回缩风险。但是,本组术后有4例术前评级为Barton Ⅲ级患者在末次随访时自评为“不满意”或“一般满意”,这可能与Barton Ⅲ级患者眶隔脂肪容量过剩有关,导致充分松解后的眶隔脂肪条也相对较长,术后受眶周运动牵拉、瘢痕收缩的作用也更加明显,最终出现部分眶隔脂肪回缩,轻度睑袋残留。如何进一步有效防止眶隔脂肪回缩,以及准确评估去除多余眶隔脂肪量,可能是避免术后睑袋残留,提升手术质量的关键。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突
伦理声明 研究方案经四川大学华西医院医学伦理委员会批准
作者贡献声明 黄尚扬:数据收集、整理及文章撰写;肖海涛:手术设计、实施,文章内容审阅、修改;胡华:数据整理、文章修改;岑瑛:文章内容审阅、修改
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