Abstract
目的
对累及C2节段的颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)手术策略研究进展作一综述。
方法
查阅国内外有关累及C2节段的颈椎OPLL手术治疗文献,总结手术适应证及优缺点。
结果
对于累及C2节段的颈椎OPLL,椎板切除术适用于累及多节段患者,常联合螺钉固定,具有减压充分、恢复颈椎曲度的优势;缺点是颈椎固定节段活动度丢失。椎管扩大成形术适用于K线阳性患者,具有术式简单、保留颈椎节段活动度的优势;缺点是存在术后骨化物进展、轴性症状、门轴断裂等问题。穹窿式椎板成形术适用于不伴有后凸畸形、颈椎不稳、R线阴性患者,能够降低轴性症状发生,但减压有限。目前新的颈椎前路Shelter技术适用于单/双节段、椎管侵占>50%的患者,能够直接减压,但对术者技术要求高,存在硬膜撕裂、神经损伤风险等。双穹顶式椎管成形术适用于不伴有后凸畸形、颈椎不稳患者,其优点在于减少对颈半棘肌及附着点的破坏、维持颈椎曲度,但存在术后骨化物进展。
结论
累及C2节段的OPLL是颈椎OPLL中一种复杂亚型,治疗仍以后路手术为主,但脊髓向后漂浮程度有限,且随着骨化物的进展,远期疗效欠佳。今后需要更多针对OPLL病因治疗的研究,以建立累及C2节段的颈椎OPLL系统性诊疗策略。
Keywords: 后纵韧带骨化症, 脊髓型颈椎病, C2, 手术策略
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the application of surgical strategies for the treatment of cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) involving the C2 segment.
Methods
The literature about the surgery for cervical OPLL involving C2 segment was reviewed, and the indications, advantages, and disadvantages of surgery were summarized.
Results
For cervical OPLL involving the C2 segments, laminectomy is suitable for patients with OPLL involving multiple segments, often combined with screw fixation, and has the advantages of adequate decompression and restoration of cervical curvature, with the disadvantages of loss of cervical fixed segmental mobility. Canal-expansive laminoplasty is suitable for patients with positive K-line and has the advantages of simple operation and preservation of cervical segmental mobility, and the disadvantages include progression of ossification, axial symptoms, and fracture of the portal axis. Dome-like laminoplasty is suitable for patients without kyphosis/cervical instability and with negative R-line, and can reduce the occurrence of axial symptoms, with the disadvantage of limited decompression. The Shelter technique is suitable for patients with single/double segments and canal encroachment >50% and allows for direct decompression, but is technically demanding and involves risk of dural tear and nerve injury. Double-dome laminoplasty is suitable for patients without kyphosis/cervical instability. Its advantages are the reduction of damage to the cervical semispinal muscles and attachment points and maintenance of cervical curvature, but there is progress in postoperative ossification.
Conclusion
OPLL involving the C2 segment is a complex subtype of cervical OPLL, which is mainly treated through posterior surgery. However, the degree of spinal cord floatation is limited, and with the progress of ossification, the long-term effectiveness is poor. More research is needed to address the etiology of OPLL and to establish a systematic treatment strategy for cervical OPLL involving the C2 segment.
Keywords: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, cervical spondylotic myelopathy, C2, surgical strategy
后纵韧带骨化症(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)是发生于脊柱后纵韧带的异位骨化,通常发生在颈椎,胸椎少见,可导致椎体活动度减少及脊髓受压[1]。颈椎OPLL呈进展性,早期可保守治疗,随着病程延长,病情严重者出现四肢感觉和运动功能障碍,常需手术减压治疗[2]。
累及C2节段的OPLL为颈椎OPLL的一种特殊类型,C2节段后方存在骨化物的发生率为25%~42%,但C2后方椎管宽大且后方骨化物通常较薄,脊髓受压的发生率较低[3]。影像学上,累及C2节段的颈椎OPLL类型以连续型、混合型为主,平均累及4个节段以上,骨化物压迫较重的部位多位于C2~4 [4]。手术减压可选择前路、后路和前后路联合,但C2节段解剖结构复杂,前路手术及前后路联合手术难度大、风险高、并发症多,疗效不佳,临床应用较少,颈椎后路手术应用较广泛[5-6]。目前临床主要采用椎板减压内固定为主,但存在手术创伤大、颈椎固定节段活动度丢失、内固定失败的风险。近年来,有学者提出了前路Shelter技术、后路双穹顶式椎板成形术等创新术式[3, 7],也有学者提出结合微创脊柱内镜技术、计算机辅助导航技术等[8-10]。现对临床常用于治疗累及C2 节段的颈椎OPLL的术式及其适应证、优缺点以及相关研究进展作一综述。
1. 颈椎后路椎板切除术
颈椎后路椎板切除术是治疗颈椎OPLL的传统术式,通过切除椎板、棘突及后部韧带复合体扩大椎管,使受压脊髓向后漂移,达到解除脊髓压迫的效果。该术式适用于发育性颈椎管狭窄、累及多节段(≥3个节段)、颈椎动力位X线片显示骨化物无移位的颈椎OPLL患者。根据切除范围,颈椎后路椎板切除术可分为全椎板切除术和半椎板切除术。但单纯椎板切除对脊柱完整性和稳定性影响较大,故临床常联合螺钉固定[11-12]。
1.1. 全椎板切除术联合螺钉固定
全椎板切除术是最早用于治疗脊髓型颈椎病的术式,适用于前方压迫物厚度<7 mm、颈椎矢状位后凸角<10°、OPLL向上延伸范围超过C2椎板下1/3、C2、3脊髓前后方脑脊液信号消失或脊髓有明显压迫、R线阳性的OPLL患者[13-15]。全椎板切除术能直接解除脊髓后方压迫因素,扩张椎管容积达70%~80%,达到彻底减压效果[16]。
全椎板切除术联合螺钉固定能恢复脊柱稳定性,减缓骨化进展,但固定后颈椎大部分活动度丢失,术后易发生颈部僵硬,远期随访易发生螺钉松动、内固定失效,出现后凸畸形,严重影响患者生活[17]。该联合术式对于颈椎后方结构损伤也较大,在C2节段植入椎弓根螺钉时发生椎动脉损伤的风险较高,尤其是椎弓根硬化、狭小或椎动脉高跨的患者[18]。Chiapparelli等[19]对203例患者的C2椎弓根进行影像学研究,将C2椎弓根依据硬化程度和宽度分为5型。其中,Ⅰ型:椎弓根宽度≥4 mm,无硬化改变;Ⅱ型:椎弓根宽度≥4 mm,硬化改变区域<50%;Ⅲ型:椎弓根宽度≥4 mm,硬化改变区域>50%;Ⅳ型:椎弓根宽度≥4 mm,完全硬化改变;Ⅴ型:椎弓根宽度<4 mm,任何程度的硬化改变。Ⅲ~Ⅴ型椎弓根螺钉植钉风险较高。Kim等[20]提出全椎板切除术后联合C2皮质骨轨迹螺钉固定,并临床应用治疗28例患者,结果显示能有效降低椎动脉高跨患者发生椎动脉损伤的风险,术后1年疗效良好。但该术式安全性有待生物力学试验和大样本临床研究进一步明确。
近年来,计算机辅助导航技术逐渐用于辅助椎弓根螺钉植入,通过精准定位减少手术时间及术中透视次数,还可借助实时三维图像引导,降低损伤重要组织及解剖结构变异组织的风险[10]。然而,Azimi等[21]的研究显示C2椎弓根螺钉徒手植钉准确率为93.8%,导航下植钉为92.2%,两者无显著差异,提示术者手术经验对于准确植钉也有重要意义。考虑计算机辅助导航技术导航参数偏差可能带来严重风险,其临床应用的安全性也待进一步研究[22]。
1.2. 半椎板切除术联合螺钉固定
半椎板切除术是在全椎板切除术基础上进行改良,通过减少对椎板的切除,保留C2棘突附着肌群,减少手术对颈椎稳定性的破坏,适用于不伴有后凸畸形、脊髓受压时间长、仅需适当减压的颈椎OPLL患者[23]。Yang等[24]对42例累及C2节段的OPLL患者行C2半椎板切除术联合侧块螺钉固定,术中应用直径3 mm高速磨钻磨除C2棘突下部和椎板下缘2/3,术后脊髓漂移距离达(3.4±0.8)mm, C5麻痹发生率为4.9%。他们认为半椎板切除术操作简单,联合螺钉固定对颈椎稳定性影响较小,能降低术后轴性症状、后凸畸形发生率,保持了颈椎管完整性,避免了瘢痕组织再次压迫脊髓,但半椎板切除椎管扩大范围相对有限。
研究表明,椎板切除术与器械融合将提供更多稳定性,并能抑制颈椎OPLL的进展[25]。因此,植入固定装置(如侧块螺钉)对于椎板切除术至关重要,尤其是多节段椎板切除术、C2棘突缺损患者,必然导致以颈椎半棘肌为代表的颈椎后方肌肉韧带复合体有效附着点丧失,进而发生颈后肌萎缩,轴性症状高发[26]。
2. 颈椎后路椎管扩大成形术
颈椎后路椎管扩大成形术是目前治疗颈椎OPLL 最常用术式,由于累及C2节段的OPLL患者同时伴有其他节段脊髓压迫,也可联合其他减压术式。颈椎后路椎管扩大成形术根据打开椎板的方式,可分为单开门式与双开门式椎管扩大成形术[27]。
2.1. 单开门式椎管扩大成形术
单开门式椎管扩大成形术是治疗多节段颈椎OPLL的常用术式,最早由Hirabayashi提出,术中将后方一侧椎板掀开形成一定角度来增加椎管容积,基于“弓弦原理”,脊髓可向后方漂浮,避开前方骨化物的压迫,达到解除脊髓压迫的目的[28]。该术式适用于K线阳性、颈椎OPLL合并脊髓后方压迫,C2、3节段及以上骨化灶引起明显脊髓压迫或脊髓信号改变,C2和C3椎体之间节段性后凸,C2、3节段椎管侵占>50%的OPLL患者[28-30],具有耗时短、损伤相对较小,操作简单、安全性较高的优点。Liu等[28]回顾分析了55例累及C2节段的颈椎OPLL患者临床资料,发现C2~7椎管扩大成形术可显著改善患者神经功能及颈部功能障碍,但难以阻止术后OPLL进展。而且,打开C2后方椎板的单开门式椎管扩大成形术会破坏C2肌肉韧带复合体,对颈椎整体序列影响较大,易导致颈椎脊柱不稳定,术后易出现轴性症状,若合并神经根与椎管或硬膜粘连,减压效果差。Yu等[30]对28例患者行C2~7单开门式椎管扩大成形术,术后C2节段脊髓可用空间达(14.07±1.27)mm,相比C2穹窿式椎板成形术,在扩大椎管方面更具优势。因此,他们建议对C2、3节段骨化物椎管侵占>50%或发育性颈椎管狭窄患者行C2~7单开门式椎管扩大成形术,但术后轴性症状发生率高,主要原因是C2肌肉韧带复合体被破坏。C2肌肉韧带复合体是由棘上韧带、棘间韧带和附着在棘突上的肌群组成,是维持颈椎稳定性的重要结构,其中颈半棘肌和C2棘突对于维持颈椎后部张力和生理前凸至关重要[31]。Yang等[32]提出采用新型三孔钛板固定来重建C2肌肉韧带复合体,螺钉经近端双孔固定于椎板上,采用缝线将颈半棘肌和颈后伸肌缝合并经远端单孔固定在侧块上,能有效减少颈椎后部肌肉萎缩以及轴性症状的发生。
单开门式椎管扩大成形术范围常规以狭窄节段向远端或近端延长1个节段最佳,当累及C2后方骨化物压迫造成椎管狭窄时,需要向上扩展至C2椎体水平,甚至至C1椎体水平[33]。Sugrue等[34]研究认为若影像学检查示颈椎骨化物明显压迫脊髓,即使患者无神经症状,也建议尽早手术,因为骨化物长期压迫会导致脊髓缺血变性,发生不可逆损伤。Park等[35]研究表明累及C2节段的颈椎OPLL患者骨化物进展风险相对较高,尤其是年轻患者,C2~7单开门式椎管扩大成形术难以解决骨化物进展问题,建议以固定融合术为主。
2.2. 双开门式椎管扩大成形术
双开门式椎管扩大成形术是由Kimura在单开门式手术基础上提出,术中将后方双侧椎板掀开扩大椎管容积,适用于骨化物小而轻微、合并双侧神经根病变、颈椎不稳定的OPLL患者[36-37]。Yuan等[38]的研究显示C2双开门式椎管扩大成形术减压范围较大且对称,手术创伤较小,可降低双侧再关门概率,避免棘突偏向一侧情况。但是该术式术后轴性症状发生风险较高,存在内植物可能脱位进入椎管、硬膜囊损伤及再狭窄等并发症,目前应用较少。
3. 颈椎穹窿式椎板成形术
颈椎穹窿式椎板成形术也称为“穹顶下减压”、“潜行减压”等,1989年Matsuzaki等[39]首次提出用于C2椎板减压。术中通过去除C2椎板下部约1/2进行减压,适用于不伴有后凸畸形、颈椎不稳,R线阴性的颈椎OPLL患者[14-15, 40]。该术式能够保留 C2棘突上的肌肉韧带复合体,有效减少术后轴性症状,可获得良好的颈椎曲度和活动度[41]。 Moon等[14]研究分析了79例累及C2节段的颈椎OPLL 患者,结果显示经颈椎穹窿式椎板成形术可获得良好减压效果,但其中7例患者术后减压不彻底,需进一步行翻修手术。他们通过分析该7例患者资料,依据骨化物最大压迫程度和C2、3局部前凸角提出了一项新的评估C2后方脊髓减压程度影像学指标——R 线,即在MRI 矢状位中轴的T2加权像上,在脊髓受压最严重平面椎管后缘,作1条平行于C2和C3椎体中心点连线的平行线。该线若接触到C2 椎板上半部分为阳性,反之则为阴性。Lee等[15]将R线用于36例累及C2节段的颈椎OPLL 患者资料分析,结果表明R线阳性是行C2穹窿式椎板成形术后再手术的危险因素。还有研究发现颈椎后路椎板成形术后超过 70%OPLL 患者骨化物会进展,其中C2节段约占42%,每年进展 0.3~2.0 mm,术后 4~6 年部分患者进展有加速趋势[29]。因此,行C2穹窿式椎板成形术还需进一步考虑骨化物进展情况。
4. 创新术式
4.1. 颈椎前路Shelter技术
颈椎前路Shelter技术是由国内史建刚团队[3]首创,通过在C2椎体后方截骨制造空间,将C2后方骨化物与C3后方椎体骨化物复合体一起前移至预先建立的空间,实现C2节段脊髓减压,相较传统的上颈椎前路手术更安全有效,可降低术后脑脊液漏发生率,为累及C2节段的颈椎OPLL提供新的治疗思路。该术式适用于节段型或局限型(<3个节段)颈椎OPLL、椎管侵占>50%患者[3]。但由于上颈椎处神经血管丰富,手术操作困难,术后吞咽困难、内固定失败发生风险高,严重时甚至损伤延髓导致呼吸心跳停止。而且该术式需要截骨,手术操作难度大,存在C2后方骨化与C3后方骨化不相连、C2后方骨化与C2椎体相连等情况时手术风险较高[42]。
4.2. 双穹顶式椎管成形术
双穹顶式椎管成形术是韩国Dong-Ho Lee教授团队提出的一种新减压术式,仅截除C2椎板内侧部分进而扩大椎管容积,适用于不伴有后凸畸形、颈椎不稳的颈椎OPLL患者[7]。该团队研究显示C2节段术后椎管前后径平均增加69.7%,脊髓后移距离为(5.3±0.2)mm,术后减压效果良好,可避免C2椎板的切除,减少颈部疼痛,保持颈椎曲度[7]。然而,该术式应用相对局限,年轻患者通过该术式虽然椎管暂时减压,但累及多节段的OPLL会逐渐生长,患者在未来可能再次复发造成颈脊髓病。因此,对于年轻患者推荐进行融合术,而椎管成形术更适用于老年患者或者OPLL生长缓慢的患者[43]。
5. 总结与展望
现阶段治疗颈椎OPLL的各类术式均有其优势及不足,无一种手术方式可以达到治愈效果。注意术前充分了解患者症状体征,完善影像学检查,根据骨化物大小、类型、颈椎管狭窄程度、颈椎序列、受累节段数量、K线及R线测量结果等,制定手术方案,以期达到颈椎OPLL手术微创、精准、安全的目标。
对于累及C2节段的颈椎OPLL,手术仍以后路手术为主,操作相对简单,通过间接减压可以解决大部分C2后方骨化物压迫的问题,但难以恢复颈椎生理曲度,存在术后轴性症状、C5神经根麻痹、部分神经减压不彻底等问题。如何实现彻底减压与维持颈椎稳定是术者需要思考的问题,R线的提出为术者选择手术方式提供了新指标。颈椎前路Shelter技术打破以往上颈椎前路的相对禁忌,双穹顶式椎管成形术相对扩大了穹窿式椎板成形术椎管减压程度。随着对OPLL病理及发病机制的研究深入,一些新型的非手术治疗方案已出现,如Tang等[44]发现外泌体miR-140-5p通过靶向IGF1R和调节mTOR通路在OPLL中阻止异位骨化,这为OPLL的病因治疗提供了可能。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点及其报道
作者贡献声明 刘腾:综述构思及文章撰写;古国宁、詹晨光、李海山:文献查阅;郭惠智、李永贤、莫国业、袁凯:资料整合;唐永超、张顺聪、杨志东:审校并修改论文
Funding Statement
广州市科技计划项目(202102021040、202201020500、2023B03J0379);广东省中医药局科研项目(20203004、20221146);广东省基础与应用基础研究项目(2021A1515012168、2020A1515110948)
Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (202102021040, 202201020500, 2023B03J0379); Funds from Administration of Chinese Traditional Medicine of Guangdong Province (20203004, 20221146); Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021A1515012168, 2020A1515110948)
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