Patient perspectives on home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after total hip arthroplasty: A qualitative study (PHETHAS-2)

Anne Grøndahl Poulsen; Janni Dahlgaard Gravesen; Merete Nørgaard Madsen; Lone Ramer Mikkelsen; Thomas Bandholm; Camilla Blach Rossen

doi:10.12688/f1000research.51684.5

. 2023 Jun 26;10:382. Originally published 2021 May 13. [Version 5] doi: 10.12688/f1000research.51684.5

Patient perspectives on home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after total hip arthroplasty: A qualitative study (PHETHAS-2)

Anne Grøndahl Poulsen ^1,^a, Janni Dahlgaard Gravesen ¹, Merete Nørgaard Madsen ¹, Lone Ramer Mikkelsen ^1,², Thomas Bandholm ³, Camilla Blach Rossen ¹

PMCID: PMC10285331 PMID: 37359253

Version Changes

Revised. Amendments from Version 4

This revised edition of the paper address the two constructive comments from reviewer 3. The revisions include listing the four subthemes in the beginning of the Results section, and adding further reflections on the key finding of 'no pain' as a potential barrier for performing the home-based rehabilitation exercise program as instructed.

Abstract

Background: Home-based rehabilitation exercise following Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) shows similar outcomes compared to supervised outpatient rehabilitation exercise. Little is known about patients' experiences with home-based rehabilitation, and this study aimed to investigate how patients perceived home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after THA, focusing on facilitators and barriers.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews of qualitative design were conducted with 22 patients who had undergone THA and who had performed home-based rehabilitation exercise. The study took place in a regional hospital in Denmark between January 2018 and May 2019. Data were analyzed using an interpretive thematic analysis approach, with theoretical underpinning from the concept ‘conduct of everyday life’. The study is embedded within the Pragmatic Home-Based Exercise Therapy after Total Hip Arthroplasty-Silkeborg trial (PHETHAS-1).

Results: The main theme, ‘wishing to return to the well-known everyday life’, and four subthemes were identified. Generally, participants found the home-based rehabilitation exercise boring but were motivated by the goal of returning to their well-known everyday life and performing their usual general physical activities, though some lacked contact to physiotherapist. Participants enrolled in the PHETHAS-1 study used the enrollment as part of their motivation for doing the exercises.

Both pain and the absence of pain were identified as barriers for doing home-based rehabilitation exercise. Pain could cause insecurity about possible medical complications, while the absence of pain could lead to the rehabilitation exercise being perceived as pointless.

Conclusions: The overall goal of returning to the well-known everyday life served as a facilitator for undertaking home-based rehabilitation exercise after THA along with the flexibility regarding time and place for performing exercises. Boring exercises as well as both pain and no pain were identified as barriers to the performance of home-based rehabilitation exercise. Participants were motivated towards performing general physical activities which were part of their everyday life.

Keywords: total hip arthroplasty, rehabilitation, qualitative research, patient perspective

Introduction

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common surgical intervention in Western countries. It is often performed as fast-track surgery and the number of THAs has been rising. ¹ ^, ² Fast-track surgery has proven to be effective in terms of reducing costs, length of hospital stay, morbidity, and convalescence. ³ ^, ⁴ In Denmark alone, 11,000 THAs are performed every year, ⁵ with patients routinely being discharged from the hospital within two days of surgery. ⁶

Rehabilitation exercise is a customary part of the postoperative program for patients undergoing THA, in the expectation that it will reduce pain and increase mobility. ⁷ This is also the case in Denmark, with each hospital having different procedures. Some hospitals refer patients to supervised rehabilitation exercise in the municipality while others recommend home-based rehabilitation exercise after initial instruction is provided. ⁸ Level 1a-evidence from systematic reviews show that supervised exercise after THA provides no additional benefit compared to home-based rehabilitation exercise after initial instruction, when considering patient-reported function, pain, health-related quality of life, or performance-based functions. ⁹ ^, ¹⁰ Additionally, home-based rehabilitation is presumably less expensive than supervised rehabilitation, and with rising healthcare costs, one might expect home-based rehabilitation exercise to become even more prevalent in the future.

There are indications that adherence to home-based rehabilitation exercise is low which might affect outcome. Jan et al. found that only half of their included participants performed 50% or more of the prescribed home-based rehabilitation exercise. ¹¹ They also found that the high compliance group showed greater improvements in muscle strength and functional ability compared to the low compliance group. ¹¹ Studies also find that patients have low expectations to obtain greater levels of activity than pre-operatively, ¹² yet we know little about patients' perspectives, including facilitators and barriers, regarding home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after THA.

The PHETHAS studies were founded to support and optimize clinical pathways with patients rehabilitating at home after THA. PHETHAS-1 ( ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03109821, April 12, 2017) quantitatively investigates the physical outcomes of performing a home-based rehabilitation exercise program, which after initial instruction was performed without further supervision, ¹² while this study, PHETHAS-2, qualitatively investigates how patients perceive this home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after THA, focusing on facilitators and barriers.

Methods

Ethics statement

The study complies with the declaration of Helsinki ¹⁴ and was approved by The Ethics Committee of Central Denmark Region and the Danish Data Protection Agency (ref. no: 1-16-02-589-15). The interviewer obtained written informed consent from participants prior to the interviews being conducted. Consent included participation in the interview, and consent for the participant’s data being used in analysis, including publication of anonymized quotations.

Theoretical underpinning

The concept ‘conduct of everyday life’ from critical psychology ¹⁵ ^, ¹⁶ was chosen as the theoretical underpinning for this study. ‘Conduct of everyday life’ is an overall concept that embraces the complexity of an individual's everyday life across contexts. ¹⁵ ^, ¹⁶ It includes the different aspects of a person's everyday life, which could be working, performing general physical activities, or home-based rehabilitation exercises. According to theory, the individual person will prioritize activities based on what he/she considers will contribute to their subjective understanding of ‘quality of life’. ¹⁵ ^, ¹⁶

Using ‘conduct of everyday life’ as the theoretical underpinning provides the potential to elucidate how patients integrate both general physical activity and home-based rehabilitation exercise into their everyday lives in the rehabilitation period, thereby informing on possible patient perceived barriers and facilitators for performing the rehabilitation exercise.

We defined home-based rehabilitation exercise as a plan of physical activities in which patients received an initial instruction at the hospital and was performed at the participants’ home without further supervision. It is designed and prescribed to meet specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries. This definition is synonymous with the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) term ‘Exercise therapy’ as defined in the PubMed MeSH database. ¹⁷ Our definition is also in alignment with the World Health Organization’s description of ‘exercises’ as a subcategory of ‘physical activity’. ¹⁸ In this study we distinguish this type of prescribed rehabilitation exercise from general physical activity undertaken while working, playing, gardening, and engaging in leisure time activities.

Participants and recruitment

Participants were recruited from a Danish Regional Hospital in the period January 2018 to September 2019. In terms of study inclusion and exclusion criterion, adults > 18 years who had undergone a primary THA due to osteoarthritis were included, but any patients who had been referred for supervised rehabilitation were excluded. The participants also needed to understand written and spoken Danish. The participants were purposely sampled ¹⁹ with the aim of reflecting the gender and ages of typical THA patients ²⁰ as well as representation of both patients from standard care and patients participating in Phethas-1 (see below). Furthermore, sampling was based on the ongoing analysis including themes that were under continual development. When thick descriptions of the themes were obtained and no new themes were identified, recruitment was terminated. ²⁴ All invited patients accepted participation.

As this study was embedded in the PHETHAS-1 study, participants were recruited from patients enrolled in PHETHAS-1 by the researcher responsible for PHETHAS-1 (MNM) in a face-to-face approach. Participants in PHETHAS-1 may have been more motivated to exercise than the average THA patient and hence may have been more adherent than those who decline participation in clinical exercise trials. Furthermore, it could be speculated that outcome assessments in PHETHAS-1 (exercise dairy, elastic band sensor and physical testing) may increase adherence for participants compared to standard care patients, who did not have a sensor on their elastic band, an exercise diary, nor were they physically tested. With this in mind, and to avoid gathering data from participants of PHETHAS-1 only, we recruited an additional eight participants from standard care. Standard care participants were recruited in a face-to-face approach by physiotherapists responsible for the standard care pathway at the hospital (see Figure 1). A total of 22 participants were included. No participants dropped out. All participants were instructed to perform the exact same home-based rehabilitation exercise. This included an instruction before hospital discharge, where the patients were instructed to perform daily unloaded hip exercises for the first three weeks. At the clinical follow up after three weeks, the patients were instructed to perform strengthening exercises every second day, supplemented with daily balance exercises and stretching of the hip flexor muscles. The strengthening exercises were hip abduction, hip flexion and hip extension with elastic band resistance plus sit-to-stand exercise. Details of this home-based rehabilitation exercise have previously been published, ¹³ see Figure 1 for an overview.

Data collection

The interviews took place during the period February 2018 to December 2019. Demographic data in terms of age, gender and working status (retired or not) were collected. The demographics of the participants are illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1. Characteristics of study participants.

	Participants recruited from standard care (n = 8)	Participants recruited from PHETHAS-1 ^* (n = 14)	All participants (n = 22)
Gender (female/male) Number (percent)	6/2 (75/25)	4/10 (29/71)	10/12 (45/55)
Mean age (years) Median (range)	70 (42-82)	69 (48-80)	69 (42-82)
Retired (yes/no) Number (percent)	5/3 (63/37)	10/4 (71/29)	15/7 (68/32)

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Pragmatic Home-Based Exercise after Total Hip Arthroplasty – Silkeborg (PHETHAS-1) is a trial investigating the preliminary efficacy of home-based rehabilitation using elastic band exercise on performance-based function after Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Individual interviews with the participants were conducted to gain an in-depth knowledge of their experiences with home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after THA. ²¹ The interviews were guided by a semi-structured interview guide, ²¹ ^, ²² which is provided in Extended data. ²³ The interview guide was informed by existing knowledge in the field of THA along with the theoretical concept ‘conduct of everyday life'. The first interviews conducted were planned for pilot testing the interview guide, but since no changes were found necessary regarding interview guide and procedure, these interviews were included for analysis.

Data collection and recruitment was guided by a concurrent data analysis. ²⁴ The interviews were conducted 10 weeks postoperatively. At this point in time patients had experience performing the home-based exercise program and 10 weeks postoperatively was also the point of time for the physical testing of PHETHAS-1 participants and thereby the participatory burden for these participants was minimized.

Participants enrolled in PHETHAS-1 were physically tested at the hospital 10 weeks postoperatively and were individually interviewed afterwards in a private meeting room. Participants following standard care were interviewed in their homes ( Figure 1). Occasionally a spouse was present when the interview was conducted, but they did not interfere or participate in the interview. Interviews were audio recorded and lasted an average of 43 minutes (20–67 minutes). The interviews were conducted by AG, JG and CR, who are all female researchers. AG is a physiotherapist with experience in rehabilitation following THA and both JG and CR are registered nurses without specific experience with rehabilitation following THA. AG and JG, both research assistants holding a master’s degree, are trained in the qualitative field of research and are trained interviewers. They were supervised in between interviews by CR, who is a researcher holding a PhD, and an experienced qualitative researcher and interviewer.

Data analysis

Data were thematically analyzed. This is a method for identifying and analyzing patterns of meaning across data. ²⁵ ^, ²⁶ The audio recordings were transcribed verbatim by assistants. The transcripts were subsequently read and corrected by AG and JG, while listening back on the recordings. Initially, the interviews were manually coded by AG and JG, with supervision and input from CR. The coding process was carried out both deductively and inductively. The deductive part of the analysis was guided by theory e.g. how the participants integrate home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity as part of their everyday life during the rehabilitation period. This included which activities they prioritized and why, along with factors serving as motivators or barriers respectively. The inductive part of analysis added an openness for other themes of importance in the dataset. ²⁵ ^, ²⁶ The coding process generated potential themes which were continuously revised and discussed with co-authors. The original data were re-visited to validate the final themes using an iterative process. ²⁵ ^, ²⁶ The analytic process was supported by NVivo version 12 software ²⁷ (this can be replicated using Taguette, a free, open source alternative).

Results

The analysis of the data resulted in the identification of one main theme, ‘wishing to return to the habitual everyday life’, which is expanded on below, including four subthemes named ‘Lack of contact to a physiotherapist’, ‘Presence and absence of pain’, ‘General physical activity versus rehabilitation exercise’, and ‘Impact of participation in PHETHAS-1’. Barriers and facilitators to performing the home-based rehabilitation exercise program were identified throughout the theme and subthemes and are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2. Facilitators and barriers to home based rehabilitation exercises.

Facilitators	Barriers
• Goal of returning to everyday life • Flexibility regarding time and place • Obligation due to participation in other research study (PHETHAS-1) and to the associated researcher	• Pain, both absence and presence of pain • Boring exercises • Lack of support from physiotherapist • Being able to perform usual everyday activities

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Wishing to return to the habitual everyday life

All participants wished to be physically active and their overall goal was to return to their habitual everyday life. The following quote came from a male participant who was still working and enjoyed being active through sports.

P04: The goal was to be able to do sports again. Primarily to be pain free. And then leading a more or less ordinary life again with some sports. […] Aesthetically it is nice to get outside and experience the world with your eyes and ears, as you do when you go outside. First and foremost, the aim of the operation was to get my quality of life back again and then pain free.

Participants’ goals were to return to their usual everyday life, consisting of activities that contribute to their quality of life. What they perceived as valuable activities were unique to each individual, and they used their own habitual everyday activities as a reference point. Therefore, the primary facilitator for performing the home-based rehabilitation exercise program was the participants' belief that conducting the exercise program would bring them closer to their goal of returning to their everyday life.

When asked whether there were times when it was difficult to get the home-based rehabilitation exercise done, a male participant who worked part time in a shop answered:

P07: No. If something came up, I did it in the evening. […] I think it is nice you can decide for yourself when you do it, compared to going somewhere to see a physiotherapist.

Analysis showed that for some participants, flexibility on when and where to include the rehabilitation exercise in their everyday life helped facilitate their performance of rehabilitation exercise. The flexibility made room for prioritizing activities that they considered as contributing to their quality of life, because they could perform the exercise program at a suiting time and place, which also meant that rehabilitation was free of geography, creating a possibility for visiting friends and family without compromising their rehabilitation program. In this sense, the home-based rehabilitation exercises had an advantage compared to supervised rehabilitation.

Lack of contact to a physiotherapist

Some participants missed being in contact with a physiotherapist during the rehabilitation period. One participant, who was retired from an office job, described how she took initiative to phone the hospital staff to address certain issues she was worried about. She would have preferred to participate in group training with a physiotherapist compared to performing home-based rehabilitation.

P12: Because first of all you could have your exercises corrected. Second you could have been told when to use a tighter elastic band. And talk to the others. And this thing in my head being so afraid of crossing my legs, I think that could have been killed [laughing]. And then I might have been able to talk about pain in the groin, because I did have a lot of pain in the groin. Just being told to go see my own [private] physiotherapist with that problem. That would have been nice.

Lack of contact with a physiotherapist during the period of performing the home-based rehabilitation exercise could be identified as a potential barrier for some participants. The quote above reflects the patient’s concerns about missing the possibility to address issues of uncertainty with both a physiotherapist and other THA patients.

Presence and absence of pain

Most participants had experienced post-surgical pain, but in a degree that did not affect their performance of the home-based rehabilitation exercise. However, analysis revealed that both having more intense pain as well as having no pain affected performance of home-based rehabilitation exercise. A male participant working in academia and who was usually active, experienced rather intense pain and described his struggle:

P06: I think the challenge all along has been how much it must hurt. We are instructed to repeat to exhaustion, […]but where is that point when you are in pain?

Other participants felt hardly any pain at all. An active female participant, who was retired from the healthcare sector, explained how having no pain affected her:

P14: When you get out of bed three hours after the surgery and walk and bike and climb stairs and go all the way down the hall and back again and you notice nothing. Then you say to yourself: nothing is wrong with you. […] Then you really have to pull yourself together to do the exercises, because you already feel that you can do everything.

Our analysis paradoxically showed that both pain and the absence of pain can be seen as barriers in regard to performing the home-based rehabilitation exercise. Experiencing pain lead to insecurity about whether exercises were performed correctly or whether to perform them at all, since pain might be associated with not performing exercises correctly or with exercises being harmful.

Absence of pain made it possible for participants to achieve their goal and return to their habitual and preferred everyday life. Home based rehabilitation exercises were not a part of any participants’ usual everyday life, therefore absence of pain made it tempting to stop conducting the rehabilitation exercise program.

General physical activity versus rehabilitation exercise

Participants consistently distinguished between the instructed home-based rehabilitation exercise which was not part of their usual everyday life, and the general physical activities they considered part of their everyday life. Analysis showed no barriers towards general physical activities. Subsequently, analysis identified the subtheme ‘general physical activity versus rehabilitation exercise’.

This retired female participant was usually very active with hiking and fitness. She explained:

P001: Well, I would rather do normal activities, long walks or something like that. That’s what I prefer. And I do the exercises to achieve that. I mean, it is quite boring doing those exercises, it depends on what’s on the radio [laughs]. […] I do them to be able to do the other things.

For most participants, the rehabilitation exercise was used as a means of regaining their habitual everyday life. Their usual general physical activities contributed to their understanding of quality of life and were considered joyful, hence they were more motivated to engage in physical activity compared the rehabilitation exercises. But the goal of returning to usual activities became a facilitator for conducting the rehabilitation exercise, even though they were perceived as boring and time consuming.

A male participant, who had already restarted work and exercise, explained why he no longer performed the rehabilitation exercise as instructed.

P008: It is going so well [laughing]. I do them, [the exercises] but not … maybe not every day, and there are days where I have forgotten.

Being able to perform usual everyday activities became a barrier for doing the exercise program for some participants, because they already had achieved their goals of returning to their habitual every life. To this group, as their level of functioning improved and they were able to perform their usual activities, they perceived the rehabilitation exercises as having lost their purpose.

Impact of participation in PHETHAS-1

Analysis revealed a difference between the group of standard care participants and participants also enrolled in PHETHAS-1. Standard care participants more often modified the home-based rehabilitation exercises as illustrated in the citation above.

In contrast, a very active male participant enrolled in PHETHAS-1 explained his motivation for performing the exercises:

Interviewer: […] As you have resumed all these usual activities, are you still motivated for doing the exercises with the elastic band?

P08: I think so, yes. Absolutely, because it is part of this trial [PHETHAS-1] that I wish to be very loyal to. So I have followed it completely. Otherwise you can’t use it for anything if you don’t know whether one just filled it [the training diary] out as one pleases.

Analysis showed that for the group of participants enrolled in PHETHAS-1, their enrolment served as a facilitator for performing the rehabilitation exercises exactly as instructed, even after they had resumed their habitual everyday life. Participants referred to an obligation towards the researcher in PHETHAS-1 and the study they had signed up for, and also rationalized, that performing the exercises would be beneficial e.g. in terms of muscle strengthening.

Discussion

Based on analysis of 22 interviews with participants who had undergone THA surgery we found that participants had a goal of returning to their habitual conduct of everyday life after their THA surgery, and this goal served as a main facilitator for performing the home-based rehabilitation exercise program. Participants' goal of returning to their usual everyday life have also been reported in other studies, ¹² ^, ²⁸ and a review by Smith et al conclude that patients have little interest in achieving greater levels of physical activity than they had before the hip restricted their functioning. ²⁷ Returning to the usual conduct of everyday life is also a well-known motivating force within the theory of critical psychology. ²⁹ In that light, it is not surprising that the participants in our study began modifying the exercise program, when they were able to return to their habitual activities.

Data also showed that participants were motivated for general physical activity and would prefer such activities rather than performing the home-based rehabilitation exercise. As general physical activities are part of everyday life, this motivation correlates well with the goal of returning to the habitual everyday life. Meanwhile this strong motivation for reaching their goals, supported participants in overcoming the barrier of perceiving the home-based rehabilitation exercises as boring.

This finding is supported by a study by Specht et al who find that patients are motivated to perform rehabilitation exercises to achieve individual goals. ³⁰ Specht et al discuss how patients with intrinsic motivation might be better suited for home-based rehabilitation exercise program, compared to patients with more extrinsic motivation, who might need motivation like obligations towards a professional to perform the exercises. ³⁰ In our study, the participants' individual goal was to return to their everyday life. Using the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the goal of returning to their habitual conduct of everyday life would serve as an intrinsic motivation, but this would no longer apply when the goal is reached. So there appears to be an additional temporal factor involved, since the intrinsic motivation of having a goal of returning to the usual everyday life fades when the goal is reached or partly reached. When aiming for adherence towards a home based rehabilitation program for a specific period of time, an initial period of performing the program on their own might advantageously be followed by a period with contact to a physiotherapist. On the other hand, we might want to consider the relevance of aiming for adherence to a rehabilitation exercise program for a specific period of time. If the patient is rehabilitated and have reached their goal of returning to their habitual everyday life earlier than estimated, is performance of rehabilitation exercise still necessary?

Some participants described a wish to have contact with a physiotherapist who would be able to provide guidance and support during the rehabilitation period. Positive impact of being in contact with a therapist during rehabilitation is supported in a review by Davenport et al. ³¹ In terms of motivation this would serve as an extrinsic motivational factor for performing the home based rehabilitation exercises. Some of the participants in this study wished for contact to a physiotherapist, because they experienced barriers such as doubt of whether the exercises were performed correctly or whether to perform them at all e.g. due to pain. In such a situation the person might be fully motivated for performing the exercises on their own, but choose not to do so due to doubt regarding how to handle pain. According to Davenport et al, this would be accommodated when in contact with a therapist. ³¹

Specht et al showed that patients can have a feeling of uncertainty when being left alone to perform the rehabilitation exercise after discharge from the hospital when dealing with pain. ³⁰ Our study adds the knowledge that not only pain, but also absence of pain can be identified as a barrier for performing home-based rehabilitation exercise. Health care professionals would often view a patient’s reporting of ‘no pain’ as merely positive, since pain is a major cause for getting THA surgery, ³² and no pain enables performance of the exercise program as instructed. Yet, our findings suggest that having no pain has the potential to negatively affect the motivation for performing home-based rehabilitation exercises, and this is an important finding. Standard care participants in this study gradually modified the instructed exercises as they were able to return to their habitual everyday life, and instead performed the usual general physical activities they felt contributed to their quality of life. Modifying the exercises might also be a way of handling the fact that most participants described the exercises as boring. Modifying therapeutic instructions is well known in other areas, ²⁹ but to our knowledge, this is the first time it is described in THA patients.

The difference found between the two groups regarding adherence towards the home based rehabilitation exercises is also important when reading and assessing results from clinical training studies. Results from our study indicate that participants also enrolled in PHETHAS-1 had a higher degree of adherence in terms of performing exercises exactly as instructed for the full period of time recommended, while participants recruited from usual care modified exercises to a certain degree. Ultimately this would mean that caution should be taken regarding applying results from studies to patients in usual care, since they might not adhere to exercise programs in the same degree as participants in clinical training studies.

Perspectives

Several perspectives grow out of our study both in terms of implications for practice and for further research.

Importantly, most participants appreciate the home-based rehabilitation exercise program underscoring the flexibility of deciding for themselves when and where to perform the exercises. We have described in detail what this particular rehabilitation exercise program consisted of in Mikkelsen et al 2019. ¹³ Based on this, our study supports the use of home-based rehabilitation exercise, but attention should be paid towards patients who might need additional support and easy access to a physiotherapist should be provided.

Concerning participants’ wish to return to their usual everyday lives and this serving as a motivational factor for performing the exercises, it is important that healthcare professionals are in dialogue with the individual patient to identify which activities are preferred in their habitual everyday life, and on that basis decide on relevant goals for the rehabilitation period.

Further, physiotherapists working in this area might want to consider how to include general physical exercise into rehabilitation exercise programs, since participants generally favored this type of exercise over formal exercises. This might also address the finding of home-based rehabilitation exercises perceived as boring and thereby increase motivation and support adherence to the exercise program. Additionally, it would be useful to investigate whether general physical activities could be as effective as home-based rehabilitation exercise, and if so, whether future THA patients could rehabilitate by only doing their preferred physical activities.

There may be additional contributing factors in relation to patients’ perceptions of home-based rehabilitation exercise after THA. These could include age, gender, previous training experience, and culture. Further studies are needed to explore this.

Strengths and limitations

In this study we recruited participants from both the PHETHAS-1 study and from standard care. This combination of participants revealed an important difference in motivation towards adherence to, and performance of, the home-based rehabilitation program. The PHETHAS-1 participants had a higher degree of motivation towards adherence over time and performing exercises as instructed, but our findings showed no other differences between the two groups of participants. In addition to this specific point, one might argue that findings from the PHETHAS-1 participants have a lower degree of transferability to practice compared to the usual care participants. The two groups of participants also differed regarding the location of the interviews. Participants recruited from usual care were interviewed in their homes, while participants recruited from PHETHAS-1 study were interviewed in a hospital setting. This might have affected data e.g. if participants were more comfortable in their homes as well as being in the setting where the home based rehabilitation exercises were performed and therefore would give more open hearted and detailed interviews. Data retrieved from interviews conducted in both types of settings are similar which indicate that this potential limitation is not applicable to this study.

We recruited participants from only one hospital, which might affect transferability. Since the rehabilitation after THA differs between hospitals we have described in detail what this particular rehabilitation consisted of.

The participants in our study are considered relatively physically active, which could have influenced the results and it would have been favorable to have included more sedentary patients as well. Additionally, our participants consisted of fewer females which differs from the group of patients undergoing THA in general, where more females undergo THA compared to males. This might have affected our results.

In this study the participants did not expressed any barriers towards general physical activity. This might be a result of the patients considering barriers as only relevant towards activities they are expected to be able to perform, like the rehabilitation exercises, compared to activities they wish to be able to perform at some point in time. Also, in retrospective, the interview guide primarily focused on barriers towards performing the rehabilitation exercises and it might have enhanced nuances in data regarding potential barriers, if the interview guide had included specific questions regarding potential barriers toward general physical activity.

Scientific rigor is enhanced in this study by using theory throughout the scientific process ³³ ^, ³⁴ and triangulation in the form of more investigators collaborating on the analysis, is also considered a strength. ³⁴

Conclusion

The study findings showed that returning to habitual everyday life was a common goal for patients rehabilitating after THA. Thereby, habitual everyday life became a crucial mental driving force during the rehabilitation period and served as a facilitator for performing the home-based rehabilitation exercise, which was perceived as a means to achieve their goal. Attention should be paid towards each patient’s facilitators and barriers for home-based rehabilitation exercise, and it seems especially important to identify each individual's preferred activities in their habitual everyday life when planning and setting relevant goals for the rehabilitation period.

Data availability

Underlying data

Access to this data is restricted due to ethical reasons. The data cannot be made publicly available as it is not possible to sufficiently de-identify the interview transcripts, which contain information that could compromise research participant privacy and consent. Transcripts can be made available upon reasonable request e.g., for the purpose of reviewing this article. Please contact the corresponding author, Anne Grøndahl Poulsen ( anngrora@rm.dk). Please note that transcripts are in Danish.

Extended data

Figshare: PHETHAS-2. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14101877.v2. ²²

This project contains the following extended data:

•
Interviewguide.docx (semi-structured interview guide).

Reporting guidelines

Figshare: COREQ checklist for ‘Patient perspectives on home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after total hip arthroplasty: A qualitative study (PHETHAS-2)’. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14101877.v2. ²²

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Funding Statement

Lone Ramer Mikkelsen received a grant from The family Kjærsgaard foundation (grant number 6041401).

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

[version 5; peer review: 2 approved

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F1000Res. 2023 Jul 14. doi: 10.5256/f1000research.151910.r181572

Reviewer response for version 5

Thomas W Wainwright ^1,², Louise Mew ¹

Thank you for making the suggested changes.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes

Reviewer Expertise:

Orthopaedic surgery, physiotherapy, nursing, rehabilitation, enhanced recovery after surgery

We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

F1000Res. 2023 Jun 16. doi: 10.5256/f1000research.136997.r175917

Reviewer response for version 4

Thomas W Wainwright ^1,², Louise Mew ¹

This is a well-conducted and good study write-up, which is reported transparently and balanced in its conclusions. The qualitative approach is well chosen and allows the patient's perspective to be described. The authors have responded well to previous reviewers' recommendations, and these changes have improved the article.

We have a couple of minor points for the authors to consider.

For clarity, please could the authors list the four sub-themes in the second line of the results section after they state there are four sub-themes.
The findings regarding pain (presence and absence) and its relation to performing exercises are particularly interesting and highlighted in the abstract's conclusion. This is a novel angle and a perspective that has come from the patient's perspective, however, we feel that this finding could be explored and considered in more detail in the discussion section.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes

Reviewer Expertise:

Orthopaedic surgery, physiotherapy, nursing, rehabilitation, enhanced recovery after surgery

We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

F1000Res. 2022 Aug 9. doi: 10.5256/f1000research.136997.r146561

Reviewer response for version 4

Brocha Z Stern ¹

Thank you for the revisions to this very interesting manuscript on a timely and meaningful topic. I have no further comments.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes

Reviewer Expertise:

Rehabilitation, Qualitative Research, Musculoskeletal Conditions

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

F1000Res. 2022 Jul 5. doi: 10.5256/f1000research.135426.r142817

Reviewer response for version 3

Brocha Z Stern ¹

Thank you for the opportunity to review this revision. The authors have thoughtfully reflected on and addressed previous comments. This already interesting manuscript is much richer and clearer now.

Of note, the abstract (specifically the results) was not updated in this revision, and the number of themes/subthemes in the abstract is not consistent with the text.

The findings are much stronger. But - visually - it is unclear how the themes and subthemes are broken up. The formatting makes it appear that there are two primary themes while the authors state there is one theme and four subthemes.

Linkage of the barriers/facilitators in Table 2 to the new subthemes could also be clearer. Reframing the first paragraph of the Results section may help, e.g.: “The analysis of the data resulted in the identification of one main theme, ‘wishing to return to the habitual everyday life’, which is expanded on below, including four subthemes. Barriers and facilitators to performing the home-based rehabilitation exercise program were identified throughout the theme and subthemes and are summarized in Table 2.”

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes

Reviewer Expertise:

Rehabilitation, Qualitative Research, Musculoskeletal Conditions

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

F1000Res. 2022 Aug 1.

Anne Poulsen ¹

Dear reviewer

Thank you for your time and effort spend on reviewing the latest version of the manuscript Patient perspectives on home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after total hip arthroplasty: A qualitative study (PHETHAS-2). Your comments help improve the manusript and clarify areas of importance.

Please find listed below reviewer comments and our responses including subsequent actions taken to improve the manuscript. We hope you will find that the revisions address the issues commented in the review.

Sincerely,

Anne Grøndahl Poulsen, on behalf of the authors

Comment 1: "The abstract (specifically the results) was not updated in this revision, and the number of themes/subthemes in the abstract is not consistent with the text."

Response: Thank for pointing our attention towards this inconsistency between abstract and Results section. We have edited the Abstract to fit the editions made in the Results section in version 3 of the manuscript.

Comment 2: "The findings are much stronger. But - visually - it is unclear how the themes and subthemes are broken up. The formatting makes it appear that there are two primary themes while the authors state there is one theme and four subthemes."

Response: Thank you for noticing that the headings do not support the presentation of our results. The formatting of headings have been edited.

Comment 3: "Linkage of the barriers/facilitators in Table 2 to the new subthemes could also be clearer. Reframing the first paragraph of the Results section may help, e.g.: “The analysis of the data resulted in the identification of one main theme, ‘wishing to return to the habitual everyday life’, which is expanded on below, including four subthemes. Barriers and facilitators to performing the home-based rehabilitation exercise program were identified throughout the theme and subthemes and are summarized in Table 2.”"

Response: Thank you for this suggestion. To minimize any unclarities we have reworded the first paragraph of the Results section as suggested.

F1000Res. 2022 May 12. doi: 10.5256/f1000research.120752.r136480

Reviewer response for version 2

Brocha Z Stern ¹

Thank you for the opportunity to review this paper. This is a qualitative study exploring patients’ perspectives of unsupervised home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after a total hip arthroplasty. The sample includes patients enrolled in a pragmatic cohort study of unsupervised home-based exercise and patients not enrolled in the cohort study. All qualitative participants received the same exercise instructions and were interviewed at 10 weeks post-surgery. The data were synthesized into one main theme and a subtheme.

Overall, this is a very interesting paper on a timely topic, and the methods are detailed and transparent. The findings have implications for clinical practice to support patients’ recovery after total hip arthroplasty. The study is strengthened by use of a theoretical concept and inclusion of participants external to the cohort study. Figure 1 is an excellent diagram that helps the reader understand the flow of the study procedures. The discussion has been significantly enhanced in this version of the manuscript. Additionally, the authors engage in thoughtful reflection on whether adherence to rehabilitation exercise is necessary if people have returned to everyday life. Degree of data availability is appropriate given the study design.

I have a few questions and suggestions to further improve the clarity of reporting and richness of the findings.

Introduction

Additional specificity in the study aim is suggested to clarify that “home-based rehabilitation exercise” refers to an unsupervised program. Otherwise, in certain contexts, this label could be misinterpreted as supervised rehabilitation performed in a home setting versus an outpatient clinic.
The last sentence in the 3 ^rd paragraph may benefit from explicit mention of facilitators and barriers to improve the link between patient perspectives of rehabilitation exercise and the authors’ discussion of adherence.
The motivation to study patient perspectives of general physical activity, in addition to rehabilitation exercise, should be more clearly specified in the introduction, (particularly given the embedding of the interview study within a cohort study of rehabilitation exercise).

Methods

The definition of “home-based rehabilitation exercise” should perhaps also define “home-based.” Alternatively, the sentence could read, “We defined rehabilitation exercise as a plan of physical activities…”.
The authors have not fully addressed the previous reviewer’s comments about sampling. The authors confirm in their response that the size was not determined a priori, but how did they determine when to stop interviewing? Was any form of saturation used? Additionally, the modified sentence about purposeful sampling based on the ongoing analysis is unclear. Were specific participants recruited to fill gaps in knowledge (e.g., someone who was very adherent was purposefully selected because of emerging findings related to nonadherence)? Or is this statement actually meant to reflect decisions about how many participants to recruit versus who to recruit (i.e., sample size versus purposeful sampling)?
Did the standard care participants also have an exercise diary? It is included in the interview guide but only specified in Figure 1 for the PHETHAS-1 participants. If this was only for the PHETHAS-1 participants, could this have influenced the findings in any way, including the increased adherence noted in the cohort subsample?
Why was the time frame of 10 weeks post-op chosen for the interview? Was this related to how long patients were supposed to perform the home-based program?
Do AG, JG, or CR have any experience with rehabilitation? If so, that should be noted in addition to their research experience. If not, whether this is a limitation should be considered.
The data analysis section would be strengthened by additional detail about how the investigators moved from codes to themes.

Results

I have the same comment as the first reviewer regarding the findings. I appreciate the authors’ response that this synthesis best reflected the participants’ experiences in relation to the theoretical concept of “conduct of everyday life.” However, one theme with one subtheme may suggest a relatively shallow analysis given the amount of data collected and the inclusion of inductive coding. Specifically, additional subthemes may have enhanced the clarity and richness of the findings. Currently, a lot of information is distilled into the single main theme, which also limits the cohesion of the findings. For example, some of the specific barriers and facilitators to exercise performance do not directly align with the motivation of returning to everyday life and may have been better synthesized in a subtheme.
Regarding the label for the main theme, the meaning of “well-known” is unclear and is not evident in the description of the theme.
In Table 2, the language of “reaching goal of returning to everyday life” may imply that having achieved the goal is the facilitator. I believe the authors actually mean that the “goal of returning to everyday life” is the facilitator.
In Table 2, what is meant by the obligation to the associated physiotherapist? Wouldn’t this be relevant also for the non-cohort participants as a physio instructed them in their exercises? Is this more specifically obligation to the researcher?
I find it surprising that participants expressed no barriers toward general physical activities. Wouldn’t the presence of pain, for example, impede? Were there perhaps fewer barriers expressed versus no barriers? Or could this be an artifact related to the interview guide, which focused predominantly on rehabilitation exercise?
The information about different perspectives in PHETHAS-1 versus standard care participants does not clearly align with the subtheme and may fit better in the main theme. Additionally, regarding the comment that PHETHAS-1 participants shared that the exercises would benefit them personally, the implications are unclear. Are the authors saying that PHETHAS-1 participants perceived more benefit from the exercises because the exercises were situated in a research context?

Discussion

In the perspectives section, a citation to the protocol paper should be included by “we have described in detail what this particular rehabilitation consisted of” as most of the detail is not in the current paper.

Conclusion

The conclusion repeats the detailed findings but would be strengthened by including a general take-home message for the reader.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes

Reviewer Expertise:

Rehabilitation, Qualitative Research, Musculoskeletal Conditions

F1000Res. 2022 Jun 22.

Anne Poulsen ¹

Silkeborg, Denmark, 22th June 2022

Dear reviewer,

Thank you for the thorough review and highly valuable comments, improving the quality of the manuscript Patient perspectives on home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after total hip arthroplasty: A qualitative study (PHETHAS-2).

Please find listed below the reviewer comments, our responses and subsequent actions taken to improve the manuscript. We find that working with your comments greatly improved the manuscript and we hope you will find that the revisions address the concerns and issues raised in the review.

Sincerely,

Anne Grøndahl Poulsen, on behalf of the authors

Introduction

Reviewer comment 1

"Additional specificity in the study aim is suggested to clarify that “home-based rehabilitation exercise” refers to an unsupervised program. Otherwise, in certain contexts, this label could be misinterpreted as supervised rehabilitation performed in a home setting versus an outpatient clinic."

Author answer

Thank you for giving notice to this detail which might give rise to confusion. Since patients receive supervision in relation to instructions in the exercise program, we have clarified that the performance of the program is unsupervised.

We have added the passage marked in bold letters:

The PHETHAS studies were founded to support and optimize clinical pathways with patients rehabilitating at home after THA. PHETHAS-1 ( ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03109821, April 12, 2017) quantitatively investigates the physical outcomes of performing a home-based rehabilitation exercise program , which after initial instruction was performed without further supervision ¹² , while this study, PHETHAS-2, qualitatively investigates how patients perceive this home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after THA, focusing on facilitators and barriers.

Reviewer comment 2

"The last sentence in the 3 ^rd paragraph may benefit from explicit mention of facilitators and barriers to improve the link between patient perspectives of rehabilitation exercise and the authors’ discussion of adherence."

Author answer:

This is a relevant suggestion, which we comply with.

We have added the passage marked in bold letters:

Yet we know little about patients' perspectives including facilitators and barriers regarding home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after THA.

Reviewer comment 3

"The motivation to study patient perspectives of general physical activity, in addition to rehabilitation exercise, should be more clearly specified in the introduction, (particularly given the embedding of the interview study within a cohort study of rehabilitation exercise)."

Author answer:

Also a relevant suggestion, which we comply with.

We have added the passage marked in bold letters:

Studies also find that patients have low expectations to obtain greater levels of activity than pre-operatively ¹² , yet we know little about patients' perspectives, including facilitators and barriers, regarding home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after THA.

Methods

Reviewer comment 4

"The definition of “home-based rehabilitation exercise” should perhaps also define “home-based.” Alternatively, the sentence could read, “We defined rehabilitation exercise as a plan of physical activities…”."

Author answer:

Thank you for giving notice to this detail which might give rise to confusion. We have added a clarification to the definition. See also response to reviewer comment #1.

We have added the passage marked in bold letters:

We defined home-based rehabilitation exercise as a plan of physical activities in which patients received an initial instructed at the hospital and was performed at the participants' home without further supervision. It is designed and prescribed to meet specific therapeutic goals.

Reviewer comment 5

"The authors have not fully addressed the previous reviewer’s comments about sampling. The authors confirm in their response that the size was not determined a priori, but how did they determine when to stop interviewing? Was any form of saturation used?

Additionally, the modified sentence about purposeful sampling based on the ongoing analysis is unclear. Were specific participants recruited to fill gaps in knowledge (e.g., someone who was very adherent was purposefully selected because of emerging findings related to nonadherence)? Or is this statement actually meant to reflect decisions about how many participants to recruit versus who to recruit (i.e., sample size versus purposeful sampling)?"

Author answer:

Thank for this comment. We have added further details regarding the sampling process, describing the information we had to base our sampling of possible participants on, and how obtained quality of data guided termination of sampling.

We have edited the passage marked in bold letters:

The participants were purposely sampled with the aim of reflecting the gender and ages of typical THA patients as well as representation of both patients from standard care and patients participating in Phethas-1 (see below). Furthermore, sampling was based on the ongoing analysis including themes that were under continual development. When thick descriptions of the themes were obtained and no new themes were identified, recruitment was terminated. All invited patients accepted participation.

Reviewer comment 6

"Did the standard care participants also have an exercise diary? It is included in the interview guide but only specified in Figure 1 for the PHETHAS-1 participants. If this was only for the PHETHAS-1 participants, could this have influenced the findings in any way, including the increased adherence noted in the cohort subsample?"

Author answer:

It is correct, that the exercise diary was part of PHETHAS-1 and therefore standard care participants did not have an exercise dairy. It is a good point, and we have added a sentence relating to this comment in the Discussion section.

We have added the following sentence to the Discussion section:

Furthermore, it could be speculated that outcome assessments in PHETHAS-1 (exercise dairy, elastic band sensor and physical testing) may increase adherence for participants compared to standard care patients, who did not have a sensor on their elastic band, an exercise diary, nor were they physically tested.

Reviewer comment 7

"Why was the time frame of 10 weeks post-op chosen for the interview? Was this related to how long patients were supposed to perform the home-based program?"

Author answer:

PHETAS-1 was designed as a pragmatic study and many of the deign choices reflect this approach. We wanted the patients to have had sufficient experience in performing home-based rehabilitation exercise after their surgery. We thought 10 weeks would be sufficient. Ten weeks was also the time point where the participants came in for their assessment of the quantitative outcomes. So, to reduce the participatory burden and increase study efficiency, we conducted the interviews at 10 weeks.

We have added the following sentence to the Data collection section:

At this point in time patients had experience performing the home-based exercise program and 10 weeks postoperatively was also the point of time for the physical testing of PHETHAS-1 participants and thereby the participatory burden for these participants was minimized.

Reviewer comment 8

" Do AG, JG, or CR have any experience with rehabilitation? If so, that should be noted in addition to their research experience. If not, whether this is a limitation should be considered."

Author answer:

Thank for this relevant suggestion which we have addressed.

We have added the following sentence to the Methods section:

AG is a physiotherapist with experience in rehabilitation following THA and both JG and CR are registered nurses without specific experience with rehabilitation following THA.

Reviewer comment 9

"The data analysis section would be strengthened by additional detail about how the investigators moved from codes to themes."

Author answer:

Thank you for commenting on how detailed the analysis is described.

We have added the passage marked in bold letters:

The inductive part of analysis added an openness for other themes of importance in the dataset. The coding process generated potential themes, which were continuously revised and discussed with co-authors using an iterative process. The original data were re-visited to validate the final themes.

Results

Reviewer comment 10

"I have the same comment as the first reviewer regarding the findings. I appreciate the authors’ response that this synthesis best reflected the participants’ experiences in relation to the theoretical concept of “conduct of everyday life.” However, one theme with one subtheme may suggest a relatively shallow analysis given the amount of data collected and the inclusion of inductive coding. Specifically, additional subthemes may have enhanced the clarity and richness of the findings. Currently, a lot of information is distilled into the single main theme, which also limits the cohesion of the findings. For example, some of the specific barriers and facilitators to exercise performance do not directly align with the motivation of returning to everyday life and may have been better synthesized in a subtheme."

Author answer:

Thank you. We fully agree that especially the main theme has many nuances and details. We have chosen to meet the suggestion by dividing the section into additional subthemes, to support clarity and underscore the many nuances the themes included.

We have restructured the results section, which is now presented with one main theme and four subthemes to better illustrate the nuances and enhance clarity in our findings as commented on.

Reviewer comment 11

"Regarding the label for the main theme, the meaning of “well-known” is unclear and is not evident in the description of the theme."

Author answer:

Thank for this comment, which we have addressed.

The term "well-known" is replaced with habitual throughout the paper.

Reviewer comment 12

"In Table 2, the language of “reaching goal of returning to everyday life” may imply that having achieved the goal is the facilitator. I believe the authors actually mean that the “goal of returning to everyday life” is the facilitator."

Author answer:

Thank for this relevant suggestion which we have addressed.

We have edited the sentence into:

"goal of returning to everyday life”

Reviewer comment 13

"In Table 2, what is meant by the obligation to the associated physiotherapist? Wouldn’t this be relevant also for the non-cohort participants as a physio instructed them in their exercises? Is this more specifically obligation to the researcher?"

Author answer:

Thank for this comment, which we have addressed.

Associated physiotherapist is replaced with associated researcher.

Reviewer comment 14

"I find it surprising that participants expressed no barriers toward general physical activities. Wouldn’t the presence of pain, for example, impede? Were there perhaps fewer barriers expressed versus no barriers? Or could this be an artifact related to the interview guide, which focused predominantly on rehabilitation exercise?"

Author answer:

Thank you for this comment. It is a good point which we have addressed by adding a passage to the Discussion section.

We have added the following passage to the Discussion section:

In this study the participants did not expressed any barriers towards general physical activity. This might be a result of the patients considering barriers as only relevant towards activities they are expected to be able to perform, like the rehabilitation exercises, compared to activities they wish to be able to perform at some point in time. Also, in retrospect, the interview guide primarily focused on barriers towards performing the rehabilitation exercises and it might have enhanced nuances in data regarding potential barriers, if the interview guide had included specific questions regarding potential barriers toward general physical activity.

Reviewer comment 15

"a) The information about different perspectives in PHETHAS-1 versus standard care participants does not clearly align with the subtheme and may fit better in the main theme.

b) Additionally, regarding the comment that PHETHAS-1 participants shared that the exercises would benefit them personally, the implications are unclear. Are the authors saying that PHETHAS-1 participants perceived more benefit from the exercises because the exercises were situated in a research context?"

Author answer:

Thank you for these comments.

a) We have restructured the results section, which is now presented with one main theme and four subthemes, including the section referred to in this comment.

Reviewer response for version 1

Kirsten Specht ^1,²

This article addresses patients’ perspectives on home-based rehabilitation exercises following total hip arthroplasty (THA). The topic is investigated through a qualitative method using semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The study found the theme: 'wishing to return to the well-known everyday life', and the subtheme 'general physical activity versus rehabilitation exercise'. The topic of the paper is interesting and overall the paper is well-written; however, there are a number of issues throughout the paper.

Introduction:

The Introduction is a well-written section uncovering the knowledge within THA and home-based rehabilitation exercise.

Aim:

There are some concerns about the aim as it could reflect the title in a better way. The semi-structured interview guide sets the stage for broader and more open interviews with the patients’ perspectives on the topic in general, including facilitators and barriers. Rewording is wanted for the aim so that it better reflects the title which has a more open approach. A suggestion could be something like this: 'the study aimed to investigate how patients perceived home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after THA, including facilitators and barriers'.

Methods:

The theoretical underpinning with the use of the concept 'conduct of everyday life' fits the topic very well, and the definition of home-based rehabilitation exercise is helpful for the overall understanding of the paper.
The study investigates home-based rehabilitation exercises, for international readers, it is crucial to understand what it contains in Denmark and Silkeborg. Therefore, there is a need for a detailed description of home-based rehabilitation exercises.
Furthermore, was it the same programme for the two included groups? The authors have reference number 10 to describe the home-based rehabilitation exercise, this is a review, which confuses me. Please elaborate on the details of the programmes and whether they were similar for the two groups.

Regarding the patients and recruitment, please elaborate on some of the details:

Sample size – how was that determined?
How many were asked to participate in the study?
Did any refuse to participate?
Included participants from the PHETHAS-1 study were 14 – how many were included in the PHETHAS-1 study, as this might be the group of patients where the participants in the PHETHAS-2 study were selected?

Results:

Taking into account that the interviews lasted an average of 43 minutes and the open questions in the semi-structured interview guide, it is surprising that only one theme, including one under-theme, was generated. There must be huge data material from all these minutes of interviews. During the analysis process, could it be possible to find more valuable results to give more perspectives on the aim?
Quote P12: “Because first of all…" – Could another interpretation be more like a desire for a contact to the healthcare system because of uncertainty?
To build upon what is already known, it could be interesting if there were any quotes about the last question in the interview guide: We are considering investigating whether this exercise program works better than general physical activities, what do you think of this idea?

Discussion:

The Discussion section is very short. Further discussion about the meaning of motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic factors could be valuable for the paper.
The concept 'conduct of everyday life' was chosen as a theoretical framework, it would have been interesting to bring this framework into the discussion. Additionally, topics such as pain and absence of pain and individual expectations alignment could be further discussed.
To improve the Discussion section, more research and other theories on, for example, the above-mentioned topics could expand on the results and make implications for practice more clear.
Patients from the two groups were interviewed in different places (at the hospital and in their homes), what impact could that have on the results? In addition, patients being a part of another study, what consequences does that have for the transferability of the study?
Two paragraphs in the Discussion section belong more to the Conclusion or a perspective section: “Overall the participants …” and “There may be additional …”.

Conclusion:

The conclusion is supported by the results. However, adding a perspective section would be helpful to clarify how the findings can improve clinical practice."

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No source data required

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Reviewer Expertise:

Orthopaedics, fast-track in hip and knee arthroplasty, qualitative studies

F1000Res. 2022 Jan 27.

Anne Poulsen ¹

Dear Reviewer,

Please find listed below the reviewer comments, our responses, and subsequent actions taken to improve the manuscript. We find that working with your comments greatly improved the manuscript and we hope you will find that the revisions address the concerns and issues raised in the review.

Sincerely,

Anne Grøndahl Poulsen, on behalf of the authors

No 1.

Reviewer comments:

There are some concerns about the aim as it could reflect the title in a better way. The semi-structured interview guide sets the stage for broader and more open interviews with the patients’ perspectives on the topic in general, including facilitators and barriers. Rewording is wanted for the aim so that it better reflects the title which has a more open approach. A suggestion could be something like this: 'the study aimed to investigate how patients perceived home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after THA, including facilitators and barriers'.

Author response:

Thank you for turning our attention towards a better coherence between title and aim.

We have taken your suggestion into consideration and reworded the aim. At the same time (for transparency), we want to stay true to the meaning and wording of the original aim as laid out in the trial protocol (see reference under No.2, Action taken). We feel that the current revision of the aim does that.

Action taken:

Rewording of the aim into:

To investigate how patients perceived home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after THA, focusing on facilitators and barriers.

No 2.

Reviewer comments:

The study investigates home-based rehabilitation exercises, for international readers, it is crucial to understand what it contains in Denmark and Silkeborg. Therefore, there is a need for a detailed description of home-based rehabilitation exercises.

Furthermore, was it the same programme for the two included groups? The authors have reference number 10 to describe the home-based rehabilitation exercise, this is a review, which confuses me. Please elaborate on the details of the programmes and whether they were similar for the two groups.

Author response:

Thank you for making this point and for your sharp observation towards the wrongly noted reference. We have addressed this comment in two ways.

A) Correcting the reference in which a full description of the home-based rehabilitation exercises is included.

B) The article already states that the two groups were instructed in the exact same rehabilitation exercises. As a supplement, we have added a passage that describes the rehabilitation exercises in brief terms.

Action taken:

A) Correction of reference into:

Mikkelsen LR, Madsen MN, Rathleff MS, Thorborg K, Rossen CB, Kallemose T, et al. Pragmatic Home-Based Exercise after Total Hip Arthroplasty-Silkeborg: Protocol for a prospective cohort study (PHETHAS-1) 2019.

B) The following passage is added:

This included an instruction before hospital discharge, where the patients were instructed to perform daily unloaded hip exercises for the first three weeks. At the clinical follow up after three weeks, the patients were instructed to perform strengthening exercises every second day, supplemented with daily balance exercise and stretching of the hip flexor muscles. The strengthening exercises were hip abduction, hip flexion and hip extension with elastic band resistance plus sit-to-stand exercise.

No 3.

Reviewer comments:

Regarding the patients and recruitment, please elaborate on some of the details:

Sample size – how was that determined?

How many were asked to participate in the study? Did any refuse to participate?

Author response:

Thank you for these comments regarding the sampling process. The sampling process followed the principles of purposeful sampling and hence the number of participants was not determined ahead of recruitment. We have elaborated the passage describing the recruitment process in more detail and hope it will answer the questions asked.

Action taken:

The following passage in italics is added:

The participants were purposely sampled hence sampling was based on the ongoing analysis including themes that were under continual development and with the aim of reflecting the gender and ages of typical THA patients. All invited patients accepted participation.

No 4.

Reviewer comments:

Included participants from the PHETHAS-1 study were 14 – how many were included in the PHETHAS-1 study, as this might be the group of patients where the participants in the PHETHAS-2 study were selected?

Author response:

Thank you for this comment. The number of participants in the PHETHAS-1 study is 94. This will of course be stated when the PHETHAS-1 study is published. It is unclear to us how this information could be relevant for the qualitative PHETHAS-2 study. Please do not hesitate to comment on this again and elaborate if you find it needed.

Action taken:

No action taken.

No 5.

Reviewer comments:

Taking into account that the interviews lasted an average of 43 minutes and the open questions in the semi-structured interview guide, it is surprising that only one theme, including one under-theme, was generated. There must be huge data material from all these minutes of interviews. During the analysis process, could it be possible to find more valuable results to give more perspectives on the aim?

Author response:

Thank you for this perspective on the relationship between the length of interviews and identified themes. We find the content of the two themes reflects the content of the interviews related to the concept of everyday life, which is a comprehensive concept. In relation to the aim, the identified themes do provide several aspects of the focus on barriers and facilitators towards performing home-based rehabilitation exercises, which might not be stated very clearly. Therefore, we have added a table illustrating facilitators and barriers to home-based rehabilitation exercises.

Also, we have added several elaborations in the results section, underpinning analytical findings regarding facilitators and barriers.

Action taken:

We have added Table 2 illustrating facilitators and barriers towards home-based rehabilitation exercises.

We have elaborated on the results section to more clearly present findings regarding facilitators and barriers towards home-based rehabilitation exercises.

No 6.

Reviewer comments:

Quote P12: “Because first of all…" – Could another interpretation be more like a desire for a contact to the healthcare system because of uncertainty?

Reviewer comments:

Thank you for suggesting an alternate interpretation of this quote. We believe it would be an overinterpretation to suggest that the participant refers to the healthcare system as a whole since this was said in relation specifically to the performance of the home-based rehabilitation exercises. Of course, we cannot rule out that there could be a connection to the healthcare system as well, but our data do not support this.

Action taken:

No action taken.

No 7.

Reviewer comments:

To build upon what is already known, it could be interesting if there were any quotes about the last question in the interview guide: We are considering investigating whether this exercise program works better than general physical activities, what do you think of this idea?

Author response:

Thank you for your careful attention to the interview guide. The specific question was asked as a supplement with the purpose of gaining information regarding a possible future research study. Such a research study is currently being undertaken. Since the replies to the question do not provide answers to the aim of this study, no replies are included in this paper.

Action taken:

No action taken.

No 8.

Reviewer comments:

The Discussion section is very short. Further discussion about the meaning of motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic factors could be valuable for the paper.

Author response:

Thank you for your suggestions regarding the discussion section, also including comments No. 9, 10, and 11. We agree that adding a perspective regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivation could improve the discussion section, and we have added a passage concerning this.

Action taken:

The discussion section is extended and rewritten to a wide degree, including the perspectives of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

No 9.

Reviewer comments:

The concept 'conduct of everyday life' was chosen as a theoretical framework, it would have been interesting to bring this framework into the discussion.

Author response:

Concerning this suggestion, we have elaborated on how returning to the well-known everyday life is used and described in relation to the concept of everyday life.

Action taken:

The discussion section is extended and rewritten to a wide degree, including the concepts of 'conduct of everyday life'.

No 10.

Reviewer comments:

Additionally, topics such as pain and absence of pain and individual expectations alignment could be further discussed.

Author response:

Thank you for this suggestion. We have expanded the discussion regarding pain in the Discussion section.

Action taken:

The existing passage concerning pain has been extended, and now include the following:

Some participants described a wish to have contact with a physiotherapist who would be able to provide guidance and support during the rehabilitation period. Positive impact of being in contact with a therapist during rehabilitation is supported in a review by Davenport et al. In terms of motivation this would serve as an extrinsic motivational factor for performing the home based rehabilitation exercises. Some of the participants in this study wished for contact to a physiotherapist, because they experienced barriers such as doubt of whether the exercises were performed correctly or whether to perform them at all e.g. due to pain. In such a situation the person might be fully motivated for performing the exercises on their own, but choose not to do so due to doubt regarding how to handle pain. According to Davenport et al, this would be accommodated when in contact with a therapist.

Specht et al showed that patients can have a feeling of uncertainty when being left alone to perform the rehabilitation exercise after discharge from the hospital, for example when dealing with pain. Our study adds the knowledge that not only pain, but also absence of pain can be identified as a barrier for performing home-based rehabilitation exercise. Standard care participants in this study gradually modified the exercises as they were able to return to their habitual everyday life, and performed the usual general physical activities they felt contributed to their quality of life instead. Modifying the exercises might also be a way of handling the fact that most participants described the exercises as boring. Modifying therapeutic instructions is well known in other areas, but to our knowledge, this is the first time it is described in THA patients.

No 11.

Reviewer comments:

To improve the Discussion section, more research and other theories on, for example, the above-mentioned topics could expand on the results and make implications for practice more clear.

Author response:

Thank you for the suggestion. We have addressed this by adding a section into the discussion, concerning perspectives on both implications for practice and for future research.

Action taken:

The following section is added to the discussion:

Perspectives

Several perspectives grow out of our study both in terms of implications for practice and for further research.

Importantly, most participants appreciate the home-based rehabilitation exercise program underscoring the flexibility of deciding for themselves when and where to perform the exercises. Based on this, our study support the use of home-based rehabilitation exercise, but attention should be paid towards patients who might need additional support and easy access to a physiotherapist should be provided.

Concerning participants wish to return to their usual everyday lives and this serving as a motivational factor for performing the exercises, it is important that healthcare professionals are in dialogue with the individual patient to identify which activities are preferred in their habitual everyday life, and on that basis decide on relevant goals for the rehabilitation period.

Further, physiotherapists working in this area might want to consider how to include general physical exercise into rehabilitation exercise programs, since participants generally favoured this type of exercise over formal exercises. This might also address the finding of home-based rehabilitation exercises perceived as boring and thereby increase motivation and support adherence to the exercise program. Additionally, it would be useful to investigate whether general physical activities could be as effective as home-based rehabilitation exercise, and if so, whether future THA patients could rehabilitate by only doing their preferred physical activities.

No 12.

Reviewer comments:

Patients from the two groups were interviewed in different places (at the hospital and in their homes), what impact could that have on the results?

Author response:

Thank you for turning our attention to the potential impact of the setting of the interviews. We have added a passage addressing this point in the 'strengths and limitations' section.

Action taken:

The following passage is added to the section of strengths and limitations:

The two groups of participants also differed regarding the location of the interviews. Participants recruited from usual care were interviewed in their homes, while participants recruited from PHETHAS-1 study were interviewed in a hospital setting. This might have affected data e.g. if participants were more comfortable in their homes as well as being in the setting where the home based rehabilitation exercises were performed and therefore would give more open hearted and detailed interviews. Data retrieved from interviews conducted in both types of settings are similar which indicate that this potential limitation is not applicable to this study.

No 13.

Reviewer comments:

In addition, patients being a part of another study, what consequences does that have for the transferability of the study?

Author response:

We have been transparent throughout the paper about recruiting from two groups of participants. Importantly, the only difference was some participants being part of another study. This recruitment strategy had a positive impact, and we have accounted for potential negative impacts. Meanwhile, we have elaborated on these points in the discussion section.

We do view results as transferable to similar settings, although one could argue for a higher degree of transferability regarding findings from participants recruited from usual care. Yet, the only difference in our findings was a higher degree of motivation towards adherence over time and performing exercises as instructed, which is accounted for in the discussion section.

Action taken:

We have added the following passage in italics to the strengths and limitations section:

No 14.

Reviewer comments:

Two paragraphs in the Discussion section belong more to the Conclusion or a perspective section: “Overall the participants …” and “There may be additional …”.

Author response:

Thank you for this fine suggestion.

Action taken:

The two paragraphs are moved to the new 'perspectives' section.

No 15.

Reviewer comments:

The conclusion is supported by the results. However, adding a perspective section would be helpful to clarify how the findings can improve clinical practice.

Author response:

Again, thank you for this suggestion which we have met by adding a 'perspectives' section.

Action taken:

A 'perspectives' section is added.

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

Underlying data

Extended data

Figshare: PHETHAS-2. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14101877.v2. ²²

This project contains the following extended data:

•
Interviewguide.docx (semi-structured interview guide).

Reporting guidelines

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

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PERMALINK

Patient perspectives on home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after total hip arthroplasty: A qualitative study (PHETHAS-2)

Anne Grøndahl Poulsen

Janni Dahlgaard Gravesen

Merete Nørgaard Madsen

Lone Ramer Mikkelsen

Thomas Bandholm

Camilla Blach Rossen

Roles

Version Changes

Revised. Amendments from Version 4

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Ethics statement

Theoretical underpinning

Participants and recruitment

Figure 1. Flowchart of the study design in Pragmatic Home-Based Exercise Therapy after Total Hip Arthroplasty – Silkeborg (PHETHAS-2).

Data collection

Table 1. Characteristics of study participants.

Data analysis

Results

Table 2. Facilitators and barriers to home based rehabilitation exercises.

Wishing to return to the habitual everyday life

Discussion

Perspectives

Strengths and limitations

Conclusion

Data availability

Underlying data

Extended data

Reporting guidelines

Funding Statement

References

Reviewer response for version 5

Thomas W Wainwright

Louise Mew

Roles

Reviewer response for version 4

Thomas W Wainwright

Louise Mew

Roles

Reviewer response for version 4

Brocha Z Stern

Roles

Reviewer response for version 3

Brocha Z Stern

Roles

Anne Poulsen

Reviewer response for version 2

Brocha Z Stern

Roles

Anne Poulsen

Reviewer response for version 1

Kirsten Specht

Roles

Anne Poulsen

Associated Data

Data Availability Statement

Underlying data

Extended data

Reporting guidelines

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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