Table 1.
Gastroschisis Cases n = 1,269 | Controls n = 10,217 | Total n = 11,486 | |
---|---|---|---|
| |||
Maternal age at conception (years), n(%) | |||
<20 | 540 (43) | 1294 (13) | 1834 (16) |
20–25 | 541 (43) | 2969 (29) | 3510 (31) |
26–35 | 178 (14) | 5106 (50) | 5284 (46) |
≥36 | 10 (1) | 848 (8) | 858 (7) |
| |||
Parity, n(%) | |||
0 | 830 (65) | 3986 (39) | 4816 (42) |
1 | 272 (21) | 3334 (33) | 3606 (31) |
≥2 | 166 (13) | 2891 (28) | 3057 (27) |
Missing | 1 (0) | 6 (0) | 7 (0) |
| |||
Maternal race/ethnicity, n(%) | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 644 (51) | 5981 (59) | 6625 (58) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 107 (8) | 1089 (11) | 1196 (10) |
Hispanic | 410 (32) | 2486 (24) | 2896 (25) |
Other | 108 (9) | 661 (6) | 769 (7) |
| |||
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), n(%) | |||
Underweight (<18.5) | 109 (9) | 508 (5.0) | 617 (5) |
Normal weight (18.5≤BMI<25) | 830 (65) | 5198 (50.9) | 6028 (53) |
Overweight (25≤BMI<30) | 223 (18) | 2251 (22.0) | 2474 (22) |
Obese (≥30) | 71 (6) | 1858 (18.2) | 1929 (17) |
Missing | 36 (3) | 402 (3.9) | 438 (4) |
| |||
Maternal education (years), n(%) | |||
<12 | 348 (27) | 1692 (17) | 2040 (18) |
12 | 488 (38) | 2437 (24) | 2925 (25.5) |
>12 | 434 (34) | 6087 (60) | 6521 (57) |
| |||
Annual household income ($USD), n(%) | |||
<$10,000 | 438 (35) | 2018 (20) | 2456 (21.4) |
$10,000 – $50,000 | 684 (54) | 4666 (46) | 5350 (46.6) |
>$50,000 | 147 (12) | 3533 (35) | 3680 (32.0) |
| |||
Maternal employment, n(%) | |||
Employed | 852 (67) | 7213 (71) | 8065 (70) |
Unemployed | 376 (30) | 2839 (28) | 3215 (28) |
Unknown | 0 (0) | 5 (0) | 5 (0) |
Missing | 41 (3) | 160 (2) | 201 (2) |
| |||
Maternal recreational drug usea,b, n(%) | |||
Yes | 171 (14) | 456 (5) | 627 (5) |
No | 1057 (83) | 9600 (94) | 10657 (93) |
Missing | 41 (3) | 161 (2) | 202 (2) |
| |||
Maternal smokinga, n(%) | |||
Yes | 438 (35) | 1812 (18) | 2250 (2) |
No | 793 (63) | 8250 (81) | 9043 (79) |
Missing | 38 (3) | 155 (2) | 193 (2) |
| |||
Maternal alcohola, n(%) | |||
Yes | 518 (41) | 3752 (37) | 4270 (37) |
No | 708 (56) | 6284 (62) | 6992 (61) |
Missing | 43 (3) | 181 (2) | 224 (2) |
| |||
Gestational age at delivery (weeks), n(%) | |||
Very preterm (<32 wks) | 80 (6) | 107 (1) | 187 (2) |
Preterm (32–36 wks) | 710 (56) | 725 (7) | 1435 (12 |
Term (37–45 wks) | 478 (38) | 9384 (92) | 9862 (86) |
Missing | 1 (0) | 1 (0) | 2 (0) |
| |||
Duration of residence (days), mean (range) | 952 (30 – 14,152) | 1,274 (30 – 14,456) | 1,239 (30 – 14,456) |
BMI: Body mass index
Self-reported use between one month prior to conception to third month of pregnancy
Recreational drug use includes: marijuana, hash, cocaine, crack, hallucinogens, heroin, hallucinogenic mushrooms